William sheksapeeyar

William sheksapeeyar

William sheksapeeyar (William Shakespeare ; 26 April 1564 (batisma hua) – 23 April 1616) angreji ke kavi, naatakakaar tatha abhineta the. unke naatakon ka lagbhag sabhi pramukh bhaashaaon mein anuvaad hua hai.^[1]

sheksapiyr mein atyant uchch koti ki sarjanaatmak pratibha thi aur saath hi unhein kala ke niyamon ka sahaj gyaan bhi tha. prakruti se unhe mano varadaan mila tha at: unhonne jo kuchh chhoo diya vah sona ho gaya. unki rachanaaeain na keval angrej jaati ke liye gaurav ki vastu hain varan vishvavaaङamaya ki bhi amar vibhooti hain. sheksapiyr ki kalpana jitni prakhar thi utana hi gambhir unke jeevan ka anubhav bhi tha. at: jahaaain ek or unke naatakon tatha unki kavitaaon se aanand ki upalabdhi hoti hai vaheen doosari or unki rachanaaon se hamako gambhir jeevanadarshan bhi praapt hota hai. vishvasaahitya ke itihaas mein sheksapiyr ke samakaksh rakhe jaanevaale virle hi kavi milte hain.

William sheksapiyr, John sheksapiyr tatha meri aarden ke jyeshth putr evam teesari santaan the. inka janm straitaford aan evan mein hua. baalyakaal mein unki shiksha sthaaneeya free graamar school mein hui. pita ki badhti hui aarthik kathinaaiyon ke kaaran unhein paathashaala chhodkar chhote mote dhandhon mein lag jaana pada. jeevika ke liye unhonne London jaane ka nishchaya kiya. is nishchaya ka ek doosra kaaran bhi tha. kadaachit chaarl kot ke jameendaar sar taamas Lucy ke udyaan se hiran ki chori ki or kaanooni kaaryavaahi ke bhaya se unhein apna janmasthaan chhodna pada. unka vivaah san 1582 mein N haithaave se ho chuka tha. san 1585 ke lagbhag sheksapiyr London aae. shuroo mein unhonne ek rangashaala mein kisi chhoti naukri par kaam kiya, kintu kuchh dinon ke baad ve laard cheinbaralen ki company ke sadasya ban gaye aur London ki pramukh rangashaalaaon mein samay samay par abhinay mein bhaag lene lage. gyaarah varsh ke uparaant san 1596 mein ye straitaford aan evan laute aur ab inhonne apne parivaar ki aarthik vyavastha sudrudh bana di. san 1597 mein inhonne dheere dheere navanirmaan evam vistaar kiya. isi bhavan mein san 1610 ke baad ve apna adhikaadhik samay vyateet karne lage aur vaheen san 1616 mein unka dehaant hua.

sheksapiyr ki rachanaaon ke tithikram ke sambandh mein kaafi matabhed hai. san 1930 mein prasiddh vidvaan sar E.ke. chainbars ne tithikram ki jo taalika prastut ki vah aaj praaya: sarvamaanya hai. tab bhi idhar pichhle varshon ki khoj se tithiyon ke sambandh mein kuchh naveen dhaaranaaeain bani hain. in nai khojon ke aadhaar par maik mainave mahodaya ne ek naveen taalika taiyaar ki hai jo sar E.ke. chainbars ki soochi se kuchh bhinn hai.

