aadivaasi saahitya

aadivaasi saahitya se taatparya us saahitya se hai jismein aadivaasiyon ka jeevan aur samaaj unke darshan ke anuroop abhivyakt hua hai. aadivaasi saahitya ko vibhinn naamon se poori duniya mein jaana jaata hai. Europe aur America mein ise netiv American literature, kalard literature, slev literature aur afreekan-American literature, afreekan deshon mein black literature aur Australia meein eborijinl literature, to angreji mein indeejins literature, farstapeepul literature aur traaibal literature kehte hain. Bhaarat mein ise hindi evam anya bhaarateeya bhaashaaon mein saamaanyat: 'aadivaasi saahitya' hi kaha jaata hai.

gair-aadivaasi saahitya ki adhyayan parampara aadivaasi saahitya ko do shreni mein vibhaajit karti haiai -

vaachik parampara ka aadivaasi (lok) saahitya

likhit (shisht athva aadhunik) aadivaasi saahitya

lekin aadivaasi saahityakaar is vibhaajan ko sveekaar naheen karte. ve maanate hain ki choonki unka jeevanadarshan kisi bhi vibhaajan ke paksh mein naheen hai, unke samaaj mein samaroopata aur samaanata hai, isliye unka saahitya bhi vibhaajit naheen hai. vah ek hi hai. ve apne saahitya ko 'orechar'^[1] kehte hain. orechar arthaat oral + literature. unki sthaapana hai ki unke aaj ka likhit saahitya bhi unki vaachik yaani purakha saahitya ki parampara ka hi saahitya hai. orechar ki avadhaarana sabse pehle yugaanda ke aadivaasi lekhak piyo jirimoo ne prastut ki thi jise duniya ke adhikaansh aadivaasi lekhakon aur saahityakaaron ne sveekaar kiya. inmein Africa ke ngoogi va thyongo aur Bhaarat ki vandana tete pramukh hain. haalaanki gair-aadivaasi saahityik aur academic jagat mein abhi bhi vaachik saahitya ki sveekaaryata jyaada hai.

aadivaasi saahitya ki avadhaarana ko lekar teen tarah ke mat hain.

aadivaasi vishay par likha gaya saahitya aadivaasi saahitya hai.

aadivaasiyon dvaara likha gaya saahitya aadivaasi saahitya hai.

'aadivaasiyt' (aadivaasi darshan) ke tatvon wala saahitya hi aadivaasi saahitya hai.

pehli avadhaarana gair-aadivaasi lekhakon ki hai. parantu samarthan mein kuchh aadivaasi lekhak bhi hain. jaise, ramanika gupta, sanjeev, Rakesh Kumar Singh, mahuaa maaji, bajarang tivaari, ganesh devi aadi gair-aadivaasi lekhak, aur hariraam meena, mahaadev toppo, aaivi haansada aadi aadivaasi lekhak.

doosari avadhaarana un aadivaasi lekhakon aur saahityakaaron ki hai jo janmana aur svaanubhooti ke aadhaar par aadivaasiyon dvaara likhe gaye saahitya ko hi aadivaasi saahitya maanate hain.

antim aur teesari avadhaarana un aadivaasi lekhakon ki hai, jo 'aadivaasiyt' ke tatvon ka nirvaah karne vaale saahitya ko hi aadivaasi saahitya ke roop mein sveekaar karte hain. aise lekhakon aur saahityakaaron ke bhaarateeya aadivaasi samooh ne 14-15 June 2014 ko Ranchi (Jharkhand) mein aayojit do divseeya raashtreeya seminaar mein is avadhaarana ko thos roop mein prastut kiya, jise 'aadivaasi saahitya ka Ranchi ghoshana-patra' ke taur par jaana ja raha hai aur ab jo aadivaasi saahitya vimarsh ka kendreeya bindu ban gaya hai.

