abhiyaantriki

is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain.
krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (September 2014)

lohe ka 'kada' (O-ring) : Canada ke injiniyron ka parichay va gaurav-chinh

san 1904 mein nirmit ek engine ki design

chitr:Mir on 12 June 1998.jpg

12 June 1998 ko antariksh station meer

abhiyaantriki (Engineering) vah vigyaan tatha vyavasaaya hai jo maanav ki vividh jarooraton ki poorti karne mein aane waali samasyaaon ka vyaavahaarik samaadhaan prastut karta hai. iske liye vah ganiteeya, bhautik va praakrutik vijnyaaanon ke jnyaaanaraashi ka upayog karti hai.

injeeniyri bhautik vastuon aur sevaaon ka utpaadan karti hai; audyogik prakramon ka vikaas evam niyantran karti hai. iske liye vah takaneeki maanakon ka prayog karte hue vidhiyaaain, design aur vinirdesh (specifications) pradaan karti hai.

anukram

vyutpatti (Etymology)

'engineering' aur 'engineer' ki utpatti French shabdon Ingéanierie aur ingenieur se hui hai. ye shabd puraani French ke 'engigneor' se vyutpann hain jiska arth 'yuddh-machine ka nirmaata'.

angreji ke 'engineering' aur 'engineer' shabd yadyapi uchchaaran mein French shabdon ke samaan hi hain kintu unki utpatti bilkul alag srot se hui hai. itna hi naheen, inki vyutpatti 'engine' (engine) shabd se naheen hui hai (jaisa ki adhikaansh log sochate hain). 'abhiyaantriki' ka angreji bhaasha mein paryaayavaachi shabd "engineering" hai, jo laitin shabd "injeniym" (ingenium) se nikla hai; iska arth 'svaabhaavik nipunata' hai.

paribhaasha

nikat bhootakaal mein abhiyaantriki shabd ka jo arth kosh mein milta tha vah sankshep mein is prakaar bataaya ja sakta hai ki

"abhiyaantriki ek kala aur vigyaan hai, jiski sahaayata se padaarth ke gunon ko un sanracharanaaon aur yantron ke banaane mein, jinke liye yaantriki (mikainiks) ke siddhaant aur upayog aavashyak hain, munashyopayogi banaaya jaata hai.

kitu yeh seemit paribhaasha ab naheen chal saki. abhiyaantriki shabd ka arth ab ek or naabhikeeya abhiyaantriki (nyookliyr engineering) ke uchch vaigyaanik aur praavidhik kshetr se lekar maanaveeya gunon se sambandhit vishyon, jaise shramik niyantran prabandheeya kaaryakshamata, samay aur gati ka adhyayan ityaadi, anek praayogik vijnyaaanon ke vistrut kshetr ko ghere hue hai. at: abhiyaantriki ki is prakaar paribhaasha karna adhik upayukt hoga ki "yeh manushya ki bhautik seva ke nimitt praakrutik saadhanon ke daksh upayog ka vigyaan aur kala hai".

shaakhaaeain

aitihaasik roop se injeeniyri ka upayog sabse pehle sena aur sainik kaaryon mein hua. iske baad jab iska upayog asainik kaaryon (sadak, pul, bhavan aadi ka nirmaan) ke liye hone laga to nayi shaakha ka naam pada - 'civil injeeniyri' (asainik injeeniyri). samay ke saath injeeniyri ke anya kshetron ka vikaas hua jinki prakruti civil injeeniyri se bhi alag thi aur unhein 'yaantrik injeeniyri', 'vaidyut injeeniyri' aadi naam diya gaya.

civil injeeniyri (sarvekshan injeeniyri tatha maanachitr nirmaan sahit), yaantrik injeeniyri aur vidyut injeeniyri injeeniyri ki paramparaagat shaakhaaeain hain. khanan injeeniyri, dhaatukarm aur Khan sarvekshan ka bhi aitihaasik mahatva hai. vaastukala ya sthaapatyakala (aarkitekchar) mein injeeniyri aur drushyakalaaon ka sammishran hai.

