Spain

is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (July 2014)

Reino de Españaa Spain ki raajashaahi
dhvaj Coat of arms
raashtravaakya: Plus Ultra (laitin for "Further Beyond")
raashtragaan: maarcha reaal ya Marcha Real
rajdhani		madrid 40°a26′aN 3°a42′aW / 40.433°aN 3.7°aW / 40.433; -3.7
sabse bada nagar		maadreed
raajabhaasha(eain)		spaani
sarkaar		sansadeeya raajashaahi
-	raaja	huaan kaarlos
-	pradhaanamantri	maareeaano raahoi
gathan
-	shaahi ekta	1516
-	ekeekaran
-	vaastavik	1716
-	vaidhaanik	1812
kshetrafal
-	kul	504,782 varg kilometer (50 vaan) 194,897 varg meal
-	jal (%)	1.04%
janasankhya
-	January 2006 (antim aadhikaarik anumaan) janaganana	44.187.127 (29 vaan)
-	2001 janaganana	40,847,371
sakal ghareloo utpaad (PPP)		2005 praakkalan
-	kul	$1.014 kharab (12vaan)
-	prati vyakti	$26,320 (25vaan)
maanav vikaas soochakaank (2003)		0.928 bahut uchch · 21 vaan
mudra		Euro (€) (EUR)
samay mandal		CET (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+1)
-	greeshmakaaleen (di॰ba॰asa॰)	CEST (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+2)
doorabhaash koot		34
Internet teeeladi		.es
saaaincha:Fnb In some autonomous communities, Catalan, Basque, and Galician are co-official; in the Val d'Aran, the Aranese dialect of Occitan is co-official saaaincha:Fnb Prior to 1999: Spanish Peseta saaaincha:Fnb Except in the Canary Islands, which are in the GMT time zone (UTC, UTC+1 in summer).

Spain (spaani: Españaa, espaanyaa), aadhikaarik taur par Spain ki raajashaahi (spaani: Reino de Españaa), ek Europeeya desh aur Europeeya sangh ka ek sadasya raashtra hai. yeh Europe ke dakshinpashchim mein iberiyn praayadveep par sthit hai, iske dakshin aur poorv mein bhoomadhya saagar sivaaya british pravaasi kshetr, jibraaltar ki ek chhoti se seema ke, uttar mein France, andora aur biske ki khaadi (Gulf of Biscay) tatha aur pashchimottar aur pashchim mein kramash: atalaantik mahaasaagar aur Portugal sthit hain. 674 kimi lambe pireneej (Pyrenees) parvat Spain ko France se alag karte hain. yahaaain ki bhaasha spaani (Spanish) hai.

Spanish adhikaar kshetr mein bhoomadhya saagar mein sthit beliyrik dweep samooh, atalaantik mahaasaagar mein Africa ke tat par kainari dweep samooh aur uttari Africa mein sthit do svaayatt shahar seuta aur melila jo ki morakko seema par sthit hai, shaamil hai. iske alaava liviya naamak shahar jo ki fraanseesi kshetr ke andar sthit hai Spain ka ek bahi:kshetr hai. Spain ka kul kshetrafal 504,030 kimee² ka hai jo pashchimi Europe mein ise Europeeya sangh mein France ke baad doosra sabse bada desh banaata hai.

Spain ek samvaidhaanik raajashaahi ke tahat ek sansadeeya sarkaar ke roop mein gathit ek lokatantr hai. Spain ek viksit desh hai jiska saanketik sakal ghareloo utpaad ise duniya mein baarahaveen sabse badi arthavyavastha banaata hai, yahaan jeevan star bahut ooaincha hai (20 vaan uchchatam maanav vikaas soochakaank), 2005 tak jeevan ki gunavatta soochakaank ki vareeyata ke anusaar iska sthaan dasavaan tha. yeh sanyukt raashtra, Europeeya sangh, naato, oiseedi aur vishv vyaapaar sangathan ka ek sadasya hai.