lagbhag 20 varshon ke saahityik jeevan mein sheksapiyr ki sarjanaatmak pratibha nirantar viksit hoti gayi. saamaanya roop se is vikaasakram mein chaar vibhinn avasthaaeain dikhaai deti hai. praarambhik avastha 1595 mein samaapt hui. is kaal ki praaya: sabhi rachanaaeain prayogaatmak hai. sheksapiyr abhi tak apna maarg nishchit naheen kar paae the, ataev vibhinn prachalit rachanaapranaaliyon ko kram se kaaryaanvit karke apna rachanaavidhaan susthir kar rahe the, praacheen sukhaant naatakon ki prahasanaatmak shaili mein unhonne 'di kaamedi ov erars' aur 'di teming of di soo' ki rachana ki. taduparaant 'lavs lebars laust' mein inhonne lili ke darabaari sukhaant naatakon ki paripaati apnaai. ismein raajadarabaar ka vaataavaran upasthit kiya gaya hai jo chatur paatron ke rochak vaartaalaap se paripoorn hai. 'di too jeintilmen ov verona' mein green ke svachhandataavaadi sukhaant naatakon ka anukaran kiya gaya hai. du:khaant naatak bhi anukaranaatmak hain. 'richrd truteeya' mein maalon ka tatha 'taaitas endraaniks' mein kid ka anukaran kiya gaya hai kintu 'romiyo aind juliyet' mein maulikta ka ansh apekshaakrut adhik hai. isi kaal mein likhi hui donon prasiddh kavitaaeain 'di rape aav lukrees' aur 'Venus aind edonis' par tatkaaleen itaaliyn premakaavya ki chhaap hai.

vikaasakram ki doosari avastha san 1600 mein samaapt hui. ismein sheksapiyr ne anek praudh rachanaaeain sansaar ko bheint keen. ab unhonne apna maarg nirdhaarit tatha aatmavishvaas arjit kar liya tha. 'A mid samar nights dreem' tatha 'di marcheint aav venis' rochak evam lokapriya sukhaant naatak hain kintu inse bhi adhik mahatva rakhanevaale shekyapiyr ke sarvotkrusht sukhaant naatak 'mach edo ebaaut nathing', 'aij you like it' tatha 'tvelvath night' isi kaal mein likhe gaye. in naatakon mein kavi ki kalpana tatha uske man ke aahlaad ka uttam prakaashan hua hai. sarvottam aitihaasik naatak bhi isi samay likhe gaye. maarlo se prabhaavit 'richrd dviteeya' usi shreni ki poorvavarti kruti 'richrd truteeya' se rachanaavinyaas mein kaheen adhik safal hai. 'henari chaturth' ke donon bhaag aur 'henari pancham' jo suvikhyaat aitihaasik naatak hain, isi kaal ki rachanaaeain hain. sheksapiyr ke praaya: sabhi saanet, jo apni utkrusht abhivyakti ke liye anupam hain, san 1595 or 1607 ke beech likhe gaye.

teesari avastha, jiska ant lagbhag 1607 mein hua, sheksapiyr ke jeevan mein vishesh mahatva rakhati hai. in varshon mein paarivaarik viptti evam svaasthya ki kharaabi ke kaaran kavi ka man avasann tha. at: in dinon ki adhikaansh rachanaaeain du:khaant hain. vishvaprasiddh du:khaant naatak haimalet, aathelo, King liyr aur mekabaith evam roman du:khaant naatak jooliys seejar, entoni aind kliopaatra evam koriolenas isi kaalaavadhi mein likhe gaye aur abhineet hue. 'travaayalas aind kresida', 'aals vel dait ends vel' aur 'major faar major' mein sukh aur du:kh ki sanshlisht abhivyakti hui hai, tab bhi du:khad ansh ka hi praadhaanya hai.

vikaas ki antim avastha mein sheksapiyr ne perikils, sinvelin, 'di vintars tel', 'di teinpest' prabhruti naatakon ka surgeon kiya, jo sukhaant hone par bhi du:khad sambhaavnaaon se bhare hain evam ek saandhya vaataavaran ki srushti karte hain. in sukhaant du:khaant naatakon ko romance athva sheksapiyr ke antim naatakon ki sanjnyaa di jaati hai.

