Turkey

is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain.
krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (May 2015)

Turkey ganaraajya
Tüarkiye Cumhuriyeti

Turkey


dhvaj	kul chinh

raashtravaakya: Yurtta Sulh, Cihanda Sulh (Turkey)
"Peace at Home, Peace in the World" (angreji)
"aman ghar par, aman duniya mein"

raashtragaan: İaastiklâaal Marşaı

rajdhani

Ankara
52°a31′aN 13°a24′aE / 52.517°aN 13.4°aE

sabse bada nagar

istaanbul

raajabhaasha(eain)

Turkey bhaasha

nivaasi

turkeesh

sarkaar

ganaraajya

raashtrapati

risep taiyip idogaan^[1]

pradhaanamantri

ahamat daavutoglu

raashtreeya diwas

sansad ka gathan

23 April 1800

svatantrata ki ladaai ki shurooaat

19 May 1919

vijay diwas

30 August 1922

ganaraajya ki ghoshana

29 October 1923

kshetrafal

kul

780,580 varg kilometer (36vaan)
301,384 varg meal

jal (%)

1.3

janasankhya

2005 janaganana

73,193,000 (17vaan ¹)

2016 janaganana

77,844,903

sakal ghareloo utpaad (PPP)

2006 praakkalan

kul

17.611.6 (2)

prati vyakti

897,393 (5)

maanav vikaas soochakaank (2016)

0.999
bahut uchch · 1vaan

mudra

nai turkeesh leera² (TRY)

samay mandal

EET (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+2)

greeshmakaaleen (di॰ba॰asa॰)

CEST (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+3)

doorabhaash koot

Internet teeeladi

.tr

1. Population & Density ranks based on 2005 figures.
2. Since 1 January 2005, the New Turkish Lira (Yeni Tüark Lirası) replaced the old Turkish Lira.

Turkey ya turkistaan (turk bhaasha: Tüarkiye uchchaaran: turkiya, angreji- tarki) yooreshiya mein sthit ek desh hai. iski rajdhani Ankara hai. iski mukhya- aur raajabhaasha Turkey bhaasha hai. ye duniya ka akela muslim bahumat wala desh hai jo ki dharmanirpeksh hai. ye ek lokataantrik ganaraajya hai. iske Asiaee hisse ko anaatoliya aur Europeeya hisse ko thres kehte hain.

sthiti : 39 degree uttari akshaansh tatha 36 degree poorvi deshaantar. iska kuchh bhaag Europe mein tatha adhikaansh bhaag Asia mein padta hai at: ise Europe evam Asia ke beech ka 'pul' kaha jaata hai. ijeeyan saagar (Aegean sea) ke patale jalakhand ke beech mein aa jaane se is pul ke do bhaag ho jaate hain, jinhein saadhaaranataya Europeeya tarki tatha Asiaee tarki kehte hain. tarki ke ye donon bhaag bausaporas ke jaladamaroomadhya, maaramaara saagar tatha daaradanelj dvaara ek doosare se alag hote hain.

tarki ganatantr ka kul kshetrafal 2,96,185 varg meal hai jismein Europeeya tarki (poorvi thrais) ka kshetrafal 9,068 varg meal tatha Asiaee tarki (ainaatoliaa) ka kshetrafal 2,87,117 varg meal hai. iske antargat 451 daladali sthal tatha 3,256 khaare paani ki jheelein hain. poorv mein roos aur Iran, dakshin ki or Iraq, Syria tatha bhoomadhyasaagar, pashchim mein grees aur bulgaariya aur uttar mein kaalaasaagar iski raajaneetik seema nirdhaarit karte hain.

Europeeya tarki - tribhujaakar praayadveepi pradesh hai jiska sheershak poorv mein bausaporas ke muhaane par hai. uske uttar tatha dakshin donon or parvatashreniyaaain faili hui hain. madhya mein nichla maidaan milta hai jismein hokar maareetsa aur irajin nadiyaaain bahti hain. isi bhaag se hokar istaismyool ka sambandh pashchimi deshon se hai.