praagaitihaasik kaal se lekar ek desh ke roop mein astitv me aane tak Spain ka raajyakshetr apni khaas avasthiti ki vajah se, kai baahari prabhaavon ke adheen raha tha. roman kaal mein yeh hispaaniya raajya tha. roman prabhaav seemit hone ke baad visigothik raajya bane. san 711 mein afreeka ke moor shaasak taareek bin jiyaad ne visigothikon ki aapasi ladaai ka fyada uthaakar aakraman kiya aur jeet haasil ki. iske baad yahaaain Syria se nishkaasit umayyad khilaafat ki peeth bani. muslimon ka shaasan poore Spain (al-andaloos) par raha - lekin uttar tatha uttar poorv mein do chhote svatantr raajya bhi rahe. dasveen sadi mein kordoba sthit saamraajya mein muslamaan, isaaiyon aur yahoodiyon ke saath milkar ek bahuaayaami sanskruti ka hissa the. dasveen sadi mein muslamaanon ko isaaiyon ne haraana aarambh kiya. iske baad isaaiyon ne jerushalam se musalmaanon ka kabja bataane ke liye dharmayuddhon mein bhaag liya. Pope ke aagrah par sainik Turkey hote hue jerushalam pahuainchane lage. is samay Turkey par muslim turkon ka shaasan aarambh ho gaya tha jiski vajah se isaai yooropiyon ka unke pavitra dhaarmik sthal jerushalam pahuainchana mushkil ho gaya tha. shuruaat mein to isaai safal rahe par san 1180 ke dashak mein maamaluk senaapati salaadeen ke prayaas ke baad Europe ke sainik haarate gaye. iske saath hi poorv se masaalon, resham aur keemati aabhooshanon ke maarg par bhi muslamaanon ka kabja ho gaya. in cheejon ke Europe mein bhaav badhte gaye aur in kaaranon se muslamaanon ke khilaaf rosh bhi.

khoji yug

pandrahaveen sadi mein Portugal ke Rajkumar henari aur anya ne Africa ke syuta aur morakko par aakraman kiya aur safal hue. iske baad pashchim Africa ke taton par bhi nauanveshan chalte rahe. henari aur usaki nausamooh senegal nadi ke muhaane tak pahunch gaya jo is samay ek badi upalabdhi thi - kyonki is jagah ko duniya ka ant samjha jaata tha. kai aisi yaatraaon ke baad Europe mein logon ka duniya ke baare mein vishvaas badalne laga. Portugal ke raaja aur henari ke bhaai-bhateejon ne kai nauanveshi abhiyaan chalaae . san 1492 mein Marco polo ki yaatra-vruttaant se prabhaavit hokar poorab jaane ke liye pashchim ki yaatra par nikla - yeh saabit karne ki duniya gol hai. vo vest-indeej tak pahuaincha. iske baad 1498 mein vaasko the gaama, apne kai poorvartiyon ke banaae nakshe aur kile ka sahaara lekar uttamaasha antaroop aur fir Bhaarat tak pahuainch gaya.

15 veen sadi mein Catholic samraaton ki shaadi aur 1492 mein auberiyn praayadveep par punarvijya (Reconquista) ke poora hone ke baad Spain ek ekeekrut desh ke roop mein ubhara. iske vipreet, Spain anya kai kshetron ko prabhaavit karne ka ek mahatvapoorn srot raha hai, vishesh roop se aadhunik kaal mein jab yeh ek vaishvik saamraajya bana aur apne peechhe duniya ki teesari sabse adhik boli jaane waali bhaasha hai spaani ke lagbhag 50 karod bhaashaabhaashiyon ki viraasat ko chhod diya.

Spain paaainch sthalaakrutik (topographic) kshetron mein vibhkt hai,

• (1) uttari tatavarti katibandh,
• (2) keindreeya pathaar yeseta,
• (3) Spain ka sabse bada nagar aandaalooseeaa
• (4) dakshini poorvi bhoomadhyasaagareeya katibandh levaante (Levante) aur
• (5) uttar poorv kshetr ki kaataalooniaa (Catalonya) tatha ebro (Ebro) ghaati.

Spain mein chhah mukhya parvatamaalaaeain hain. sabse ooainchi choti peradeedo (Perdido) hai. Spain mein paaainch mukhya nadiyaaain hain, ebro, duero (Duero), taagoos (Tagus), duaadiaana (Duadiana) tatha guaadalakeeveer (Guadalquivir). Spain ka samudri tat chattaani hai.

