aastriyaai saahitya
jarman saahitya se mool ka naata hote hue bhi aastriyn saahitya ki niji jaatigt visheshataaeain hain; jinke niroopan mein aastriya ki bhaugolik tatha aitihaasik paristhitiyon ke atirikt
kaauntar rifrmeshan kaal mein veeneej janta ka raashtreeya svabhaav evam manovruttiyaaain sajag hokar nikhr I theen. is chetna ne aastriyaai saahitya ke jarman chole ko utaar feinka. bhaavuk, haasyapriya evam saundaryapremi voneej janta prakrutis, sangeet tatha sabhi prakaar ki darshaneeya bhavyata ki pujaari hai. usaki kalaadrushti bahut paini hai. jeevan ki du:khadaayi paristhitiyon se vah door bhaagati hai. uske aakarshan aur tanmayata ke kendra hain jeevan ke sukhad raag rang. aatma paramaatma, jeevan maran, lok paralok ke gambhir daarshanik vivechan mein vah virkt hai. fir bhi vah atishyokti se door rahakar samanvaya aur santulan mein aastha rakhati hai. pratham mahaayuddh ke poorv aur uparaant jeevan ke prati yeh ghor aasakti aastriya ke saahitya mein pravaahit thi, kintu dviteeya mahaayuddh ne use bahut kuchh chakit aur kunthit kar diya hai. fir bhi aastriyaai saahitya aaj tak bhi udaaramana aur maanavataavaadi hai.
madhyayug mein aastriya ke kairinthiya aur staayar pradeshon mein bhajan aur veerakaavya saahitya mein pramukh rahe. veerakaavya ko viyena ke raajadarabaar mein prashraya mila. kintu kaavya darabaari naheen hua. madhyakaaleen raashtreeya mahaakaavyon ke nirmaan mein aastriya pramukh ke saath-saath staayar tatha teerol pradeshon ne bhi vishesh yog diya. vaalteyar fऱaaun deyar fogalaveed aur neethaart is yug ke mahaarathi mahaakaavyakaar hue. madhyayugeen mahaakaavya ke kaal ko samraat maakseemiliyn pratham (mrutyu san 1519 E.) ne anaavashyak roop se vilanbit kiya, yadyapi saahitya mein maanavataavaad ki chetna jagaane ka shreya bhi usi ko hai. madhyayug ka ant hote na hote aastriyaai saahitya par yathaarthavaad aur vyangya ka bhi rang chadhne laga tha.
nirantar dhaarmik sangharshon, aantarik tatha videshi raajaneetik kathinaaiyon ke kaaran aastriyaai saahitya mein nishkriyta ke ek deerghayug ka sootrapaat hua. tatpashchaat alankrut shaili ke yug ne janm liya jo dakshin Germany ki den thi aur jo saahitya, sthaapatya, moorti, chitr, sangeet aadi sabhi lalit kalaaon par chha gayi. dhaarmik kshetr mein yeh jesuits ki prabhuta ka yug tha aur raajaneetik kshetr mein samraaton ke kattar svechhaachaari shaasan ka kaal. yeh sthiti Spain ke prabhaav ke parinaamasvaroop hui. naatak par itaaleeya prabhaav pada jo 19 veen shataabdi tak raha. isi prabhaav ke kaaran aastriyaai naatak pratham baar apne saahityik roop mein ubharakar aaya.
18veen shataabdi ke madhya mein aafkleyarung (jnyaaanodaya) aandolan aastriya mein pravisht hua, jisne uttari aur dakshini Germany ke kaauntar rifrmeinshan se chale aae saahityik matabhedon ko kam kiya. is samanvayavaadi pravrutti ka aitihaasik pratinidhi jonanafails (san 1733-1817 E.) hai, jiske saahitya mein sthaayi tatv ka abhaav hote hue bhi usaki sadaashayata mahatvapoorn hai. is aandolan ka ek anya mahatvapoorn parinaam san 1776 E. mein 'burg theatre' ki sthaapana hai jiska prasiddh naatakakaar kaulin hua.
aastriyaai saahitya ka svarn yug 'faaramyerj' (romaani) aandolan se praarambh hua jiske pravartak shlegel bandhu hain. yeh romaani aandolan angeji tatha anyaanya Europeeya saahityon mein baad ko shuroo hua. baanarnafeld, raimand, naistraaya, gruin, lenaaf, staljhaamar aadi is yug ke anya maanya lekhak hain. stiflar (san 1868 E.) aur vishvavidyaalaya grilpaarjr (san 1872 E.) romaani yug tatha aanevaale svaabhaavik udaarataavaadi yug ko milaanevaali kadi the. aastriya mein pravasit jarman haibal, laaube, bilbraand tatha aastriyaai kvin vyargar, sheedalar, haamaraling, ebaneyar, aishinbaakh, saar, rojegyer, aajingroobar aadi svaabhaavik udaarataavaadi pravrutti ke pramukh lekhak hue.