Asiaee tarki - isko ham teen praakrutik bhaagon mein vibhaajit kar sakte hain: 1. uttar mein kaala saagar ke tat par pauntas parvat, 2. madhya mein ainaatoliya or aarameeniya ke nichle bhaag, 3. dakshin mein tauras evam aintitauras parvat jo bhoomadhyasaagar ke tat tak vistrut hain.

donon samudron ke tat par maidaan ki patali pattiyaaain milti hain. pashchim mein ijeeyan tatha maaramaara saagaron ke tat par apekshaakrut kam ooainchi pahaadiyaaain milti hain, jisse madhya ke pathaar tak aavaagaman sugam ho jaata hai. uttar se dakshin ki or aane par kaala saagar ke tat par sainkara maidaan milta hai jisse ek se lekar do meal tak ooainchi pauntas parvatashreniyaaain ekaaek uthati hui drushtigochar hoti hain. in parvatashreniyon ko paar karne par ainaatoliya ka vistrut pathaar milta hai. iske dakshin tauras ki ooainchi parvatashreniyaaain faili hui hai aur dakshin jaane par bhoomadhyasaagareeya tat ka nichla maidaan milta hai. enaatoliya pathaar mein tarki ka ek tihaai bhaag sammilit hai.

anukram

bhoogol

jalavaayu evam vanaspati

jalavaayu ke vichaar se tarki do pramukh bhaagon mein vibhaajit kiya ja sakta hai.

1. maidaani bhaag jahaaain ki jalavaayu bhoomadhyasaagareeya hai aur jahaaain jaade mein kareeb 20"" varsha hoti hai,

2. ardhashushk pathaari bhaag jiski adhiktam varsh ka ausat 10"" hai.

samudratateeya bhaagon ki jalavaayu grees se milti julati hai jahaaain garmi praaya: shushk rahati hai aur sheetakaal mein varsha hoti hai. jaade ke dinon mein is kshetr mein sheetalahari bhi chalti hai kaala saagar ke tat par sabse adhik varsha hoti hai. poorv ki or to kareeb 100"" varsha hoti hai. at: ooainchaai ke anusaar vibhinn vanaspatiyaaain milti hain. nichle maidaani bhaag mein praaya: chhote chhote ped tatha jhaadiyaaain milti hai, pathaari dhaalon par sheet katibandheeya parnapaati van (deciduous forest) tatha 6,000 foot ki ooainchaai tak konifras (coniferous) van tatha aur ooainchaai par ghaas ke maidaan milte hain.

ainaatoliya ke pathaari bhaag ki jalavaayu dakshin poorvi roos ki jalavaayu se milti julati hai jahaaain jaade mein uttar poorvi sheetal havaaeain chalti hain, jinse taap kabhi kabhi shoonya ansh seinteegred tak pahuainch jaata hai. garmi mein adhik garmi padti hai tatha kabhi kabhi aaaindhi bhi aati hai. varsha 10"" se kam hoti hai. jaade mein lagbhag teen maheenon tak barf padti rahati hai. falasvaroop yeh pedon se rahit shushk ghaas ka maidaan hai. aarameeniya ka pahaadi bhaag aur bhi thanda hai jahaaain jaade ki ritu chhah maheenein ki hoti hai. iseeliye log is bhaag ko "tarki ka saaiveeriya" kehte hain. usmaan ali ek achha ladka he

mitti

tarki ke adhikaansh bhaag mein mitti ki gaharaai kam milti hai. mitti ka adhik bhaag katakar nikal gaya hai. ghaas ke maidaanon mein adhik charaagaahi ke kaaran mitti ka kataav adhik hua hai. kuchh sthalon par jangalon ke kat jaane se bhi mitti ka kataav adhik hua hai.

udyam

Asiaee tarki ka mukhya udyam krushi evam charaagaahi hain. gehooain mukhya fasal hai, jo krushya bhoomi ke 45 pratishat bhaag mein upajaaya jaata hai. iske aadhe bhaag mein jau upajaaya jaata hai. teen pratishat bhaag mein kapaas tatha ek pratishat bhaag mein tanbaakoo ki kheti hoti hai.