 "aadivaasiyon ke aadivaasiyt ko na to aap vargeekrut kar sakte hain na hi kisi maanak se naap sakte hain. kyonki yeh to
 viraasat mein mila hua vah gun hai jise koi bhi asveekaar naheen kar sakta aur na hi ise koi khaarij kar sakta hai. 
 kisi vyakti ki aadivaasiyt ko aap is baat se bhi naheen tay kar sakte hain ki usamein aadivaasi khoon kitna hai."
 - anita heis (Sydney), reed-gilbart, keri sanpaadit pustak ''vhaai daj A black voomen right?' (2000) mein 
 shaamil 'the streinth of as aij voomen: black voomen speek' lekh (pru. 51) mein

aadivaasi saahitya ki buniyaadi shart usamein aadivaasi darshan ka hona hai jiske mool tatv hain -

1. prakruti ki laya-taal aur sangeet ka jo anusaran karta ho.
2. jo prakruti aur prem ke aatmeeya sambandh aur garima ka sammaan karta ho.
3. jismein purakha-poorvajon ke gyaan-vigyaan, kala-kaushal aur insaani behatari ke anubhavon ke prati aabhaar ho.
4. jo samooche jeev jagat ki avhelna naheen karein.
5. jo dhanalolup aur baajaaravaadi hinsa aur laalasa ka nakaar karta ho.
6. jismein jeevan ke prati aanandamayi adamya jijeevisha ho.
7. jismein srushti aur samashti ke prati krutajnyaata ka bhaav ho.
8. jo dharati ko sansaadhan ki bajaay maan maankar uske bachaav aur rachaav ke liye khud ko usaka sanrakshak maanata ho.
9. jismein rang, nasl, ling, dharm aadi ka vishesh aagrah na ho.
10. jo har tarah ki gair-baraabari ke khilaaf ho.
11. jo bhaashaai aur saanskrutik vividhta aur aatmanirnaya ke adhikaar paksh mein ho.
12. jo saamanti, braahmanavaadi, dhanalolup aur baajaaravaadi shabdaavaliyon, prateekon, mithkon aur vyaktigat mahimaamandan se asahamat ho.
13. jo sahaastitv, samata, saamoohikta, sahajeevita, sahabhaagita aur saamanjasya ko apna daarshanik aadhaar maanate hue rachaav-bachaav mein yakeen karta ho.
14. sahaanubhooti, svaanubhooti ki bajaay saamoohik anubhooti jiska prabal svar-sangeet ho.
15. mool aadivaasi bhaashaaon mein apne vishvadrushtikon ke saath jo pramukhat: abhivyakt hua ho.

Languages Map

aadivaasi saahitya vaachik taur par apni mool aadivaasi bhaashaaon mein bahut samruddh aur vipul hai. Bhaarat mein likhit aadivaasi saahitya ki shuruaat beesaveen sadi ke aaranbhik daur mein hoti hai jab aupaniveshik dinon mein aadivaasi samudaaya aadhunik shiksha ke sampark mein aate hain. visheshakar, Jharkhand aur uttar-poorv ke aadivaasi ilaakon mein. tab se lekar aaj tak angreji aur hindi, baangla, odiya, asami, maraathi aadi anya bhaarateeya bhaashaaon mein aadivaasi saahitya lekhan nirantar pragati par hai aur har varsh sau se adhik aadivaasi rachit pustakein vibhinn bhaashaaon mein prakaashit ho raha hai.

Bhaarat mein aadivaasi saahitya paanch bhaasha parivaar ke bhaashaaon mein vaachik aur likhit roop mein upalabdh hai -

• aastro-eshiyaatik bhaasha parivaar
• cheeni-tibbati bhaasha parivaar
• Dravid bhaasha parivaar
• andamaani bhaasha parivaar
• bhaaropeeya aarya bhaasha parivaar

aastro-eshiyaatik bhaasha parivaar

yeh aadivaasi bhaasha parivaar mukhya roop se Bhaarat mein Jharkhand, chhatteesagadh, udeesa aur pashchim Bengal ke jyaadaatar hisson mein boli jaati hai. sankhya ki drushti se is parivaar ki sabse badi bhaasha santhaali ya santaali hai. is parivaar ki anya pramukh bhaashaaon mein ho, mundaari, khadiya, saavara ityaadi pramukh bhaashaaen hain.

cheeni-tibbati bhaasha parivaar

is parivaar ki jyaadaatar bhaashaaen Bhaarat ke saat uttar-poorvi raajyon mein boli jaati hai. jinmein naga, mijo, mhaar, manipuri, taangakhul, khaasi, dafla, aao aadi bhaashaaen pramukh hain.

