Pakistan
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yeh lekh puraani jaankaari hone ke kaaran tathyaatmak roop se sateek naheen hai. krupaya iska adyatan kar ise behtar banaane mein madad karein. adhik jaankaari vaarta prushth par pai ja sakti hai. (July 2014) |
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اaaسaaلaaاaaمaaی جaaمaaہaaوaaرaaیaaۂ پaaاaaکaaسaaتaaاaaن islaami jamhoori-ye Pakistan Pakistan islaamik ganatantr
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raashtravaakya: اaتaحaاaدa، تaنaظaيaمa، يaaقaaيaaن مaaحaaکaaم ittehaad, tanjeem, yakeen-A-muhakam (urdoo) "ekta, anushaasan evam vishvaas" |
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| raashtragaan: kaumi taraana | ||||||
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| rajdhani |
Islamabad 33°a40′aN 73°a10′aE / 33.667°aN 73.167°aE |
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| sabse bada nagar | Karachi | |||||
| raajabhaasha(eain) | urdoo (raashtreeya), angreji (aadhikaarik) | |||||
| nivaasi | Pakistani | |||||
| sarkaar | arddh-raashtrapateeya sangheeya lokataantrik ganaraajya | |||||
| - | raashtrapati | mamanoon husain | ||||
| - | pradhaanamantri | navaaj shareef | ||||
| svatantrata sanyukt raajashaahi se | ||||||
| - | tithi | 14 August, 1947 | ||||
| - | islaamik ganaraajya | 23 March 1956 | ||||
| kshetrafal | ||||||
| - | kul | 8,03,940 varg kilometer (36vaaain) 340,403 varg meal |
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| - | jal (%) | 3.1 | ||||
| janasankhya | ||||||
| - | 2007 janaganana | 162,508,000 (6vaan) | ||||
| - | 1998 janaganana | 132,352,279 | ||||
| sakal ghareloo utpaad (PPP) | 2008 praakkalan | |||||
| - | kul | $504.3 karod (26 vaaain) | ||||
| - | prati vyakti | $3320.12 (128 vaaain) | ||||
| maanav vikaas soochakaank (2007) | 0.551 madhyam · 136 vaaain |
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| mudra | Pakistani rupaya (PKR) | |||||
| samay mandal | peeesati (PST) (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+6) | |||||
| - | greeshmakaaleen (di॰ba॰asa॰) | - (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+6) | ||||
| doorabhaash koot | 92 | |||||
| Internet teeeladi | .pk | |||||
islaami jamhoori-ye Pakistan (اaaسaaلaaاaaمaaی جaaمaaہaaوaaرaaیaaۂ پaaاaaکaaسaaتaaاaaن) ya Pakistan islaami ganatantr ya sirf Pakistan Bhaarat ke pashchim mein sthit ek islaami ganaraajya hai. yahaaain ki pramukh bhaashaaeain urdoo, punjabi, sindhi, baloochi aur pashto hain. Pakistan ki rajdhani Islamabad aur anya mahatvapoorn nagar Karachi va Lahore hain. Pakistan ke chaar soobe hain: Punjab, sindh, balochistaan aur khaibara-pakhtoonakhva. kbaaili ilaake aur Islamabad bhi Pakistan mein shaamil hain. in ke alaava Pak adhikrut Kashmir aur gilgit-baltistaan bhi Pakistan dvaara niyantrit hain haalaanki Bhaarat inhein apna bhaag maanata hai.
Pakistan ka janm san 1947 mein Bhaarat ke vibhaajan ke falasvaroop hua tha. sarvapratham san 1930 mein kavi (shaayar) muhammad ikbaal ne dviraashtr siddhaant ka zikr kiya tha. unhonne Bhaarat ke uttar-pashchim mein mindh, baloochistaan, Punjab tatha afgaan (sooba-A-sarhad) ko milaakar ek naya raashtra banaane ki baat ki thi. san 1933 mein Cambridge vishvavidyaalaya ke chhaatr chaudhari rahamat Ali ne Punjab, sindh, Kashmir tatha balochistaan ke logon ke liye paakstaan (jo baad mein Pakistan bana) shabd ka srujan kiya. san 1947 se 1972 tak Pakistan do bhaagon mein banta raha - poorvi Pakistan aur pashchimi Pakistan. December, san 1971 mein Bhaarat ke saath hui ladaai ke falasvaroop poorvi Pakistan Bangladesh bana aur pashchimi Pakistan Pakistan rah gaya.[1][2][3][4][5]
anukram
naam ka udabhav
Pakistan naam ka udbhav 'paakstaan' se hua jise pratham chaudhari navaaj shareef ne prayog mein laaya. 'paakstaan' shabd ka arth hai Pak yaane ki pavitra logo ka vatan. pehle pakistan Bhaarat ka hi ang tha. jise dharm ke aadhaar par Bhaarat se alag kar diya gaya.