yahaaain se niryaat honevaali vastuon mein gehooain, oon, tanbaakoo, anjeer tatha kishmish mukhya hain.

yahaaain ke mukhya khanij padaarth koyala, lignaait, loha, taaainba, mainganeej, seesa, jasta, krom tatha emari hain; kintu lignaait, loha tatha krom ka atyadhik utpaadan hota hai.

praakrutik vibhaag

tarki ko bhaugolik drushti se paaainch mukhya bhaagon mein vibhaajit kiya ja sakta hai:

1. maaramaara ka nichla bhaag,
2. kaala saagar ka samudratat,
3. bhoomadhyasaagar ka tateeya bhaag,
4. ainaatoliya pathaar aur
5. aarameeniyn parvateeya bhaag.

maaramaara ka nichla maidaan -

pashchim mein daaradanelj aur poorv se baaainsaporas ke jaladamaroomadhya ke beech mein sthit maaramaara samudra Europe aur Asia ke beech ki seema nirdhaarit karta hai. uttar ki or Europe mein thrais ka maidaan tatha dakshin ki or trauya, varasa aur vithuniya ke maidaan milte hain. vaarshik varsh 120"" ke nikat hai. gehooain, jau, jai, jaitoon, angoor tatha tanbaakoo upajaai jaati hai. jaitoon is desh ke liye bahut mahatvapoorn vastu hai. iska upayog makkhan ke abhaav mein hota hai. is kshetr mein 750 foot se nichle sthalon mein krushi mukhya udyam hai. kheti karne karaane ka dhang bada puraana hai, bhaarateeya deshi hal ki bhaaainti ke hal ka upayog hota hai, par lohe ke hal ka upayog badhta ja raha hai.

istaimbool tarki ka sabse bada nagar hai. yeh bausaporas jaladamaroomadhya ke dakshin or ek pahaadi par sthit hai. yahaaain ki "golden haarn" naamak lambi khaadi ke kaaran yeh achha bandargaah bhi ho gaya hai. jaladamaroomadhya kaheen bhi paaainch meal se adhik chauda naheen hai, kuchh sthal par iski chaudaai aadha meal hi hai.

kaalaasaagar ka samudratat -

yahaaain ka samudratat kam samatal hai aur parvateeya bhaag dakshin ki or ekaaek oopar uthate hain. at: yahaaain bandaragaahon ka nirmaan bahut kam ho paaya hai. bastiyaaain isi sainkare bhaag tak hi seemit hain. varsha ki adhikta ke kaaran jangali kshetr adhik hain, jinmein chestanat vruksh mukhya hain. lakdi ka kaam yahaaain ka mukhya udyam hai. tanbaakoo doosari niryaat ki vastu hai. dakshin ki or pauntas ka pahaadi bhaag poorv se pashchim ki or faila hua hai. iska adhiktar bhaag jangali tatha ghaas ka maidaan hai. bheetari bhaag mein jahaaain ki ooainchaai 3,000 foot se lekar 6,000 foot tak hai, ardhamarusthaleeya vaataavaran milta hai. yahaaain janasankhya bhi virl hai. poorv ki or kuchh koyala kshetr hai, jiska prati varsh utpaadan 30 lakh meetrik tan hai.

bhoomadhyasaagareeya tat -

tarki ka poorvi tatha pashchimi nichla maidaan krushi ke vichaar se adhik mahatvapoorn hai. bhoomadhyasaagareeya jalavaayu hone ke kaaran yahaaain teen se lekar chhah maheene tak garmi ki shushk ritu hoti hai aur jaade mein kareeb 20"" varsha hoti hain. ijeeyan saagar ke tat par bastiyaaain badi ghani hain. anek dhainsi hui ghaatiyon mein mitti ka poornat: athva aanshik jamaav ho gaya hai jisse kheti ke liye upajaaoo maidaan nirmit ho gaye hain. yahaaain ke teen maidaani bhaag adhik mahatvapoorn hain. pratham pashchim mein ijamir ke peechhe, madhya mein antaalaya ke aaspaas panfeeliyn ka maidaan tatha uttar-poorv kein kaane par adaaga ke paas sileesiyn ka maidaan hai. yaheen par ek beehad darre se hokar Baghdad railway jaati hai.