aadhunik aastriyaai saahitya ka praadurbhaav navaromaani pravrutti ko lekar san 1880 E. mein hua. is naveen pravrutti ka praabalya san 1900 E. tak hi raha, kintu is yug ne sarvatomukhi pratibhaasanpann mahaan lekhak heyaramaan bhaar ko janm diya.
san 1900 se 1919 E. tak yathaarthavaad tatha romaansavaad ke samanvaya ka yug raha. san 1919 E. mein abhivyaktivaad ka praadurbhaav hua. poorvokt teenon pravruttiyaaain samakaaleen jarman saahitya se prabhaavit theen. kintu aastriyaai yathaarthavaad sahaj aur saumya tha, jarman yathaarthavaadi holj tatha shlaaf ke saahitya ki bhaanti ugr naheen hai.
aastitrayaai geetikaavya ke 'praudh aadhunik' kaviyon mein hyoogo haafmaansathaal sarvashreshth geetikaar hue. yeh raainalaindar steefn gyaarg (san 1809-1902 E.) praneet ugr yathaarthavaad ke virodhi school ke pramukh kavi the. aangl kavi svinbarn se inki tulana ki ja sakti hai. din-prati-din ke jeevan ke prati aabhijaatyasulabh udaaseenata, jatil asaamaanya aadhyaatmik tatvajnyaaan ki praapti ke liye vyaakul adheerata aur sookshm saundarya ki khoj inke kaavya ki visheshataaeain hain. yeh bhavya kalpana evam sampann bhaasha ke dhani the. apni shaili ke yeh raaja the. samyak drushti se inki tulana hindi ke mahaan kavi shri sumitraanandan pant se ki ja sakti hai. inse prabhaavit geetikaaron mein steefen jvig, blaadeemeer, haartaleeb, haans floolar, alfrade gudavaald, otohaansar, feliks brown, paaul vyartahaaimar, maarks mail aur bhaavonmaadi kavi aanton veeldagaans suprasiddh hain.
abhivyaktivaadi varg ke albart aihareinsteen, fraanj vyarfl, gyorg, traakl kaarl shaasalaaitanar, fredrikh shvefogl aadi kaviyon ne jahaan chhandon ke bandhanon aur tark ki kaara ko toda, vahaan samast vishv aur maanavata ke prati apne kaavya mein aseem prem ko abhivyakt kiya, vaalt hvitmain tatha fraanseesi sarvasveekrutivaadiyon ki bhaanti prabal vyangyakaar kavi kaarl kraaus, chitrakaar kavi yooril birnabaaum, shramik kavi aalafonj paitsheeld aur Peter aaltenabyarg (jiske laghu 'geetagadya' anirvachaneeya saundarya tatha baalasulabh buddhimtta se otaprot hain aur jo apne jeevan aur kala mein atyant maulik bhi hain-'yugavaani' ke geetagadyakaar pant ji ke samaan hi) ke kaavya vastuchintan mein poorvokt kavismooh se bahut samaanata milti hai.
poorvokt vaadon se svatantr astitv rakhanevaale, kintu puraane romaansavaadiyon ke anuyaayi kaviyon mein richrd kraalik, kaarl faan ginjke, richrd shaakal, dhaarmik kavayitri ainarika, haandil maajeti, shreemati airika spaan raainish aur tiroleej kavi aarthar vaalapaakh, kaarl dolaago tatha haainarish shoolarn mahatvapoorn hain.
svaabhaaviktaavaadi upanyaasakaaron mein aarthar shnitjlar (san 1862-1931 E.) tatha Jacob vaasanamaan (san 1873-1934 E.) adviteeya aur amar hain. mahaanagaron ka aadhunik jeevan hi unki kathaavastu hai. kintu jahaan shnitjlar maatr vyaktigat samasyaaon ka kalaakaar tha, vahaan vaasanamaan saamaajik prashnon ka bhi chitera hai.