sheksapiyr ke sukhaant naatakon ki apni niji visheshataaeain hain. yadyapi 'di kaamedi aav erars' mein plaatas ka anusaran kiya gaya hai tathaapi anya sukhaant naatak praacheen klaasiki naatakon se sarvatha bhinn hain. inka uddeshya prahasan dvaara kuroopataaon ka mitaana tatha trutiyon ka sudhaar karna naheen varan rochak katha aur charitrachitran dvaara logon ka manoranjan karna hai. is prakaar ke praaya: sabhi naatakon ka vishay prem ki aisi teevr anubhooti hai jo yuvakon aur yuvatiyon ke man mein sahaj aakarshan ke roop mein svat: utpann hoti hai. premi janon ke maarg mein pehle to baadhaaeain utpann hoti hain kintu naatak ke ant tak kathinaaiyaaain vinsht ho jaati hain aur unka parinaam sampann hota hai. in rachanaaon mein jeevan ki kavitvapoorn evam kalpanaapravan abhivyakti hui hai aur samast vaataavaran aahlaad se ot-prot hai. sheksapiyr ka parichay katipya uchchavargeeya parivaaron se ho gaya tha aur unamein jis prakaar ka jeevan unhonne dekha usi ka prakaashan in naatakon mein kiya hai.

du:khaant naatakon mein maanav jeevan ki gambhir samasyaaon par prakaash daala gaya hai. in naatakon ke abhijaat kulotpann naayak kuchh samay tak safalta aur unnati ke maarg par agrasar hone ke uparaant yaatana aur vinaash ke shikaar bante hain. unke du:kh aur mrutyu ke kya kaaran hain, is vishay par sheksapiyr ka mat spasht roop se abhivyakt hua hai. naayak ka durbhaagya anshat: pratikool niyti evam paristhitiyon se udbhoot hai, kintu isse kaheen bada kaaran usaki chaaritrik durbalata mein milta hai. praacheen yoonaani dukhaant naatakon mein naayak keval trutipoorn nirnaya athva trutipoorn drushtikon ke kaaran vinsht hota tha parantu, kadaachit isaai dharm aur naitikvaad se prabhaavit hokar, sheksapiyr ne apne naatakon mein naayak ke patan ki pradhaan jimmedaari usaki chaaritrik durbalata par hi rakhi hai. haimalet, aathelo, liyr aur maikabeth - in sabhi ke svabhaav athva charitra mein aisi kami milti hai jo unke kasht evam mrutyu ka kaaran banti hai. in du:khaant naatakon mein duhara dvandv parilkshit hua hai, aantarik dvandv ev bahya dvandv. aantarik dvandv naayak ke man mein, uske vichaaron aur bhaavanaaon mein utpann hota hai aur apni teevrata ke kaaran na keval nirnaya kathin bana deta hai apitu kuchh samay ke liye naayak ka aasool vichlit bhi kar deta hai. is prakaar ke aantarik dvandv ke kaaran naatakon mein manovaigyaanik sookshmata aur rochakata ka aavirbhaav hua hai. baahya dvandv baahari shaktiyon ki spardha aur unke sangharsh se utpann hota hai, jaise do virodhi raajaneetik dalon athva senaaon ka paarasparik virodh. sheksapiyr ke pramukh du:khaant naatakon mein raktagat evam bhayaavah drushyon ki avataarana ke kaaran atyant aatankapoorn vaataavaran nirmit hua hai. isi bhaaainti hatya aur pratishodh sambandhi drushyon ke samaavesh se bhi avasaad ka put gahra ho gaya hai. in sabhi visheshataaon aur upakaranon ko sheksapiyr ne katipya puraane naatakon tatha seneka, kid, maarlo aadi naatakakaaron se grahan kiya tha aur saamayik lokaruchi ko dhyaan mein rakhakar hi unka upayog apne naatakon mein kiya tha. du:khaant naatakon ki jin visheshataaon ka ullekh humne yahaaain kiya hai ve na keval haimalet, aathelo, King liyr, aur maikabeth mein milti hain varan romiyo aind juliyet tatha England aur rom ke itihaas par aadhrut du:khaant naatakon mein bhi aanshik roop mein vidyamaan hain.

