aanveekshiki

aanveekshiki, nyaayashaastr ka praacheen abhidhaan. praacheen kaal mein aanveekshiki, vichaarashaastr ya darshan ki saamaanya sanjnyaa thi aur yeh trayi (vedatrayi), vaarta (arthashaastr), dandaneeti (raajaneeti) ke saath chaturth vidya ke roop mein pratishthit thi (aanveekshiki trayi vaarta dandaneetishch shaashvati. vidya hyetaashchatasrastu lokasansrutihetav:) jiska upayog lok ke vyavahaar nirvaah ke liye aavashyak maana jaata tha. kaalaantar mein is shabd ka prayog keval nyaayashaastr ke liye sankuchit kar diya gaya. vaatsyaayan ke nyaayabhaashya ke anusaar anveeksha dvaara pravrutt hone ke kaaran hi is vidya ki sanjnyaa "aanveekshiki" pad gayi.

anveeksha ke do arth hain :

(1) pratyaksh tatha aagam par aashrit anumaan tatha

(2) pratyaksh aur shabdapramaan ki sahaayata se avagat honevaale vishyon ka anu (pashchaat‌) ikshan (paryaalochan, arthaat‌ gyaan), arthaat‌ anumiti.

nyaayashaastr ka pradhaan lakshya to hai pramaanon ke dvaara artho ka pareekshan (pramaanairarthapareekshanan nyaaya:-nyaayabhaashya 1. 1. 1), parantu in pramaanon mein bhi anumaan ka mahatvapoorn sthaan hai aur is anumaan dvaara pravrutt hone ke kaaran tarkapradhaan "aanveekshiki' ka prayog nyaayabhaashyakaar vaatsyaayan muni ne nyaayadarshan ke liye hi upayukt maana hai.

doosari dhaara mein pratyaksh, anumaan, upamaan tatha shabd, in chaar pramaanon ka gambhir adhyayan tatha vishleshan mukhya uddeshya tha. falat: is pranaali ko "pramaanameemaansaatmak' (epistomolaajikl) kehte hain. iska pravartan gangesh upaadhyaaya (12veen shataabdi) ne apne prakhyaat granth "tatvachintaamani'mein kiya. "praacheen nyaaya' (pratham dhaara) mein padaarthon ki meemaansa mukhya vishay hai, "navyanyaaya' (dviteeya dhaara) mein pramaanon ka vishleshan mukhya lakshya hai. navyanyaaya ka udaya mithila mein hua, parantu iska abhyudaya Bengal mein sampann hua. madhyayugeen bauddh taarkikon ke saath ghor sangharsh hone se khandan-mandan ke dvaara yeh shaastr viksit hota gaya. praacheen nyaaya ke mukhya aachaarya hain Gautam, vaatsyaayan, udyotakar, vaachaspati mishr, jayant bhatt, bha sarvajnya tatha udayanaachaarya. navyanyaaya ke aachaarya hain gangesh upaadhyaaya, pakshadhar mishr, raghunaath shiromani, mathuraanaath, jagadeesh Bhattacharya tatha gadaadhar Bhattacharya. in donon dhaaraaon mein madhya bauddh nyaaya tatha jain nyaaya ke abhyudaya ka kaal aata hai. bauddh naiyaayikon mein vasuvandhu, diङa‌aanaag, dharmakeerti ke naam pramukh hain.

• vaigyaanik vidhi

• dau॰ vidyaabhooshan : history ov laajik, Calcutta, 1925.