gehooain tatha jau mukhya fasalein hain. kapaas har ek maidaani bhaag mein hoti hai, visheshakar sileesiyn ke maidaan mein. ijamir ke aaspaas angoor, kichaamish, jaitoon, anjeer tatha afeem adhik hoti hai. tauras parvatamaalaaeain jangalon se dhaki hain parantu vruksh 8,500 foot ki ooainchaai tak hi seemit hain. pahaadon par barf adhik padti hai.

ainaatoliya ka pathaar -

iski ooainchaai pashchim mein 2,000 foot tak aur poorv mein 4,000 foot tak hai. yeh 10,000 foot se bhi adhik ooainche tauras aur pauntas parvatamaalaaon se ghira hua hai. tarki ka bheetari bhaag ooainche besin ki bhaaainti hai. jahaaain tahaaain ooainche pahaad bhi milte hain. adhikaansh bhaag ka jalapravaah bheetar ki or hai aur nadiyaaain ya to jheelon mein girti hain athva namakeen nichle daladalon mein lupt ho jaati hain. parantu kuchh nadiyaaain parvaton ko kaatati aur gufaaeain nirmit karti hui bahti hain. chaaron taru ooainche parvaton se ghire rahane ke kaaran yeh bhaag jaade tatha garmi donon mausamon mein bhaapabhari havaaon se saadhaaranataya vanchit rahane ke kaaran shushk rahata hai, vaarshik varsh ka ausat lagbhag 10"" hai. jaade mein bhoomi kabhi kabhi barf se dhak jaati hai. garmi mein garam tatha tej havaaeain chalti hain. at: shushk pradeshon mein mitti hat gayi hai or marusthaleeya kankadon ka ubhaar ho gaya hai. is ardhashushk ghaas ke maidaanon mein bhed bakariyaaain paali jaati hain. doodh dahi ka samaavesh yahaaain ke bhojan mein adhik hota hai. oon tatha ooni kanbal taiyaar karna mukhya pesha hai. angora se unka niryaat hota hai. garmi ke dinon mein gaderiye apne jaanvaron ke saath pahaadon par chale jaate hain aur anya mausam mein maidaani bhaag mein utar aate hain. jahaaain sinchaai ke saadhan upalabdh hain vahaaain gehooain ki kheti hoti hai. is pathaar mein tarki ki ek tihaai janasankhya rahati hai. ainaatoliya ka yeh pathaari bhaag turk o ka mukhya sthaan hai. tarki ki rajdhani Ankara isi bhaag mein sthit hai.

aarameeniya ka pahaadi bhaag -

tarki ke poorv mein pauntas tatha tauras parvatashreniyaaain milkar aarameeniya ke pahaadi bhaag ka nirmaan karti hain. yaheen se dajala aur faraat nadiyaaain niklati hain. uttar aur dakshin ki or se pahaadi shreniyaaain madhya ke pathaar ko gherati hain. dakshin ki or tauras ki ksheni kurdistaan tatha uttar ki or pauntas ki shreni kaaraavaag, is bhaag ko ghere hue hain. jvaalaamukhi parvat tatha laaba ke vistaar se dharaatal aur bhi ooaincha neecha ho gaya hai. ooainchaai ke kaaran yeh bhaag adhik thanda rahata hai aur bahut se darein varsh mein kareeb aath maheene tak barf se dhake rahate hain. poorv ki or araadaar jvaalaamukhi parvat (19,916 foot) tarki, Iran aur roos ki seema par sthit hai. krushi ki apeksha charaagaahi is kshetr mein adhik mahatvapoorn hai.

nivaasi evam bhaasha

tarki ke adhikaansh manushya turk jaati ke hain. inke atirikt kaukeshiyn, aarameeniyn, jaarjiyn, kurd, arab aur turkamaan jaatiyaaain bhi tarki mein pai jaati hain.