Spain ki jalavaayu badalti rahati hai. uttari tatavarti kshetron ki jalavaaya thandhi aur aardr (humid) hai. keindreeya pathaar jaadon mein thandha tatha garmiyon mein garam rahata hai. uttari tatavarti kshetr tatha dakshini tatavarti katibandh mein vaarshik ausat varsha kramash: 100 semi tatha 75 semi hai. vibhinn kism ki jalavaayu hone ke kaaran praakrutik vanaspatiyon mein bhi vibhinnata pai jaati hai. uttar ke aardr kshetron mein parnapaati (deciduous) vruksh jaise akharot, chestanat (Chestnut), elm (elm) aadi paae jaate hain.

Spain ki rajdhani maadreed hai. anya bade nagar baarselona, vaalenaseeaa (Valencia), siveye (Sivelle), maalaaga (Malaga) tatha saaraagosa (Zaragoza) aadi hain. lagbhag sabhi spenavaasi Catholic dharm ke anuyaayi hain.

yadyapi anya saadhanon ki tulana mein kheti ka vikaas naheen hua hai fir bhi yahaaain ki aay ka pramukh saadhan krushi hi hai hai. bailiairik tatha kaaneri dveepon ki bhoomi sahit yahaaain par kul 4,43,32,000 hektar bhoomi krushi yogya hai. anaaj visheshakar gehooain ki paidaavaar keindreeya pathaar mein hoti hai. Spain ki mukhya fasal gehooain hai. anya ullekhaneeya fasalein naarangi, dhaan aur pyaaj aadi hai. Spain sansaar ka sabse bada jaitoon utpaadak hai tatha yahaaain aaloo, rooi, tanbaakoo tatha kela aadi ka bhi utpaadan hota hai. Spain mein bhede sarvaadhik sankhya mein paali jaati hain.

uttari samudratat par machhaliyaaain pakadi jaati hain. saaradeen (Sardine), kaud (Cod) tatha toona (Tuna) aadi jaatiyon ki machhaliyaaain hi mukhya roop se pakadi tatha bechi jaati hain. lavanit saaradeen tatha kaud dibbon mein bandakar videshon ko bheji jaati hain.

yadyapi yahaaain ki kul ke 10% kshetr mein jungle paae jaate hain fir bhi imaarati lakadiyon ka aayaat karna padta hai. Spain sansaar ka doosra sabse bada kaark (cork) utpaadak desh hai. rejin tatha tarpeintaain (Turpentine) anya pramukh jangali utpaadak hain.

yahaaain lagbhag sabhi gyaat khanij prachur maatra mein paae jaate hain. khanan (mining) yahaaain ki aay ka mukhya saadhan hai. loha, koyala, taaainba, jasta, seesa, gandhak, mainganeej aadi ki khaanein pai jaati hain. sansaar mein sabse adhik paare ka nikshep Spain ke almaaden (Almaden) ki khaanon mein paaya jaata hai.

vastr udyog yahaaain ka pramukh laghu udyog hai. mahatvapoorn raasaayanik utpaad super fausfet, salfyoorik aml, rang tatha davaaeain aadi hain. loh tatha ispaat udyog ullekhaneeya bhaari udyog hain. cement tatha kaagaj udyog bhi kaafi viksit hain. Spain mein udyog ka teji se vikaas ho raha hai.

shikshan sansthaaeain sarkaari tatha gairasarakaasi donon prakaar ki hain. gairsarkaari shikshan-sansthaaeain girjaagharon dvaara niyantrit hoti hain. praathamik shiksha anivaarya tatha ni:shulk hai. Spain mein vishvavidyaalayon ki sankhya 12 hai. maadreed vishvavidyaalaya chhaatron ki sankhya ki drushti se Spain ka sabse bada vishvavidyaalaya hai. yahaaain ka sarvapraacheen vishvavidyaalaya saalaamaanka (Salamanca) hai. iski sthaapana 1250 E. mein hui thi.

Spain mein maadreed shahar tatha yahaaain ka sangrahaalaya, maadreed ke sameepasth eskoriaal mahal (Escorial place), toledo (Toledo) tatha saan sebaasatiaan (San Sebastian) ke paas ka emeraaled samudratat (Emeraled Coast) aadi pramukh darshaneeya sthal hain. Spain mein tyohaaron tatha anya dinon mein bhi vrushabhayuddh ka aayojan kiya jaata hai.

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