itihaas
aaj ke Pakistani bhoobhaag ka maanaveeya itihaas kam se kam 5000 saal puraana hai, yadyapi itihaas Pakistan shabd ka janm san 1933 mein Cambridge vishvavidyaalaya ke chhaatr chaudhari rahamat Ali ke dvaara hua. aaj ka Pakistani bhoobhaag kai sanskrutiyon ka gavaah raha hai.
isaapoorv 3300-1800 ke beech yahaaain sindhughaati sabhyata ka vikaas hua. yeh vishv ki chaar praacheen taamr-kaansyakaaleen sabhyataaon mein se ek thi. iska kshetr sindhu nadi ke kinaare avasthit tha par Gujarat (Bhaarat) aur Rajasthan mein bhi is sabhyata ke avashesh paae gaye hain. mohenjo-daaro, hadppa ityaadi sthal Pakistan mein is sabhyata ke pramukh avashesh-sthal hain. is sabhyata ke log kaun the iske baare mein vidvaanon mein mataikya naheen hai. kuchh ise aaryon ki poorvavarti shaakha kehte hain to kuchh ise Dravid. kuchh ise balochi bhi thaharaate hain. is matabhed ka ek kaaran sindhu-ghaati sabhyata ki lipi ka naheen padha jaana bhi hai.
aisa maana jaata hai ki 1500 isaapoorv ke aaspaas aaryon ka aagaman Pakistan ke uttari kshetron ke maarft Bhaarat mein hua. aaryon ka nivaas sthaan kaispiyn saagar ke poorvi tatha uttari hisson mein maana jaata hai jahaaain se ve isi samay ke kareeb Iran, Europe aur Bhaarat ki or chale gaye the. san 543 isaapoorv mein Pakistan ka adhikaansh ilaaka Iran (faaras) ke hakhaamani saamraajya ke adheen aa gaya. lekin us samay islaam ka udaya naheen hua tha; Iran ke log jradosht ke anuyaayi the aur devataaon ki pooja karte the. san 330 isaapoorv mein makadooniya (yoonaan) ke vijeta sikndar ne daara truteeya ko teen baar haraakar hakhaamani vansh ka ant kar diya. iske kaaran misr se Pakistan tak faile hakhaamani saamraajya ka patan ho gaya aur sikndar Punjab tak aa gaya. greek sroton ke mutaabik usane sindhu nadi ke tat par bhaarateeya raaja puru (greek - poras) ko hara diya. par usaki sena ne aage badhne se inkaar kar diya aur vah Bhaarat mein pravesh kiye bina vaapas laut gaya. iske baad uttari Pakistan aur Afghanistan mein yoonaani-baiktriyn sabhyata ka vikaas hua. sikndar ke saamraajya ko uske senaapatiyon ne aapas mein baaaint liya. selyukas nektar sikndar ke sabse shaktishaali uttaraadhikaariyon mein se ek tha.
mauryon ne 300 isaapoorv ke aaspaas Pakistan ko apne saamraajya ke adheen kar liya. iske baad pun: yeh greeko-baiktriyn shaasan mein chala gaya. in shaasakon mein sabse pramukh minaandar ne bauddh dharm ko protsaahit kiya. paarthiynon ke patan ke baad yeh faarasi prabhaav se mukt hua. sindh ke rai raajavansh (san 489-632) ne ispar shaasan kiya. iske baad yeh uttar Bhaarat ke gupt aur faaras ke saasaani saamraajya ke beech bainta raha.
san 712 mein faaras ke senaapati muhammad bin kaasim ne sindh ke raaja ko hara diya. yeh faarasi vijay na hokar islaam ki vijay thi. bin kaasim ek arab tha aur poorvi Iran mein arabon ki aabaadi aur niyantran badhta ja raha tha. haalaanki isi samay kendreeya Iran mein arabon ke prati ghruna aur dvesh badhta ja raha tha par is kshetr mein arabon ki prabhusatta sthaapit ho gayi thi. iske baad Pakistan ka kshetr islaam se prabhaavit hota chala gaya. Pakistani sarkaar ke anusaar isi samay 'Pakistan ki neenv' daali gayi thi. iske 1192 mein Delhi ke sultaan pruthveeraaj chauhaan ko haraane ke baad hi Delhi ki satta par faaras se aae turkon, arabon aur faarasiyon ka niyantran ho gaya. Pakistan Delhi saltanat ka ang ban gaya.
