Tibet
Tibet (Tibet) Asia ka ek kshetr hai jiski bhoomi mukhyat: uchch pathaari hai. ise paaramparik roop se bod ya bhot bhi kaha jaata hai. iske praay: sampoorn bhaag par cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya ka adhikaar hai jabki Tibet sadiyon se ek pruthak desh ke roop mein raha hai. yahaaain ke logon ka dharm bauddh dharm ki tibbati bauddh shaakha hai tatha inki bhaasha tibbati. cheen dvaara Tibet par chadhaai ke samay (1955) vahaaain ke raajanaitik va dhaarmik neta dalaai laama ne Bhaarat mein aakar sharan li aur ve ab tak Bhaarat mein surakshit hain.
anukram
sthiti va bhoogol
32 ansh 30 minute uttar akshaansh (laiteetyood) tatha 86 ansh shoonya minute poorvi deshaantar (laungeetyood). Tibet madhya Asia ki uchch parvat shreinniyon ke madhya kunalun evam himaalaya ke madhya sthit hai. iski ooainchaai 16,000 foot tak hai. yahaaain ka kshetrafal 47,000 varg meal tatha anumaanit janasankhya 1273,9 u 69, (1953) hai. Tibet ka pathaar poorv mein sheekaang se, pashichm mein Kashmir se dakshin mein himaalaya parvat se tatha uttar mein kunalun parvat se ghira hua hai. yeh pathaar poorvi Asia ki bruhattar nadiyon havaangaho, mekaang aadi ka udgam sthal hai, jo poorvi kshetr se niklati hain. poorvi kshetr mein kuchh varsha hoti hai evam 1200 foot ki ooainchaai tak van paae jaate hai. yahaaain kuchh ghaatiyaaain 5,000 foot ooainchi hain, jahaaain kisaan krushi karte hain. jalavaayu ki shushkata uttar ki or badhti jaati hai evam jangalon ke sthan par ghaas ke maidaan adhik paae jaate hai. janasankhya ka ghanatv dheere-dheere kam hota jaata hai. krushi ke sthaan par pashupaalan badhta jaata hai. saaidaan ghaati evein keekoneer janapad pashupaalan ke liye vishesh prasiddh hai.
baahya Tibet ki oobad-khaabad bhoomi ki mukhya nadi yaralung tsangapo (brahmaputr) hai, jo maanasarovar jheel se nikal kar poorv disha ki or pravaahit hoti hai aur fir dakshin ki or mudkar Bhaarat evam Bangladesh mein hoti hui Bengal ki khaadi mein gir jaati hai. iski ghaati ke uttar mein khaare paani ki chhoti - chhoti anek jheelein hain, jinmein nam tso (urf tengri nor) mukhya hai. is alp varsha evam svalp krushi yogya hai. tsangapo ki ghaati mein vahaaain ke pramukh nagar lhaasa, gyaantse evam shigaatse aadi sthit hai. baahya Tibet ka adhikaansh bhaag shushk jalavaayu ke kaaran keval pashuchaaran ke yogya hai aur yahi yahaaain ke nivaasiyon ka mukhya vyavasaaya ho gaya hai. kathor sheet sahan karanevaale pashuon mein yaak mukhya hai jo doodh dene ke saath bojha dhone ka bhi kaarya karta hai. iske atirikt bhed, bakariyaaain bhi paali jaati hai. is vishaal bhookhand mein namak ke atirikt svarn evam rediymadharmi khanijon ke sanchit bhandaar prachur maatra mein upalabdh hain. oobad khaabad pathaar mein relamaarg banaana atyant dushkar aur vyayasaadhya hai at: parvateeya raaste evam kuchh raajamaarg (sadkein) hi aavaagaman ke mukhya saadhan hai, haalaanki chingahai-Tibet relamaarg taiyaar ho chuka hai. sadke tsangapo nadi ki ghaati mein sthit nagaron ko aapas mein milaati hai. peeking-lhaasa raajamaarg evam lhaasa kaathamaandoo raajamaarg ka nirmaan kaarya poorn hone ki avastha mein hai. inke poorn ho jone par iska seedha sambandh padosi deshon se ho jaayega. cheen aur Bhaarat hi Tibet ke saath vyaapaar mein rat desh pehle the. yahaaain ke nivaasi namak, chamade tatha oon aadi ke badle mein cheen se chai evam Bhaarat se vastr tatha khaadya saamagri praapt karte the. Tibet evam shinjiyaang ko milaanevaale Tibet-shinjiyaang raajamaarg ka nirmaan jo laddaakh ke aksaai chin ilaake se hokar jaati hai poorn ho chuka hai.[1] lhaasa - peeking vaayuseva bhi praarambh ho gayi hai.