abhiyaantriki ki anek shaakhaaon mein, jaise jaanapad athva asainik (civil), yaantrik, vidyuteeya, saamudr, khanijsanbandhi, raasaayanik, naabhikeeya aadi mein, kuchh mahattvapoorn kaarya anveshan, prarachan, utpaadan, prachalan, nirmaan, vikraya, prabandh, shiksha, anusandhaan ityaadi hain. abhiyaantriki shabd ne kitna vistrut kshetr chheink liya hai, iska samuchit gyaan praapt karne ke liye drushtaantasvaroop usaki vibhinn shaakhaaon ke antargat aanevaale vishyon ke naam dena jnyaaanavardhak hoga.

jaanapad athva asainik abhiyaantriki (civil engineering) ke antargat agralikhit vishay hai : sadkein, rel, nautaran maarg, saamudr abhiyaantriki, baaaindh, apaksharananirodh, baadh niyantran, naunivesh, pattan, jalavaahiki, jalavidyutshakti, jalavijnyaaan, sinchaai, bhoomisudhaar, nadeeniyantran, nagarapaalika abhiyaantriki, sthaavar sanpada, moolyaankan, shilpaabhiyaantriki (vaastukala), poorvanirmit bhavan, dhvanivijnyaaan, sanvaatan, nagar tatha gram pariyojana, jalasangrahan aur vitran, jalotsaaran, mahaapavahan, koode-kachade ka apavahan, saanrachanik abhiyaantriki, pul, kankreet, jaaetvik sanrachanaaeain, poorvapratiblit kankreet (pristresd kankreet), neenv, sanjaan (velding), bhoosarvekshan, saamudrapareekshan, fotograafeeya sarvekshan (fotograafik sarveying), parivhan, bhoovijnyaaan, dravayaantriki, pratikruti, vishleshan, mrudaayaantriki (sauyal engineering), jalasraavi staron mein chikni mitti pravisht karna, shailapoorit baaaindh, mruttika baaaindh, pooran (bharna, graauting) ki reetiyaaain, jalaashayon mein jal risaav (seepej) ke adhyayan ke liye vikirnasheel samasthaanikon (aaisotops) ka prayog, avasaad ke ghanatv ke liye gaama kirnon ka prayog.

yaantrik abhiyaantriki mein yaantriki (mekeniks), ushmaagatiki, jalavaashp, deejel tatha kshippranodan (jet propalashan), yantraprarachana, rituvijnyaaan, yantropakaran, jalachaalit yantr, dhaatukarmavijnyaaan, vaimaaniki, motarakaar aadi (automobile) sambandhi aabhiyaantriki, kanpan, potanirmaan, ushma sthaanaantaran, prasheetan (rifrejireshan) hain.

vaidyut abhiyaantriki mein vidyudyantr, vidyut‌-shakti-utpaadan, sancharana tath vitran, jalavidyut‌, rediyosanpark, vidyut‌amaapan, vidyudadhishthaapan, atyuchchaavrutti kaarya, naabhikeeya abhiyaantriki, ilektraaniki hain.

raasaayanik abhiyaantriki mein cheeni mitti sambandhi abhiyaantriki, dahan, vidyut‌ rasaayan, gas abhiyaantriki, dhaatveeya tatha petrolium abhiyaantriki, upakaran tatha svayanchal niyantran, choornan, mishran tatha vilgan, prasruti (difyoojn) vidya, raasaayanik yantron ka aakalpan tatha nirmaan, vidyut‌ rasaayan hain.

krushi abhiyaantriki mein audyogik prabandh, khani abhiyaantriki, ityaadi, hain.