sheksapiyr ne jin aitihaasik naatakon ki rachana ki unamein kai roman itihaas vishyak hain. in roman naatakon ke lekhan mein sheksapiyr ne itihaas ke tathyon ko thoda bahut badal diya hai aur katipya sthalon par aisa prateet hone lagta hai ki jeevan ka jo chitr upasthit kiya gaya hai vah praacheen rom ka naheen apitu ailijveth kaaleen England ka hai. itna hone par bhi ye naatak sadaiv lokapriya rahe hain, visheshakar juliys seejar tatha entoni aind kliopaatra. aintoni aid kliopaatra kavitvapoorn anshon s bhara pada hai tatha kliopaatra ki charitrakalpana atyant prabhaavotpaadak hai. taaiman ov Athens aur perikils mein yoonaani itihaas ki ghatnaaon ka niroopan kiya gaya hai. angreji itihaas par aadhaarit naatakon mein kuchh to aise hain jo keval aanshik roop mein sheksapiyr dvaara likhe gaye hain kintu henari chaturth ke donon bhaag aur henari pancham poorn roopen sheksapiyr dvaara praneet hain. in teenon naatakon mein kavi ko mahaan safalta mili hai. inmein shaurya aur sammaanabhaavana ka atyant aakarshak pratipaadan hua hai aur faalstaaf ka charitra atyant rochak evam spruhaneeya hain. richrd truteeya aur richrd dviteeya mein maarlo ka anukaran safalataapoorvak kiya gaya hai. sheksapiyr ke poorv ke adhikaansh angreji aitihaasik naatakon mein tathyon aur ghatnaaon ka nirjeev chitran rahata tha tatha kori itivruttaatmakata ke kaaran ve neeras hote the. sheksapiyr ne is prakaar ke naatakon ko jeevant roop dekar chamatkaarapoorn bana diya hai.

antim naatakon mein sheksapiyr ka paripakva jeevanadarshan milta hai. mahaakavi ko apne jeevan mein vibhinn prakaar ke anubhav hue the jinki jhalak uni krutiyon mein dikhaai padti hai. pranaya vishyak sukhaant naatakon mein kalpanaavilaas hai aur kavi ka man aishvarya aur yauvan ki vilaasita mein rama hai. du:khaant naatakon mein aise du:khad anubhavon ko abhivyakti hai jo jeevan ko vishaakt bana dete hain. sheksapiyr ke krutitv ki parinti aise naatakon ki rachana mein hui jinmein unki samyak buddhi ka pratiflan hua hai. kavi ab apni vivekapoorn drushti se dekhta hai ki jeevan mein sukh aur du:kh donon sannivisht rahate hain, at: daanon hi kshanik hain. jeevan mein du:kh donon sannivisht rahate hain, at: donon hi kshanik hain. jeevan mein du:kh ke baad sukh aata hai, ataev vichaar aur vyavahaar mein samatv vaanchhaneeya hai. in antim naatakon se yeh nishkarsh niklata hai ki hinsa aur pratishodh ki apeksha daya aur kshama adhik shlaaghaneeya hain. apne gambhir naitik sandesh ke kaaran in naatakon ka vishesh mahatva hai.

sheksapiyr ke naatak svachhandataavaadi hain tatha praacheen yoonaani aur laitin naatakon ki parampara se pruthak hain. at: unamein vastuvinyaas ki shaastreeya visheshataaon ko dhooaindhna uchit naheen hai. keval apne antim naatak 'di teinpest' mein unhonne teenon anvitiyon ka nirvaah kiya hai. praaya: sabhi anya naatakon mein keval kaaryaanviti ka dhyaan rakha gaya hai, samay aur sthaan ki drushti se ve nitaant nibandh hain. kathaavastu mein sadaiv paryaapt vistaar milta hai aur saamaanyat: usamein kai kathaaeain antarnihit rahati hain. udaaharanaarth ham A mid samar nights dreem, di marcheint aav venis, aij you like it athva King liyr ko le sakte hain. in sabhi mein anek kathaaon ke mishran dvaara vastunirmaan sampann hua hai. kintu iska yeh arth naheen hai ki sheksapiyr ke naatakon ki banaavat trutipoorn hai. ant:kathaaon ka naatyavastu mein sundar, kalaapoorn reeti se gunfan kiya gaya hai tatha sampoorn kathaanak se sankalit ekta ka aabhaas milta hai. shaastreeya arth mein anvitiyon ka abhaav hone par bhi in svachhandataavaadi naatakon mein bhaavaanaatmak tatha kalpanaatmak ekeekaran hua hai.