solahaveen sadi mein madhya-Asia se bhaag kar aae hue baabar ne Delhi ki satta par adhikaar kiya aur Pakistan mugal saamraajya ka ang ban gaya. mugalon ne Kabul tak ke kshetr ko apne saamraajya mein mila liya tha. athaarahaveen sadi ke ant tak videshiyon (khaaskar angrejon) ka prabhutv bhaarateeya upamahaadveep par badhta gaya . san 1857 ke gadar ke baad sampoorn Bhaarat angrejon ke shaasan mein aa gaya.
angrejon ke shaasan kaal mein, khaasakar Punjab mein kai virodh aandolan hue. is dauraan Punjab aur sindh mein achhi khaasi hindu aabaadi thi. par jantantra ki maang ko lekar aur muslimon ke alpamat mein hone ke kaaran alag muslim raashtra ki maang hone lagi. pehle san 1930 mein shaayar muhammad ikbaal ne Bhaarat ke uttar-pashchimi chaar praanton -sindh, baloochistaan, Punjab tatha afgaan (sooba-A-sarhad)- ko milaakar ek alag raashtra ki maang ki thi. 1947 August mein Bhaarat ke vibhaajan ke falasvaroop Pakistan ka janm hua. us samay Pakistan mein vartamaan Pakistan aur Bangladesh donon sammilit the. san 1971 mein Bhaarat ke saath hue yuddh mein Pakistan ka poorvi hissa (jise us samay tak poorvi Pakistan kaha jaata tha) Bangladesh ke roop mein svatantr ho gaya.
Pakistan ka islaameekaran
711 isa mein Pakistan ke Pakistan ka pashchimi bhaag hindu raajapooton dvaara shaasit tha. 1076 isvi mein gajani ne raaja jayapaal shaahi se is kshetr ko jeet liya. isi samay bahut si hindu jaatiya islaam mein jaane lagi. inko arabo dvaara shekh ka pad diya gaya.
hinduon ke dharm parivartan ke kai kaaran the jinme ghor atyaachaar aur aarthik dabaav pramukh the |muslim shaasako shaasan mein sanrakshan aur saamaajik gatisheelaata ke kaaran yeh parivartan ho paaya. iske anya kaaran jijiya kar jo dhimmi (kaafir) logo par lagaaya jaata tha se bhi bacha ja sakta tha|tatkaaleen kathor jaati vyavastha ke kaaran dalit jaateeya, ooainchi hindu jaatiyon dvaara saamaajik atyaachhaar apamaan se pareshaan hokar soofeeyon dvaara muslim ban gayi.[6]
hindu jaatiyon ka muslim parivartan mukhyat: 13 vi aur 14 vi sadi mein hua tha | muslim aakraantaaon ki vijay ka isame bahut prabhaav tha.[7] uchch hindu jaatiyon bhi muslim dharm mein aarthik, raajanaitik faayde ke kaaran aa gaye lekin fir bhi unka saamaajik dhaancha poorvavat hi bana raha. ye parivartan saamoohik hue the jiske dvaara sampoorn jaati ko bachaaya jaane ki dharana thi. [8]
bhoogol
Pakistan ka kshetrafal koi 8,03,940 varg kilometer hai jo Britain aur France ke sammilit kshetrafal ke kareeb aata hai. kshetrafal ke hisaab se yeh vishv mein chaunteesavein sthaan par hai. arab saagar se lagi iski saamudrik seema rekha koi 1046 kilometer lambi hai. iski jmeeni seemaarekha kul 6,744 kilometer lambi hai - uttar-pashchim mein 2430 ki॰mee॰ afgaanistaan ke saath, dakshin poorv mein 909 kimi Iran ke saath, uttar-poorv mein 512 ki॰mee॰ cheen ke saath (gulaam Kashmir se lagi seema) tatha poorv mein 2912 ki॰mee॰ Bhaarat ke saath.
