aarthik bhaumiki
aarthik bhaumiki, bhaumiki ki vah shaakha hai jo pruthvi ki khanij sampatti ke sambandh mein bruhat gyaan karaati hai. pruthvi se utpann samast dhaatuon, patthar, koyala, bhootail (petrolium) tatha anya adhaatu khanijon ka adhyayan tatha unka aarthik vivechan aarthik bhaumiki dvaara hi hota hai. pratyek desh ki samruddhi vahaaain ki khanij sampatti par bahut kuchh nirbhar rahati hai aur is drushti se aarthiki bhautiki ka adhyayan aur bhi mahatvapoorn ho jaata hai.
yadyapi bhaaratavarsh praacheen samay se hi apni khanij sampatti ke liye prasiddh raha hai, tathaapi kuchh kaaranon se yeh desh atyant samruddh naheen kaha ja sakta. Bhaarat mein aarthik khanij paae jaate hain jinmein se lagbhag 16 khanij prachur maatra mein upalabdh hain. inmein vishesh kar lauh ayask, mainganeej, abhrak, bauksaait, ilmenaait, patthar ke koyale jipsam, choona patthar (laaim ston), sileemenaait, kaayanaait, kurabind (korandam), maignesaait, mattikaaon aadi ke vishaal bhaandaar hain, kintu saath hi saath seesa, taanba, jasta, raanga, gandhak tatha mootail aadi atyant nyoon maatra mein hain. bhootail ka utpaadan to itna alp hai ki desh ki aantarik khapat ka keval saat pratishat hi usase poora ho paata hai. ispaat utpaadan ke liye saare aavashyak khanij paryaapt kiye jaate hain unamein in dhaatuon ke abhaav ke kaaran kuchh halki dhaatuen, jaise ailyuminiym ityaadi tatha unki mishr dhaatueain upayog mein laai ja sakti hai.
Bhaarat mein khanan udyog ka vikaas
san 1906 mein Bhaarat ke sampoorn khanij utpaadan ka moolya keval 10 karod rupaya tha. us samay Pakistan tatha barma bhi bhaarateeya saamraajya ke hi bhaag the. iske pashchaat khanij udyog ninratar vruddhi karta raha tatha iski gati svatantrata ke uparaant aur bhi adhik ho gayi. yahaaain is tathya ko naheen bhoolana chaahiye ki 20veen shataabdi ke praarambh se iske madhyakaal tak khanij ke moolya mein kai guni vruddhi hui hai. san 1948 mein utpaadit khanijon ka moolya 64 karod roopae tak pahuaincha. vaastav mein Bhaarat ke khanij sansaadhaanon ka vyavasthit vikaas yojana dvaara raashtreeya sarkaar ki sthaapana ke saath hi hua aur jaise jaise samay beetata gaya, is disha mein mahaan pragati ke lakshan drushtigochar hone lage tatha 1953 mein 112.78 karod rupae moolya ke khanij ka utpaadan hua. kisi bhi desh ke sansaadhanon ka uchit aur poorn upayog karne ke liye gaveshanaakaarya atyant aavashyak hai. 100 varsh se adhik samay beeta, jab bhaarateeya bhaumikeeya sarvekshan vibhaag ki sthaapana hui. iska mukhya kaarya desh ke khanij padaartho ka anveshan aur anusandhaan tatha bhootaatvik drushti se sampoorn desh ki sameeksha aur vistrut gyaan karna tha. svatantrata ke pashchaat khanij udyog ke liye Bhaarat sarkaar ki jaagruk neeti ke parinaamasvaroop san 1948 mein bhaarateeya khanij vibhaag (Indian bureau ov maains) ki sthaapana hui. iska kaarya ek sunishchim yojana ke antargat vibhinn khanijon ke bhaandaaron ki khoj evam nirdhaaran, khananapaddhatiyon ke sudhaar, adhik thos aadhaar par aaainkadon ka sangrah tatha khanijon ke samuchit upayog ke liye gaveshana ki vyavastha hai. yeh sanstha desh mein khanan udyog ki samasyaaon ka niraakaran tatha naveen upayogi sujhaav dekar udyog ki vruddhi karne mein bhi sahaayak siddh hui hai. is sanstha mein kai prabhaag hai. parmaanu-shakti-ayog (aitaamik enarji kamishn) ke antargat bhi "parmaanu-shakti-khanijprabhaag' sthapit kiya gaya hai. Bhaarat mein mruttail ka atyant abhaav hai. at: Bhaarat sarkaar ne is aur poorn roop se vishesh ruchi dikhaai hai. yadyapi desh mruttail ke liye apne hi par sambhavat: kabhi nirbhar na ho sakega. tathaapi tail ke kuchh anya bhaandaar praapt hone ki sambhaavit sthaanon par samaanveshan karne tatha uske sambandh mein poorn jaankaari praapt karne ke liye Bhaarat sarkaar ke "praakrutik saadhan aur vaigyaanik anusandhaan' mantraalaya (ministri ov natural risorsej aind scientific research) ne ek tail evam praakrutik gas aayog naamak sastha ko janm diya hai. patthar ke koyale se bhi vaanijya ke star par sanshleshit bhootail (sinthetik petreliym) nirmaan karne ki yojanaon par vichaar chal raha hai. haal mein khanbaat (Gujarat) mein praakrutik bhootail mila hai.