paatrakalpana mein sheksapiyr ko aur bhi adhik safalta mili hai. apne naatakon mein unhonne anek aakarshak paatron ki srushti ki hai jo apne jeevant roop mein hamaare saamane aate hain. samay ke saath charitraniroopan ki prakriya adhikaadhik sookshm evam kalaatmak hoti gayi. udaaharan ke liye ham sukhaant naatakon mein samaavisht rojaalin, porsiya, viyaartras, rojaalind, vaayala prabhruti pragalbha naariyon ko le sakte hain jo apni prakhar buddhi aur vaakchaaturi ka parichay nirantar deti hain. doosari koti ki ve naariyaaain hain jinke anupam saundarya aur sankatapoorn anubhavon ke kaaran man mein karuna ka udrek hota hai. S naariyon mein pramukh hain juliyet, ofiliya, desadimona, kaardiliya, imojen ityaadi. du:khaant naatakon mein charitrachitran ka atyadhik mahatva hai. udaaharan ke liye ham haimalet ko le sakte hain. naatak ki samast ghatanaaeain naayak ke charitra par keindrit hain aur usi ke vyaktitv ke prabhaav se katha ka vikaas hota hai. anshat: yahi baat anya du:khaant naatakon ke liye bhi satya hai. praacheen yoonaani naatakon mein anek smaraneeya paatr milte hain kintu naitik aur manovaigyaanik upakaranon ke sahaare ankit kiye hue sheksapiyr ke pramukh paatr kaheen adhik rochak evam aakarshak hain. aantarik dvandv ke upayog se du:khaant naatakon ki paatrakalpana aur bhi adhik chamatkaarapoorn ho gayi hai. sheksapiyr ke naatakon ke kuchh anya paatr bhi ullekhaneeya hain jaise vidooshak aur khalanaayak. vidooshakon mein faalstaaf tachaston, feste aur King liyr ka svaamibhkt vidooshak aadi mahatvapoorn hain. khalanaayakon mein richrd truteeya, iyaago, edamand iyaashiyon aadi ki ganana hoti hai. jaisa haijlit ne likha hai, shaiksapiyr ki shakti ka pata isse lagta hai ki na keval unke mahatvapoorn paatron mein vaishishtya hai varan unke bahusankhyak laghu paatr bhi apna niji mahatva rakhate hain.

yadyapi sheksapiyr ke naatakon mein kaheen kaheen gadya ka prayog hua hai, tab bhi ve moolat: kaavyaatmak hai. unka adhikaansh bhaag chhandobaddh hai. yahi naheen, praaya: sabhi naatya rachanaaeain kaavyaatmak gunon se bhari padi hain. kalpana ka prakaashan, aalankaarik abhivyakti, sangeetaatmak laya tatha komal bhaavanaaon ke niroopan dvaara sheksapiyr ne manomugdhakaari prabhaav utpann kar diya hai. praacheen kaal se naatakon ka kavita ka ek bhed maatr maanate aae the aur sheksapiyr ne praacheen dhaarana sveekaar ki. gadya ka prayog yada kada vishesh prayojan se hua hai. kintu saamaanya roop se ham sheksapiyr ke naatakon ko kaavyanaatya ki sanjnyaa de sakte hain. kaavyatatv shuroo mein atyadhik tha kintu shanai: shanai: usaka roop sanyat ho gaya aur prayojan ke vichaar se usaka niyantran hone laga. isi bhaaainti sheksapiyr ki shaili mein samaavisht karne ke liye nirantar prayaas kiya; falat: praarambhik naatakon mein vistrut varnanon ev sundar roopakon ka baahulya hai apni pratibha ki praudhaavastha mein jab sheksapiyr apne prasiddh du:khaant naatakon ki rachana kar rahe the us samay tak unki shaili santulit ho gayi thi. praathamik avastha mein abhivyakti ka adhik mahatva tha aur vichaaron ka kam. kintu is maadhyamik kaal mein vichaaron, bhaavon tatha abhivyakti ke saadhanon ka samyak samanvaya hua hai. yeh santulit vyavastha antim varshon mein sheksapiyr ka dhyaan vichaaron aur naitik pratimaanon par keindrit tha aur unhonne shaileegat chamatkaar ki upeksha ki. iseeliye antim naatakon ki shaili kaheen kaheen anagadh ho gayi hai.