sanganak abhiyaantriki

elektraaniki athva elektrauniks

dhaatu nistaaran abhiyaantriki

khanan abhiyaantriki

abhiyaantriki ko sankeern parimit shaakhaaon mein vibhaajit naheen kiya ja sakta. ve parasparaavalanbi hain. praayogik aur praakrutik donon prakaar ki ghatnaaon ka nirpaksh nireekshan tatha is prakaar ke nireekshan ke falon ka abhiyaantrik samasyaaon par aisi saavadhaani se prayog, jisse samay aur dhan se nyoonatam vyaya se samaaj ko adhiktam seva mile, abhiyaantriki ki pramukh paddhati hai. shuddh vaigyaanik abhiyaantriki ki ulajhanon ko sulajhaane ki reeti vaigyaanik chaahe khoj paae hon ya na paae hon, abhiyanta ko to apna kaarya poora karna hi hoga. aisi avastha mein abhiyanta kuchh seema tak praayogik vishleshan ka sahaara leta hai aur kaaryaroop mein parint honevaala aisa hal dhooaindh nikaalata hai jo, raksha ka samuchit prabandh rakhate hue, usaki pratidin ki samasyaaon ko sulajhaane yogya bana sakta hai. jais-jaise sambandhit vaigyaanik ansh ka usaka gyaan achook hota jaata hai, vah raksha ke prabandh mein kami karke vyaya bhi ghata sakta hai. samasyaaon ke bauddhik aur kriyaatmak vichaar ne hi abhiyanta ko un kshetron mein bhi pravesh karne yogya banaaya hai jo aarambh se hi vaigyaanik, daaktar, arthashaastri, prabandhak, maanaveeya-shaastr-vetta ityaadi se sarokaar rakhate samajhe jaate hain.

vishv ka itihaas abhiyaantriki ke romance ki kahaani se bhara pada hai. Bhaarat aur videshon mein dooradarshi tatha nishchit sankalpavaale manushyon ne apne svapnon ke anusaran mein sab kuchh daaainv par lagaakar mahattvapoorn kaarya sanpaadit kiye hain. pratyek abhiyaantrik abhiyaan mein tatsanbandhi vishesh samasyaaeain rahati hain aur inko hal karne mein chhoti-badi donon prakaar ki pratibhaaon ko avsar milta hai.

kaaryapranaali (methodology)

injeeniyri ek anuprayukt vigyaan hai. injeeniyri mein kaaryapranaali ka mahatva pehle se hai kintu ab yeh aur bhi adhik mahattvapoorn ho gaya hai. isi ke parinaamasvaroop 'sistems engineering', 'gyaan injeeniyri' aadi ka janm hua hai.

mote taur par kisi bhi engineer ko do baatein samajhni hoteen hain -

(1) 'aavashyakta' (requirements) : kya-kya pradaan karna hai ya jis utpaad ko banaana hai usamein kya-kya visheshataaeain honi chaahiye.

(2) shartein ya pratibndh (constraints / restriction) kaun se hain. (upalabdh sansaadhan, bhautik aur takaneeki seemaaeain, bhavishya mein badlaav aadi ki sambhaavana, kachche maal ki upalabdhata, oorja ki khapat, nirmaan mein aasaani, rakharakhaav mein kami aadi)

'aavashyakta' aur pratibndhon ko dhyaan mein rakhate hue engineer vinirdesh (spesifikeshan), aarekhan (draaing), gunavatta niyantran taiyaar karta hai taaki aavashyak vastu ya seva ka nirmaan ho sake.

praay: engineer ke paas ek se adhik hal (solution) hote hain. vah vividh vikalpon par vichaar karta hai. vah vikalpon ko takaneeki, aarthik tatha suraksha ki drushti se moolyaankan karta hai aur jo sarvaadhik upayukt parinaam deta hai use chun liya jaata hai.

hal ki jaaainch (Testing the solutions)

engineer ka kaam bahut chunauti bhara hai. galat hal ka parinaam bahut mahanga ya bahut khatarnaak bhi ho sakta hai. isaliye praay: engineer kisi hal ko laagoo karne ke pehle usaka pareekshan aur vishleshan bhi karta hai. iske liye vah prototaaip (prototypes), laghu-aakaar vaale ya saraleekrut modelon ka prayog, simuleshan, dhvamsi ya adhvansi test tatha faitig test aadi ka sahaara leta hai.

