aasavan

prayogashaala mein aasavan ka pradarshan: 1: garam karne ka saadhan 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: taapamaapi/kvathanaank taap 5: kandeinsar 6: sheetal jal pravesh maarg 7: sheetal jal nikaas maarg 8: sangraahak flaask 9: nirvaat/gas inalet 10: Still receiver 11: ooshma niyantran 12: Stirrer speed control 13: Stirrer/heat plate 14: Heating (Oil/sand) bath 15: Stirring means e.g.(shown), anti-bumping granules or mechanical stirrer 16: Cooling bath.^[1]

aasavan (Distillation) kisi mishrit drav ke avayavon ko unke vaashpan-sakriytaaon (volatilities) ke antar ke aadhar par unhein alag karne ki vidhi hai. yeh pruthakkaran ki bhautik vidhi hai na ki raasaayanik parivartan athva raasaayanik abhikriya.

vyaavasaayik drushti se aasavan ke bahut se upayog hain. kachche tel (krood aayal) ke vibhinn avayavon ko pruthak karne ke liye iska upayog kiya jaata hai. paani ka aasavan karne se usaki ashuddhiyaaain (jaise namak) nikal jaateeain hain aur adhik shuddh jal praapt hota hai.

aajkal aasavan shabd puraane ki apeksha adhik vyaapak arth mein prayukt hota hai. bhabhake mein vaashpavaan‌ dravya ko udaana aur udi hui bhaap ko thanda karke fir chuaa lena, yeh sabki sab prakriya aasavan kahalaati hai. aasavan ka uddeshya kisi vaashpavaan‌ ansh ko anya avaashpavaan‌ anshon se pruthak‌ kiye ja sakte hain. puraane samay mein aasavan ki is vidhi ka upayog keval aasavon arthaat‌ madira ke samaan peya taiyaar karne mein kiya jaata tha, par aajkal aasavan dvaara anek raasaayanik dravyon ka shodhan kiya jaata hai. aasavan ki ek saadhaaran paribhaasha yeh hai ki vilyan mein se vilaayak ko bhaap banaakar udaana aur fir use sanghanit kar lena. is paribhaasha ke bheetar 'saadhaaran aasavan' aur 'prabhaajit aasavan', donon sammilit hain. aasavan se milti julati ek vidhi ka naam oordhvapaatan hai. oordhvapaatan mein vaashpavaan‌ thos padaarth bhabhake mein garam karke udaaya jaata hai aur fir us bhaap ko thanda karke thos shuddh padaarth praapt kar liya jaata hai.

lokasaahitya mein ""aasav shabd sura ya madira ke arth mein prayukt hota hai. draakshaasav, usheeraasav aadi aasav aayurved granthon mein prasiddh hain. sautraamani ke prakaran mein aasuta sura ka sabse puraana ullekh yajurved ke 19vein adhyaaya mein milta hai. suraadhani kunbhi vah paatr tha jismein taiyaar ki hui sura rakhi jaati thi. akunr nikle hue dhaan aur jau se sura banaane mein sonth, punarnava, pippali aadi aushadhiyon ka praayog kiya jaata tha. lagbhag teen raat ye padaarth paani mein sadte rahate the aur fir ubaal aur chhaanakar sura taiyaar ki jaati thi.

prakruti mein aasavan ka sabse utkrusht udaaharan samudra ke khaare paani mein se paani ki bhaap ka uthana, fir bhaap ka vaayumandal ke thande bhaag mein pahuainchakar thanda hona aur shuddh jal ke roop mein barasana hai. varsha ka jal ek prakaar se shuddh aasut jal hai, parantu barasate samay yeh saadhaaran vaayumandal se apadravya ka shoshan kar leta hai.

audyogik aasavan ke liye bane tauvar

prayogashaalaaon aur kaarkhaanon mein aasavan ke nimitt jis upakaran ka prayog kiya jaata hai uske mukhyataya teen ang hote hain:

(1) bhabhaka, (2) sanghanitr aur (3) graahi.