sheksapiyr ne apne naatak mukhyat: rangamanch par abhinay ke liye likhe the, yadyapi kaavyaatmak gunon ke kaaran ham unase pathan dvaara bhi aanand praapt karte hain. tatkaaleen rangamanch ki banaavat abhinay ki vyavastha, darshakon ki lokaruchi, in sabhi ka prabhaav sheksapiyr ke naatyanirmaan par pada. do ek udaaharan hi paryaapt honge. us samay range hue paradon ka upayog naheen hota tha, isliye naatakon mein anek varnanaatmak anshon ka samaavesh hua hai. inheen varnanon dvaara sthaan, kaal aur paristhiti ka sanket hota tha. naatakon mein svagat evam svabhaashit ka nirantar upayog iseeliye sambhav ho saka ki rangamanch ka agala trikonaakaar bhaag prekshakon ke beech tak aage badha rahata tha. kai purush aur naari paatron ka surgeon sheksapiyr ne keval isliye kiya ki unke upayukt abhineta upalabdh the. darshakon ke manoranjanaarth anek drushyon ki avataarana hui hai jinme rangamanch par uttejak evam manoranjak paristhitiyon ka pradarshan hua hai. aaj ke yathaarthavaadi rangamanch ki bhaaainti elijveth yugeen rangamanch prachur saadhanon tatha nishchit vyavastha dvaara baindha hua tha. abhinay aur pradarshan donon hi apekshaakrut unmukt the, isliye sheksapiyr ke naatakon mein paryaapt rijuta milti hai.

praaya: sabhi prakaar ke naatakon mein mahaakavi ne geya muktakon ka sannivesh kiya hai jo apne saundarya aur maadhurya ke liye anupam hain. inke atirikt sheksapiyr ki vistrut kavitaaeain hain, jinmein 'vins aind edonis', 'di rape aav lukrees' tatha saanets ka ullekh aavashyak hai. ye sabhi krutiyaaain 16 veen shataabdi ke antim dashak ki hain jab sheksapiyr ka man saundarya evam pranaya ke prabhaav se aahlaadaparn ho gaya tha. 'vins aind edonis' mein ek praacheen premakatha ko atyant kaavyaatmak reeti se varnit kiya gaya hai. 'di rape ov lukrees' mein ek param sundari roman mahila ke durbhaagya aur mrutyu ki katha hai. saanets mein kuchh aise hain jo kavi ke ek mitr se sambandh rakhate hain jisne vivaah na karne ka nishchaya kar liya tha. sheksapiyr ne uske roop aur gunon ki charcha karte hue usase apna nishchaya badalne ke liye aagrah kiya hai. saaneton ka doosra kram ek shyaamavarn mahila se sambandhit hai jise prati kavi ke man mein teevr aakarshan utpann hua tha kintu jisne us sneh ka aadar na karke kavi ke us mitr ko apna pranaya diya, jisko dhyaan mein rakhakar saaneton ka pratham kram likha gaya tha. sheksapiyr ne in saaneton mein apni aantarik bhaavanaaon ka prakaashan kiya hai athva ve paramparaagat rachanaaeain maatr hain, yeh prashn atyant vivaadagrast hai.

• braidale, A.si. : sheksapeeriyn traijedi (1952),
• nikol, alaradaais : stadeej in sheksapiyr (1927),
• hairisn, ji.vi., sheksapeeyars traijedeej (1951),
• baarkt, grainavile : preefesej sheksapiyr.