choonki galat hal ka parinaam gambhir ho sakte hai, isaliye engineer poorv-nirmit halon (redimed salusans) ko apnaate samay engineer suraksha gunak (safety factor) ka upayog karta hai taaki dushparinaam ki sambhaavan bahut kam ki ja sake. kintu suraksha-gunak jitna hi adhik hoga, hal utana hi mahanga, bada, ya kam daksh hoga.

roos ke navasrujan visheshagya genarik aaltashular (Genrich Altshuller) ne bahut se peteinton ka adhyayan karne ke baad nishkarsh nikaala tha ki chhote-star ke injeeniyri hal samjhauton (kampromaaij) par aadhaarit hote hain jabki bade-star ke kaam mein engineer us hal ko chunata hai jo samasya ki sabse badi kathinaai ko door karta ho.

kampyutar ka prayog

computer ke aane se injeeniyri ki kaaryapranaali mein moolabhoot parivartan aa gaya. pehle kisi cheej ki design ke liye lambi-lambi gananaaeain ki jaateen thi, prayog kiye jaate the, design sameeksha (review) hoti thi kintu ab inka sthaan kanpyutar simuleshan leta ja raha hai. 'faainaait elements methad' (ya FEM) ke aagaman se yaantriki, dravagatiki, vidyutachumbakatv, mausamavijnyaaan, ooshma-gatiki aadi ke kathin se kathin simuleshan kiye jaane lage hain. paripthon ka abhiklpan (design), paripthon ke le-out (PCB ya I-si nirmaan), paripthon ka pareekshan aadi mein kampyutar software ka prayog ho raha hai. sanseksh mein kahein to kampyutar ka prayog design mein, draafting (draaing banaane mein), pareekshan mein, nirmaan mein aur rakharakhaav mein - sab jagah hone laga hai.

iske alaava engineer computer se har kadam par sahaayata praapt karta hai - design mein, utpaadan mein aur upakaranon ko sudhaarane mein. design mein computer ke upayog se kaarya sheeghrata se poora ho jaata hai. aajkal bahut se maamalon mein kampyutar dvaara modelling kar lene se mahange prototaaip ke nirmaan se chhutakaara mil jaata hai. kampyutar software mein aajkal pehle se nirmit (redeemed) takaneeki halon ka detaabes bhi upalabdh hai. ab to aankik roop se niyantrit masheenon ko nirdesh (instrksan) de diye jaate hain jisse utpaadan ki prakriya bahut saral ho gayi hai.

injeeniyri pariyojanaaeain

mukhya lekh : pariyojana

ise bhi dekhein - mahaapariyojanaaon ki soochi

injeeniyri ke adhikaansh kaarya vishaal hote hain. ve ek vyakti dvaara ya kuchh dinon mein hone vaale naheen hote. aise injeeniyri kaaryon ko karne ke liye pariyojana banaai jaati hai.

efil tauvar (gustaav efil, mauris kelken tatha emil nuh (Emil Nuzhe)
abhiyanta	vichaar	pariyojana	nirmaan	taiyaar bhavan

injeeniyri ka anya vijnyaaanon ke saath sanbandh

injeeniyri aur vigyaan

Scientists study the world as it is; engineers create the world that has never been. —aTheodore von Káarmáan

injeeniyri aur aayurvigyaan

injeeniyri aur samaaj

vishvavyaapi kaarya karne waali gair-sarkaari sansthaaeain aapadaaon se ladne ke liye tatha vikaas ke liye samuchit hal pradaan karne hetu injiniyron ki sahaayata leteen hain. bahut si dharmaath sansthaaeain maanavamaatr ki bhalaai ke liye injiniyri ka seedhe taur par prayog karti hain. aisi kuchh sansthaaeain nimnalikhit hain-