bhabhake mein vah mishran rakha jaata hai jismein se vaashpavaan‌ ansh pruthak‌ karna hota hai. ye bhabhake upayogaanusaar kaach, taanbe, lohe athva mitti ke bane hote hain. sharaab banaane ke kaarkhaanon mein bahudha taanbe ke bane bhabhakon ka prayog hota hain. aur prayogashaalaaon mein kaanch ke bhabhakon ka. bhabhake ke neeche bhatthi ya garam karne ke nimitt kisi upayogi saadhan ka prayog kiya jaata hai. bhabhake mein se udi hui bhaap sanghanitr mein pahuainchati hai. sanghanitr anek prakaar ke prachalit hain. sabhi sanghanitron ka uddeshya yeh hota hai ki bhaap sheegra se sheegra aur bhali bhaanti thandi ho jaae. yeh aavashyak hai ki sanghanitr mein adhik se adhik prushth us hava ya paani ke sampark mein aae jiske dvaara bhaap ko thanda hona hai. taanba garami ka achha chaalak hai. iski nalikaaen (pipe) yathesht patali ban sakti hai; at: kaarkhaanon mein adhiktar taanbe ke hi sanghanitron ka vyavahaar kiya jaata hai. vastut: sanghanitr vah upakaran hai jismein garam bhaap ek sire se doosare sire tak pahuainchate-pahuainchate thandi ho jaae. jin dravyon ke kvathanaank bahut ooainche hain, unki bhaap hava se thandi ki ja sakti hai. iske liye vaayusanghanitr kaam mein laae jaate hain. ailkohal, beinjeen, ithar aadi dravon ki bhaapon ko thanda karne ke liye aise sanghanitron ka prayog hota hai jinmein paani ke pravaah ka prabandh ho. aasavan upakaran ka teesara ang graahi hai. yeh vah paatr hai jismein bhaap ke thanda ho jaane par bana hua drav ikath‌aatha kiya ja sake. graahi bhi suvidhaanusaar anek prakaar ke hote hain.

audyogik upayog ke liye nirmit ek aasavan stambh ka aarekh

teen prakaar ke aasavan mahatvapoorn maane jaate hain - prabhaajit aasavan, nirvaat aasavan aur bhanjak aasavan.

prabhaajit aasavan (fractional distillation) dvaara vilyan, arthaat‌ mishran, mein se un dravon ko pruthak‌ kiya ja sakta hai jinke kvathanaank paryaapt bhinn hon. dravon ka vaashp prabhaajit aasavan ke sanghanitron mein is prakaar kramash: thandha kiya ja sakta hai ki graahi mein pehle ve drav hi chue jo saapekshat: thandha kiya ja sakta hai jo saapekshat: adhik vaashpavaan‌ hon. is kaam ke liye jin bhabhakon ka upayog kiya jaata hai unamein taap dheere dheere badhta hai.

nirvaat aasavan (vacuum distillation) ke liye aisa prabandh kiya jaata hai ki bhabhake aur sanghanitr ke bheetar ki vaayu panp dvaara bahut kuchh nikal jaae. vilyan ke oopar vaayu ki daab kam hone par vilaayakon ka kvathanaank bhi kam ho jaata hai aur ve saapekshat: aati nyoon taap par hi aasavit kiye ja sakte hain.

bhanjak aasavan (destructive distillation) ek prakaar ka shushk aasavan hota hai. iska sabse achha udaaharan koyale ka aasavan hai. patthar ke koyale mein paani ka ansh to kam hi hota hai, par jab vah adhik tapt kiya jaata hai to uske prabhanjan (tootane) dvaara anek padaarth bante hain jinhein bhaap banaakar udaaya aur fir thanda karke thos ya drav kiya ja sakta hai. prabhanjan mein kuchh aisi bhi gaisein ban sakti hain jo thandi hone par drav ya thos to na banein, par gas roop mein hi jinki upayogita ho; udaaharanat:, sambhav hai, in gaison ka upayog hava ke saath jalaakar prakaash athva ushma paida karne mein kiya ja sakta ho. patthar ke koyale se prabhanjak aasavan se is prakaar ki gaison ke atirikt kriyojot, naifthaileen aadi padaarth praapt kiye ja sakte hain. mitti ke tel ka bhi prabhanjak aasavan kiya ja sakta hai.

saadhaaran aasavan ka upayog itr taiyaar karne mein bhi kiya jaata hai. itr taiyaar karne mein bhaap, aasavan ka prayog kiya jaata hai. paani ki bhaap ke saath saath itr udaae jaate hain aur sanghanitr mein thanda karke paani aur itr ka mishran graahi mein praapt kiya jaata hai.

vyaapaarik roop se aasavan ke kai upayog hai-

• krood Oil ke prabhaaji aasavan se indhan aur anya anekon padaarth praapt hote hain.
• aasavan ke dvaara vaayu ko iske avayavon (aakseejan, naaitrojan, aargaan aadi) mein vibhaajit kiya jaata hai jo audyogik upayog mein aateen hain.
• audyogik rasaayan ke kshetr mein, raasaayanik sanshleshan dvaara nirmit kiye gaye dravon ko aasavit karke alag kiya jaata hai.
• kinvit utpaadon ka aasavan karne se aasavit peya praapt hote hain jinmein alkohal ki maatra adhik hoti hai.

1. ↑ Laurence M. Harwood, Christopher J. Moody (13 June 1989). Experimental organic chemistry: Principles and Practice (Illustrated san॰). Oxford: WileyBlackwell. pp. 141–143. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-0632020171.

• prabhaaji aasavan
• bhaapeeya aasavan (steam distillation )
• nirvaat aasavan

• Alcohol distillation
• Case Study: Petroleum Distillation
• "Binary Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data" (searchable database). Chemical Engineering Research Information Center. http://www.cheric.org/research/kdb/hcvle/hcvle.php. abhigman tithi: 5 May 2007.