abhilekh

kandhaar sthit samraat ashok ke dvaara utkeern ek paashaan abhilekh

abhilekh patthar athva dhaatu jaisi apekshaakrut kathir satahon par utkeern kiye gaye paathan saamaagri ko kehte hai. praacheen kaal se iska upayog ho raha hai. shaasako ke dvaara apne aadesho ko is tarah utkeern karavaate the, taaki log unhe dekh sake evam padh sake aur paalan kar sake. aadhunik yug me bhi iska upayog ho raha hai.

kisi vishesh mahatva athva prayojan ke lekh ko abhilekh kaha jaata hai. yeh saamaanya vyaavahaarik lekhon se bhinn hota hai. prastar, dhaatu athva kisi anya kathor aur sthaayi padaarth par vigyapti, prachaar, smruti aadi ke liye utkeern lekhon ki ganana praaya: abhilekh ke antargat hoti hai. kaagaj, kapde, patte aadi komal padaarthon par masi athva anya kisi rang se ankit lekh hastalekh ke antargat aate hain. kade patton (taadapatraadi) par lauhashalaaka se khachit lekh abhilekh tatha hastalekh ke beeche mein rakhe ja sakte hain. mitti ki takhtiyon tatha bartanon aur deevaaron par utkhachit lekh abhilekh ki seema mein aate hain. saamaanyat: kisi abhilekh ki mukhya pehchaan usaka mahatva aur uske maadhyam ka sthaayitv hai.

jaisa oopar ullikhit hai, abhilekhan ke liye kade maadhyam ki aavashyakta hoti thi, isliye patthar, dhaatu, int, mitti ki takhti, kaashth, taadpatr ka upayog kiya jaata tha, yadyapi antim do ki aayu adhik naheen hoti thi. Bhaarat, sumer, misr, yoonaan, Italy aadi sabhi praacheen deshon mein patthar ka upayog kiya gaya. ashok ne to apne stanbhalekh (san. 2, topara) mein spasht likha hai ki vah apne dharmalekh ke liye prastar ka prayog isliye kar raha tha ki ve chirsthaayi ho sakein. kintu iske bahut poorv aadim manushya ne apne guhaajeevan mein hi guha ki deevaaron par apne chihnon ko sthaayi banaaya tha. Bhaarat mein prastar ka upayog abhilekhan ke liye kai prakaar se hua hai-guha ki deevaarein, patthar ki chattaanein (chikni aur kabhi kabhi khuradari), stambh, shilaakhand, moortiyon ki peeth athva charanapeeth, prastarabhaand athva prastaramanjoosha ke kinaare ya dhakkan, patthar ki takhtiyaaain, mudra, kavach aadi, mandir ki deevaarein, stambh, farsh aadi. misramein abhilekh ke liye bahut hi kathor patthar ka upayog kiya jaata tha. yoonaan mein praaya: sangamaramar ka upayog hota tha. yadyapi mausam ke prabhaav se ispar utkeern lekh ghis jaate the. visheshakar, sumer, baabul, kreet aadi mein mitti ki takhtiyon ka adhik upayog hota tha. Bhaarat mein bhi abhilekh ke liye int ka prayog yagya tatha mandir ke sambandh mein hua hai. dhaatuon mein sona, chaaaindi, taaainba, peetal, kaaainsa, loha, jaste ka upayog bhi kiya jaata tha. Bhaarat mein taamrapatr adhikta se paae jaate hain. kaath ka upayog bhi hua hai, kintu iske udaaharan misr ke atirikt anya kaheen avashisht naheen hai. taadpatr ke udaaharan bhi bahut praacheen naheen milte.

abhilekh mein akshar athva chihnon ki khudaai ke liye roonkhaani, chheni, hathaude, (nukeele), lauhashalaaka athva lauhavartika aadi ka upayog hota tha. abhilekh taiyaar karne ke liye vyaavasaayik kaareegar hote the. saadhaaran hastalekh taiyaar karanevaalon ko lekhak, lipikr, divir, kaayasth, karan, karnik, karrinn, aadi kehte the; abhilekh taiyaar karanevaalon ki sanjnyaa shilpon, roopakaar, shilaakoot aadi hoti thi. praarambhik abhilekh bahut sundar naheen hote the, parantu dheere dheere sthaayitv aur aakarshan ki drushti se bahut sundar aur alankrut akshar likhe jaane lage aur abhilekh ki kai shailiyaaain viksit hui. aksharon ki aakruti aur shailiyon se abhilekhon ke tithikram ko nishchit karne mein sahaayata milti hai.