aastriyaai upanyaas ka doosra san 1908 E. shnitjlar ke virodh mein 'kelayaard' aandolan ke roop mein utha. is varg ke upanyaasakaaron ne nagaron se apni drushti hataakar kasbon aur graamon mein rahanevaale janasaadhaaran par keindrit ki. staayar praant ka nivaasi rodaalf haans baartaash is naveen dal ka mahaan upanyaasakaar hua. kavishreshth haafmaansathaal ke samaan hi baartaash bhi prachur kalpana aur bhavya shaili ka svaami tha, praakrutik drushyon ke shabdachitraankan mein to yeh upanyaasakaar aastriyaai saahitya mein anupam hai.
ghor svaabhaaviktaavaadiyon ke kaaran aastriya mein aitihaasik upanyaas anaath raha. parantu pratham mahaayuddh se kinchit pehle daarshanik lekhakadvaya, ivin kolabanaheyar tatha aimil looka ne is vishay par apni lekhani uthaai. vichaaron ki gaharaai, jagamagaati, chitraatmak shaili aur kathaavastu ki kushal sanyojana ne inke aitihaasik upanyaason ko mahaan saahitya ki koti mein la rakha hai. jarman 'gaaist' (raashtreeya aatma) ke aitihaasik vikaas par ek safal upanyaasamaala haalabaaum ne likhi.
pratham mahaayuddh tatha paravarti upanyaasakaar jeevan ke prati klaant udaaseenata, uttejak nakaaraatmakata athva praanashakti ki prabal sveekaarokti aadi vividh paraspar virodhi pravruttiyon ke poshak hain. dhaarmik, aadhyaatmik tatha rahasyavaadi vishay pun: upanyaas ki kathaavastu ban gaye. aatank tatha velsavaad (prasiddh aangl upanyaasakaar H.ji. vels ki samast du:khadoshon se mukt ati aadarsh maanav samaaj ki parikalpana) se poorn upanyaas bhi rache jaane lage. otto soyaka, fऱaaaj, spunda, paaul sooson aadi upanyaasakaar isi varg ke hain. kintu yug mein roodolf kreutj bhi hua jisne yuddh ke nitaant vinaash tatha shaanti ka pratipaadan kiya. is drushti se ham kreutj ko liyo taalstaaya ki parampara ka ati aadhunik upanyaasakaar kah sakte hain.
aastriyaai naatak saahitya mein do dal spasht rahe. pratham to svaabhaaviktaavaadi shnitjlar ka tha, jiske pradhaan upakaran navaromaansavaad athva haufmaansathaal ki navaalankrut shaili the aur jo uchch tatha uchch madhyamavargeeya samaaj ki shrrungaarik samasyaaon par sukhad manoranjak naatak rachate the. bhaar, saaltin, malar, vartahaaimar, saaigafraaid, trebitsh aur kurt fraaibyargar isi dal ke pratishthit naatakakaar hue. doosra dal aadim shaktimtta mein aastha rakhata tha aur ati yathaarthavaadi naatakon ki rachana karta tha. iske neta kaarl shoonaheyar hue.
haafmaasathaal ke naatak 'pratyek vyakti' (san 1912 E.) prabhaavit hokar naatakakaar myal aur gyorg ne madhyayugeen 'naitiktaavaadi' naatak ko punarjeevit karne ka prayatn kiya.
kroor svaabhaavakitaavaad ke virodhi vaaildagaans ke naatak aanandit abhivyaktivaad ke janak the aur yadyapi yuddhapoorvakaal mein praarambh hue the, tathaapi aastriyn saamraajyavaadi vyavastha ka hraas hone ke baad bhi yuddhottarakaal mein lokapriya rahe. rachanaakaar ke ahan ko uchchaaseen karke vaaildagaans ne aastriyaai naatak ko roop-vastu-vishyak roodhiyon ki shrrunkhala se mukt kar diya. jis 'been burgathiyetar' ne jarman naatakasaahitya tatha manch kala ka netrutv kiya, usaka prabal pratidvandvi 'deyar josafstaad' sthit maaks raainahaard ka theatre siddh hua. raainahaard ke hi prayatnon ke falasvaroop aaj saaljburg mein vaarshik naatakotsav hota hai jo aastriyaai saahitya tatha sanskrut ka gaurav hai.
inhein bhi dekhein
baahari kadiyaaain
- Modern Austrian Literature and Culture Association (MALCA)
- eLibrary Austria Project (eLib Austria etxt in German)
- WikiReader Austrian Literature (German)
- IG Autoren (interest group of all Austrian writers and professional associations of writers)
- Öasterreichischer Schriftstellerverband (writers' association)
- P.E.N.-Club (writers' association)
- Grazer Autorenversammlung (writers' association)
- Öasterreichische Gesellschaft füaar Literatur (Austrian Society for Literature)