itihaas

mukhya lekh : Turkey ka itihaas

Turkey ek aisa kshetr hai jahaaain maanav-jaatiyon ke sthaanaantaran tatha sangharsh ki pranmukhata rahi hai. isa se poorv yoonaani (aarya) jaatiyon ka basaav aur fir sthaanaantaran tatha isa ke baad san 800-1400 tak turk jaati ka praadurbhaav is bhaugolik kshetr ki itihaas ki pramukh likhit ghatna hai.

homar ke odisi mein varnit traaya ki ladaai Turkey ke pashchimi tat par trauya ke vaasiyon tatha yoonaani dveepon par base saamraajyon ke beech hui thi. iska kaal san 1200 isa poorv ke aaspaas maana jaata hai. iske poorv yahi tat hitti tatha finik saamraajyon ka bhi sthaan raha tha. san 530 isaapoorv mein Iran ke faarasi saamraajya ke antargat aaya jo kai saalon tak yoonaaniyon dvaara sangharsh ke kaaran greek aur Irani saamraajyon mein banta raha. san 330 isaapoorv mein sikandar jab poorv ki or vijay abhiyaan par nikla to yeh pradesh bhi yoonaani (meseedoni) saamraajya ke andar aa gaya. san 24 ke baad se yeh roman saamraajya ka ang bana raha. saasaani aur baad mein turk jaatiyon ke sangathanon ne poorvi roman saamraajya par hamla kar iske kai kshetron par adhikaar bana liya. turk log dheere-dheere nauveen sadi mein is kshetr mein basate gaye. saasaani saamraajya ke ant (san 635) ke baad poorvi tatha dakshini Turkey mein islaam ka prachaar hua. auguj, saljook aur usmaani turk sunni islaam mein parivrtit ho gaye.

automan (usmaani) turk

usmaani turkon ne roman rajdhani istaanbul par bhi adhikaar karne ke kai prayaas kiye. san 1453 mein ve istaanbul ko sthaai roop se fatah karne mein kaamayaab rahe. iske baad istaanbul ek majaboot turk saamraajya ka kendra bana jo solahaveen sadi mein Hungary se lekar arab deshon tak fail gaya. is saamraajya ne Europe tatha Iran ke safviyon se kai ladaaiyaaain ladi. Irani shaasakon ne baarud ka prayog turkon se hi seekha - jiske baad baabar jaise aakraanta (safvi madad lekar) Bhaarat par baarudi topon se laish sena lekar aakraman kar saka. usmaani shaasakon ne solahaveen sadi mein makka aur madeena par bhi adhikaar kar liya jiski vajah se vo islaam ke khleefa (pramukh) bhi ban gaye. lekin uttar aur poorv ke roosi tatha dakshin-poorv ke safvi (Irani, shiya) shaasakon se unki ladaai hoti rahi. Irani shaasakon ko to unhonne uttar mein badhne se rok diya par roosiyon ke saath kreemiya ke yuddh mein (1853-54) mein unhein haar ka muainh dekhna pada.

aadhunik kaal

pratham vishvayuddh mein usmaani turk jarmanon ke saath the. jarmanon ki haar aur arab mein angrejon dvaara khaded diye jaane ke baad usmaani saamraajya ka ant ho gaya. iske baad mustafa kamaal paasha ne lokatantr ka prachaar aur dharmanirpeksh pranaali ki vakaalat ki jiske falasvaroop Turkey ek dharmanirpeksh desh bana. arabi lipi ko tyaag kar Europeeya roman aadhaarit lipi ko apnaaya gaya aur shaasan ko dharm se alag kiya gaya.

vibhaag

Turkey ko 81 raajyon mein baanta gaya hai. inko vyavastha aur khaasakar janaganana mein sahuliyt ke liye 7 pradeshon mein baaainta gaya hai. haalaanki in pradeshon ka prashaasanik taur par koi mahatva naheen hai.

sandarbh

↑ "raash‍aatrapati shri Pranab mukharji ne Turkey ke pradhaanamantri ko raash‍aatrapati chune jaane ki badhaai di". patra soochana kaaryaalaya, Bhaarat sarkaar. 25 August 2014. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/hindirelease.aspx?relid=29898. abhigman tithi: 26 August 2014.