tithikram mein abhilekhon mein inka upayog kiya gaya hai. (is sambandh mein vistrut vivechan ke liye dran.akshar) vibhinn deshon mein vibhinn lipiyon aur aksharon ka prayog kiya gaya hai. inmein chitraatmak, bhaavaatmak aur dhvanyaatmak sabhi prakaar ki lipiyaaain hai. dhvanyaatmak lipiyon mein bhi ankon ke liye jin chihon ka prayog kiya jaata hai ve dhvanyaatmak naheen hain. braahmi aur devanaagari donon ke praacheen aur arvaacheen ank 1 se 9 tak dhvanyaatmak naheen hain. praacheen aksharaatmak tatha chitraatmak ankon ki bhi yahi avastha hai. saami, yoonaani aur roman lipiyon ke bhi ank ghvanyaatmak naheen hain. yoonaani mein ankon ke pratham akshar hi ankon ke liye prayukt hote the, jaisa jaisa M (M), di (D), si (C), vi (V aur aai (I) ka prayog ab tak 1000, 500, 100, 50, 10 (V ko hi ulata jodkar), 5 aur 1 ke liye hota hai. isi prakaar viraam aur ganit ke bahut se chinh ghvanyaatmak naheen hote.

lekhanapaddhati mein sabse pehle prashn aata hai vyaktigat aksharon ki disha ka. atyant praacheen kaal se ab tak aksharon ki banaavat aur ankan mein praaya: ekaroopata pai jaati hai. akshar oopar se neeche lanbavat khachit athva utkeern hote hain maanon kisi kalpit rekha se ve latakate hon. aadhunik kannad ke aade akshar bhi usi kalpit rekha ke neeche sainjoe jaate hain. aksharon ka granthan praaya: ek seedhi aadhaaravat rekha ke oopar hota hai. is paddhati ke apavaad cheeni aur Japani abhilekh hain, jinmein panktiyaaain lanbavat oopar se neeche likhi jaati hain. lekhan paddhati ka doosra prashn hai lekhan ki disha. bhaaropeeya lipiyaaain ki lekhanadisha baaeain se daaeain tatha saami aur haami lipiyon ki daaeain se baaeain milti hai. kuchh praacheen yoonaani abhilekhon aur bahut thode bhaarateeya abhilekhon mein lekhanadisha gomootrika sadrush (pehli pankti mein daaeain se baaeain, doosari pankti mein baaeain se daaeain aur aage kramash: is prakaar) pai jaati hai. cheeni aur Japani abhilekhon mein panktiyaaain oopar se neeche aur lekhanadisha daaeain se baaeain hoti hai. praarambhik kaal mein aksharon ke oopar ki rekha kaalpanik thi athva kisi asthaayi padaarth se likhkar mita di jaati thi. aage chalakar vah vaastavik ho gayi, yadyapi yoonaani aur roman abhilekhon mein vah aksharon ke neeche aa gayi. bhaarateeya aksharon mein kramash: shirorekha banaane ki pratha chal gayi jo kalpit (pun: vaastavik) rekha par banaai jaati thi. praacheen abhilekhon mein ek shabd ke aksharon ka samooheekaran aur shabdon ke pruthakkaran par dhyaan kam diya jaata tha, jahaaain tak ki vaakyon ko alag karne ke liye bhi kisi chihnru ka prayog naheen hota tha jin bhaashaaon ka vyaakaran niyamit tha unke abhilekh padhne aur samajhne mein kathinaai naheen hoti, shesh mein kathinaai uthaani padti hai. viraamachihnon ka prayog bhi peechhe chalakar prachalit hua. bhaarateeya abhilekhon mein poorn viraam ke liye dandavat rekha (.), do rekha (..) athva shirorekha ke liye dandavat rekha (chr) ka prayog hota tha. kisi abhilekh ke ant mein teen dandavat dekhaaon (...) ka bhi prayog hota tha. saami tatha Europeeya abhilekhon mein vaakya ke ant mein ek vindu (.), do bindu (:) athva shoonya (0) lagaane ki pratha thi. isi prakaar abhilekhon mein prushtheekaran, sanshodhan, sankshipteekaran tatha chhoot maangaalik chihon ka vikaas hua. praaya: sabhi deshon mein maangaalik chihnon, prateekon aur alankaranon ka prayog abhilekhon mein hota tha. Bhaarat mein svastik, soorya, chandra, trirtn, buddhamangal, chaitya, bodhivruksh, dharmachakr, vrutt, oum ka aalankaarik roop, shankh, padya, nandi, matsya, taara, shastr, kavach aadi is prayojan ke liye kaam mein aate the. saami deshon mein chandra aur taara, isaai deshon mein svastik, cross aadi maangalik chinh prayukt hote the. abhilekh ke oopar, neeche ya anya kisi upayukt sthaan par laanchhan athva ank praamaanikta ke liye lagaae jaate the.