itihaas
madhya Asia ki uchch parvat shreniyon, kunalun evam himaalaya ke madhya sthit 16000 foot ki ooainchaai par sthit is raajya ka aitihaasik vrutaant lagbhag 7 vi shataabdi se milta hai. 8veen shataabdi se hi yahaaain bauddh dharm ka prachaar praanrabh hua. 1013 i0 mein Nepal se dharmapaal tatha anya bauddh vidvaan Tibet gaye. 1042 i0 mein deepankar shreejnyaaan atisha Tibet pahuainche aur bauddh dharm ka prachaar kiya. shaakyavanshiyon ka shaasanakaal 1207 i0 mein praanrabh hua. mangolon ka ant 1720 i0 mein cheen ke maaainchhu prashaasan dvaara hua. tatkaaleen saamraajyavaadi angreinjon ne, jo dakshin poorv Asia mein apna prabhutv sthaapit karne mein safalta praapt karte ja rahe the, yahaaain bhi apni satta sthaapit karni chaahi, par 1788-1792 i0 ke gurakhon ke yuddh ke kaaran unke pair yahaaain naheen jam sake. parinaam svaroop 19 veen shataabdi tak Tibet ne apni svatantr satta sthir rakhi yadyapi isi beech laddaakh par Kashmir ke shaasak ne tatha sikkim par angreinjon ne aadhiptya jama liya. angreinjon ne apni vyaapaarik chaukiyon ki sthaapana ke liye kai asafal prayatn kiya. iteehaas ke mutaabik Tibet ne dakshin mein Nepal se bhi kai baar yuddh karna pada aur Nepal ne isko haraaya. Nepal aur Tibet ki sandhi ke mutaabik Tibet ne har saal Nepal ko 5000 nepaali rupaye harajaana bharna pada. isse aajit hokar Nepal se yuddh karne ke liye cheen se maddat maagi cheen ke maddat se usne Nepal se chhutkaara to paai lekin iske baad 1906-7 i0 mein Tibet par cheen ne apna adhikaar banaaya aur yaatung gyaadse evam garatok mein apni chaukiyaaain sthaapit ki. 1912 i0 mein cheen se maanchhu shaasan ant hone ke saath Tibet ne apne ko pun: svatantr raashtra ghoshit kar diya. san 1913-14 mein cheen, Bhaarat evam Tibet ke pratinidhiyon ki baithak Shimla mein hui jismein is vishaal pathaari raajya ko bhi bhaagon mein vibhaajit kar diya gaya:
- (1) poorvi bhaag jismein vartamaan cheen ke chingahai evam sichuaan praant hain. ise 'antarvarti Tibet' (Inner Tibet) kaha gaya.
- (2) pashchimi bhaag jo bauddh dharmaanuyaayi shaasak laama ke haath mein raha. ise 'baahya Tibet' (Outer Tibet) kaha gaya.
san 1933 i0 mein 13vein dalaai laama ki mrutyu ke baad se baahya Tibet bhi dheere-dheere cheeni ghere mein aane laga. cheeni bhoomi par laalit paalit 14 vein dalaai laama ne 1940 i0 mein shaasan bhaar sainbhaala. 1950 i0 mein jab ye saarvabhaum satta mein aae to panchhen laama ke chunaav mein donon deshon mein shaktipradarshan ki naubat tak aa gayi evam cheen ko aakraman karne ka bahaana mil gaya. 1951 ki sandhi ke anusaar yeh saamyavaadi cheen ke prashaasan mein ek svatantr raajya ghoshit kar diya gaya. isi samay se bhoomisudhaar kaanoon evam dalaai laama ke adhikaaron mein hastakshep evam katauti hone ke kaaran asantosh ki aag sulagane lagi jo kramash: 1956 evam 1959 i0 mein joron se bhadak uthi. paratun balaprayog dvaara cheen ne ise daba diya. atyaachaaron, hatyaaon aadi se kisi prakaar bachakar dalaai laama Nepal pahuainch sake. abhi ve Bhaarat me baithakar cheen se Tibet ko alag karne ki koshish kar rahe hain. ab sarvatobhaaven cheen ke anugat panchhen laama yahaaain ke naamamaatr ke prashaasak hain.
inhein bhi dekhein
baahari kadiyaaain
- Tibet ki aajaadi ka sangharsh (raajakishor)
- maanasarovar ki bhoomi Tibet (jaagaran)
- Tibet par cheen ke khooni atyaachaaron ke pachaas varsh (da. sateesh chandr mittal)