Dravid bhaasha parivaar

yeh bhaasha parivaar Bhaarat ka doosra sabse bada bhaashaayi parivaar hai. is parivaar ki sadasya gair-aadivaasi bhaashaaen jyaadaatar dakshin Bhaarat mein boli jaati hain. jismein tamil, kannad, malayalam aur telugu bhaashaaen hain. parantu Dravid parivaar ki aadivaasi bhaashaaen poorvi, madhya aur dakshin tak ke raajyon mein boli jaati hain. gondon ki gondi, uraanv, kisaan aur dhaangar samudaayon ki kudukh aur pahaadiya ki malto ya maalato Dravid parivaar ki pramukh aadivaasi bhaashaaen hain.

andamaani bhaasha parivaar

janasankhya ki drushti se yeh Bhaarat ka sabse chhota aadivaasi bhaashaai parivaar hai. iske antargat andabaar-nikaabor dweep samooh ki bhaashaaen aati hain, jinmein andamaani, gred andamaani, onge, jaarava aadi pramukh hain.

bhaaropeeya aarya bhaasha parivaar

Bhaarat ki do tihaai se adhik gair-aadivaasi aabaadi hind aarya bhaasha parivaar ki koi na koi bhaasha vibhinn staron par prayog karti hai. jaise, sanskrut, hindi, baangla, gujaraati, Kashmiri, dogari, punjabi, udiya, asamiya, maithili, Bhojpuri, maaravaadi, gadhvaali, konkani aadi bhaashaaen. parantu Rajasthan, Gujarat, madhya pradesh aadi raajyon ke bheelon ki vartamaan bheeli, bhilaala aur vaagadi, isi bhaaropeeya bhaasha parivaar ke antargat aati hai.

1. mennas odea
2. susheela saamad
3. raghunaath murmoo
4. pyaara keraketta
5. Alice ekka
6. aayata uraanv
7. temasula aao
8. mamaang dai
9. Ram dayaal munda
10. baladev munda
11. roj keraketta
12. dulaaya chandra munda
13. Peter paul ekka
14. vaaltar bheingara 'tarun'
15. hariraam meena
16. mahaadev toppo
17. vaaharoo sonavane
18. gres kujoor
19. ujjvala jyoti tigga
20. nirmala putul
21. vandana tete
22. suneel minj
23. glaidasan dungadung
24. anuj lugun
25. roopalaal bediya
26. ganga sahaaya meena
27. jyoti lakada

1. ↑ orechar The Ugandan scholar Pio Zirimu introduced the term orature in an attempt to avoid an oxymoron, but oral literature remains more common both in academic and popular writing.{{The Anthem Dictionary of Literary Terms and Theory By Peter Auger Anthem Press, 2010 at Page 210 and Uhuru's Fire: African Literature East to South By Adrian Roscoe CUP Archive 1977 at page 9} In the book Encyclopaedia of African Literature edited by Simon Gikandi Routledge 2003 edition defines it as, 'Orature means something passed on through the spoken word, and because it is based on the spoken language it comes to life only in a living community. Where community life fades away, orality loses its function and dies. It needs people in a living social setting: it needs life itself.'In the book Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa by Kimani Njogu, ‎aHervé Maupeu 2007 edition states at Page 204 as Pio Zirimu (that Ugandan theorist who coined the word 'orature'), defines it as 'the use of utterance as an aesthetic means of expression' (as quoted by Ngũagĩ wa Thiong'o 1988). In the book Defining New Idioms and Alternative Forms of Expression edited by Eckhard Breitinger Rodopi 1996 at page 78 'This means that any "oral society" had to develop means to make the spoken word last, at least for a while. We tend to regard all the genres of orature as belonging to the homogeneous complex of folklore.'