yadi atyant praacheen kaal se lekar aadhunik kaal tak ke abhilekhon ka vargeekaran kiya jaae to unke prakaar is bhaaainti paae jaate hain:

(1) vyaapaarik tatha vyaavahaarik,

(2) aabhichaarik (jaadoo tona se sambaddh),

(3) dhaarmik aur karmakaandeeya,

(4) upadeshaatmak athva naitik,

(5) samarpan tatha chadhaava sambandhi,

(6) daan sambandhi,

(7) prashaasakeeya,

(8) prashastiprak,

(9) smaarak tatha

(10) saahityik.

vyaapaarik tatha vyaavahaarik

Bhaarat, pashchimi Asia, misr, kreet, yoonaan aadi sabhi praacheen deshon mein vyaapaariyon ki mudraaon par aur unke lekhe jokhe-se sambandh rakhanevaale abhilekh paae gaye hain. praacheen Bhaarat ke nigmon aur shreniyon ki mudraaeain abhilekhaankit hoti theen aur ve vyaapaarik evam vyaavahaarik kaaryo ke liye bhi sthaayi aur kadi saamagri ka upayog karti theen. kabhi kabhi to anya prakaar ke abhilekhon mein bhi vyaapaarik vigyaapan paaya jaata hai. kumaaragupt tatha bandhuvarmankaaleen maalav san.529 ke abhilekh mein vahaaain ke tantuvaayon (julaahon) ke kapadon ka vigyaapan is prakaar diya hua hai: ""taarunya aur saundarya se yukt, suvarnahaar, taanbool, pushp aadi se sushobhit stri tab tak apne priytam se milne naheen jaati, jab tak ki vah dashapur ke bane pattamaya (resham) vastron ke jode ko naheen dhaaran karti. is prakaar sparsh karne mein komal, vibhinn rangon se chitrit, nayanaabhiraam reshami vastron se sampoorn pruthveetal alankrut hai.""

aabhichaarak

sindhughaati (harappa aur moheinjodado) mein praapt bahut si takhtiyon par aabhichrik yantr hain. inmein vibhinn pashuon dvaara pratinihit sambhavat: devataaon ki stutiyaaain hain. praaya: kavachon par ye abhilekh milte hain. sumer, mitr, yoonaan aadi mein bhi aabhichaarik abhilekh paae jaate hain.

panchamahaayajnya 1-brahmayajnya 2-devayajnya 3-atithiyjnya 4-pitruyajnya 5-balivaishvadevayajnya

upadeshaatmak

dhaarmik prayojan ki tarah abhilekhon ka naitik upayog bhi hota tha. ashok ke dharmalekhon mein upadeshaatmak ansh bahut adhik maatra mein paaya jaata hai. besanagar (vidisha) ke chhote garooddhvaj abhilekh mein bhi upadesh hai: ""teen amrut pad hain. yadi inka sundar anushthaan ho to ye svarg ko praapt karaate hain. ye hain--dam, tyaag aur apramaad."" cheen aur yoonaan mein bhi upadeshaatmak abhilekh milte hain.

samarpan athva chadhaava

dhaarmik sthaapatyon, vidhiyon aur anya prakaar ki sanpati ka kisi devata athva dhaarmik sansthaan ko sthaayi roop se samarpan ankit karne ke liye is prakaar ke abhilekh prastut kiye jaate the.

daan sambandhi

praacheen dhaarmik aur naitik jeevan mein daan ka bahut ooaincha sthaan tha. pratyek desh aur dharm mein daan ko sanstha ka roop praapt tha. sthaayi daan ko ankit karne ke liye pehle patthar aur fir taamrapatr ka prayog hota tha.

prashaasakeeya

prashaasakeeya abhilekhon mein vidhi (kaanoon), niyam, raajaajnyaa, jayapatr, raajaaon aur raajapurushon ke patra, raajakeeya lekhaajokha, kosh ke prakaar aur vivran, saamanton se praapt kar evam upahaar, raajakeeya sammaan aur shishtaachaar, aitihaasik ghatnaaon ka ullekh, sadhaadhilekh aadi ki ganana hai. patthar ke stambh par likhi hui baabuli samraat hammuraabi ki vidhisanhita prasiddh hai. ashok ke dharmalekhon mein usaka raajakeeya shaasan (aajnyaa) bhara pada hai.

prashasti

raajaaon dvaara vijyon aur keerti ka varnan sthaayi roop se shilaakhandon aur prastarastanbhon par likhvaane ki pratha bahut prachalit rahi hai. Bhaarat mein raajaaon ki digvijya ke varnan badi sankhya mein paae jaate hain. misri samraat raamasej truteeya, Irani samraat daara, bhaarateeya raajaaon mein khaaravel, gautameeputr shaatakarni, roodradaaman, samudragupt, chandragupt (dviteeya), skandagupt, dviteeya pulakeshin aadi ki prashastiyaaain pai jaati hain.

smaarak

chooainki abhilekhon ka mukhya kaarya ankan ko sthaayi banaana tha, at: ghatnaaon, vyaktiyon tatha krutiyon ke smaarakaroop mein aganit abhilekh paae gaye hain.

saahityik

abhilekhon mein sarvamaanya dhaarmik granthon athva unke avataran aur kabhi kabhi samooche naveen, kaavya, naatak aadi granth abhilikhit paae jaate hain.

abhilekh taiyaar karne ke liye saamaanya roop ke kuchh siddhaant aur niyam prachalit the. abhilekh ka praarambh kisi dhaarmik athva maangalik chinh ya shabd se kiya jaata tha. iske pashchaat kisi isht devata ki stuti athva aamantran hota tha. tatpashchaat aasheervaadaatmak vaakya aata tha. pun: daan athva keertivishesh ki prashansa hoti thi. fir daan athva keerti bhang karanevaale ki ninda ki jaati thi. ant mein upasanhaar hota tha. abhilekh ke ant mein lekhak aur utkeern karanevaale ka naam aur maangalik chinh hota tha. Bhaarat mein yeh niyam praaya: sarvaprachalit tha. anya deshon mein in siddhaanton ke paalan mein drudhta naheen thi.

abhilekhon mein tithi aur sanvat likhne ki pratha dheere-dheere prachalit hui. praarambh mein Bhaarat mein sthaayi evam kramabaddh sanvaton ke abhaav mein raajaaon ke shaasanavarsh se tithi gini jaati thi. fir katipya mahatvaakaankshi raajaaon aur shaasakon ne apni keerti sthaayi karne ke liye apne padaaseen hone ke samay se sanvat chalaaya jo unke baad bhi prachalit raha. fir mahaan ghatnaaon aur dharmapravarttakon evam sant mahaatmaaon ke janm athva nidhnakaal se bhi sanvaton ka pravartan hua. falasvaroop abhilekhon mein inka prayog hone laga. tithiyon ke ankan mein din, vaar, paksh, maas aur sanvat ka ullekh paaya jaata hai.

tithikram se praacheen abhilekh misr ki chitralipi ke maane jaate hain. fir praacheen Iraq ke abhilekhon ka sthaan hai, jo pehle ardhachitr aur pun: Iraq ke abhilekhon ka sthaan hai, jo pehle ardhachitralipi aur pun: keelaaksharon mein ankit hain. sindhughaati ke abhilekh Iraqi abhilekhon ke praaya: samakaaleen hain. inke pashchaat kreet, yoonaan aur rom ke abhilekhon ki ganana ki ja sakti hai. Iran ke keelaakshar aur aaraamaai lipi ke lekh bhi prasiddh hain. cheen mein chitr evam bhaavalipi ke lekh bahut praacheen kaal se paae jaate hain. Bhaarat mein sindhughaati ke paravarti abhilekhon ka mote taur par nimnalikhit prakaar se vargeekaran kiya ja sakta hai:

(1) mauryapoorv, (2) maurya, (3) shung,

(4) Bhaarat-baakhtri, (5) shak, (6) kushan,

(7) Andhra-shaatavaahan, (8) gupt,

(9) madhyakaaleen (ismein vividh praadeshik shailiyon ka samaavesh hai) tatha

(10) aadhunik.

bhaarateeya shaili ke abhilekh sampoorn dakshin-poorv Asia mein paae jaate hain.

• hiks aind hil: greek histaurikl inskripshans (dvi.san.), 1901;
• E.S.raabartas: introduction tu greek epigraafi, 1887;
• kaarpas inskripshanam latineram, barlin;
• kaarpas inskripshanam indikeram, jild 1, 2 aur 3;
• epigraafiya indika ki vividh jildein.

• ashok ke abhilekh