Pakistan ka uttari ilaaka pahaadi hai. yahaaain himaalaya parvaton ke kai uchchatam shikhar paae jaate hain. inheen ke beech se gujrata sakara raasta 'Khyber paas' ke naam se prasiddh hai. Bhaarat se udbhavit hone waali paaainch nadiyaaain Jhelum, chinaab, raavi, satalaj or biyaas yahaaain se bahakar jab samatal bhoomi ko chhooti hain to ek atyant upajaaoo jameen banaati hai jise 'Punjab' ke naam se jaana jaata hai. dakshin ki or inke sangam se sindhu nadi banti hai jiski ghaati aur bhi upajaaoo hai. dakshin mein yeh arabi samudra se jaakar milti hain.
dakshin mein samudri ghaaton (beech, ya deegha) se lekar uttar mein himaalaya (kaaraakoram) aur hindookush ki barfeeli chotiyon tak Pakistan mein bahut bhaugolik vividhta hai. par ausatan roop se yeh kshetr shushk hai. ausatan 100 senteemeetar saalaana varsha hoti hai. Pakistan ki 5 chotiyaaain 8000 meter se bhi zyaada ooainchi hain. uttari kshetron mein mausami vividhta adhik hai. vahaaain ki garmiyon mein taapamaan 45 degree senteegred se adhik chala jaata hai jabki sardiyon mein taapamaan himaank tak pahuainch jaata hai. dakshin mein yeh vividhta apekshaakrut kam hoti hai.
sindhu yahaaain ki pramukh nadi hai. iske alaava sindhu ki sahaayak nadiyaaain Punjab ke aaspaas hokar bahti hai jiske kaaran Punjab mein krushiyogya jalavaayu hoti hai. sindhu nadi ke pashchim aur dakshin-pashchim mein balochistaan ka ilaaka marusthal hai. sindh ke poorvi bhaag mein thaar marusthal ka vistrut bhaag hai par sindh mein hi thaarapaarakaar vishv ka ekamaatr urvar marusthal hai. desh ki kul 27% bhoomi krushiyogya hai.
arthavyavastha
Pakistan ek vikaasasheel desh hai. san 2007 tak Pakistan ki arthavyavastha 7 pratishat ki vaarshik dar se ghat rahi thi. yahaaain ki mudra Pakistani rupaya hai, jo paise mein baaainta ja sakta hai. ek Amreeki dollar ki keemat lagbhag 160 Pakistani rupaye (san 2006) hain. san 2005 tak Pakistan par 240 arab ameriki dollar ka videshi karj tha jo America dvaara diye gaye rinamaafi aur anya sansthaaon dvaara diye gaye vitteeya madad ke kaaran kam hota ja raha hai par ab America Pakistan ki koi sahaayata naheeain karega.
yahaaain ki arthavyavastha mein krushi ka yogadaan kam hota ja raha hai. aaj krushi sakal ghareloo utpaad ka maatr 2 feesadi hissa hai jabki 3 feesadi seva kshetr se aata hai. lekin raajaneetik uthal-puthal ke kaaran aaj yeh divaaliya hone ke kagaar par aa gaya
Pakistani raajanaitik dal
- Pakistan people's party - benajeer bhutto isi party se thi. is party ki sthaapana inke pita julfikaar Ali bhutto ne ki thi.
- Pakistan muslim league
- muttahida majlis-A-amal
- tahareek-A-insaaf party- yeh party mashahoor Pakistani cricketer Imran Khan dvaara sthapit ki gayi hai.
- muttahida kaumi moovament (M kyoo M) is party ki sthaapana alataaf husain ne ki thi.
apne pratham charan mein yeh party Karachi tak seemit thi. aaj is party ke ankur desh ke kone kone mein dikhaai dete hai, ab yeh party ek shahar ki nahi desh ke chaaro praant ki hai (dvaara M kyu M praanteeya committee peshaavar)
upavibhaag
Pakistan mein chaar praant hain:-
kshetr:
- Islamabad raashtreeya rajdhani kshetr
- Pakistan shaasit Kashmir
- kendrashaasit pradesh
July 2007 ke aaainkadon ke anusaar Pakistan ki kul janasankhya 16,93,00,000 (lagbhag 17 karod) Pakistan ka sthaan vishv mein chhatha hai, yaani iski janasainkhya Brazil se kam aur roos se adhik hai. yahaaain ki janasankhya vruddhi dar adhik hone ke kaaran bhavishya mein iske teji se badhne ki sambhaavana hai.
pramukh jaatiyon ka pratishat hai: -
- punjabi (44.7%),
- pashtoon (pathaan) (15.43%),
- sindhi (14.2%),
- multaani (8.4%),
- mohaajir (7.6%),
- balochi (3.4%).
haal mein Afghanistan mein chal rahe yuddhon ke kaaran kai Afghan sharanaarthi bhi is desh mein rahane lage hain. yahaaain ka pramukh dharm islaam hai aur lagbhag 96 pratishat log muslim hain (77 pratishat sunni aur 20 pratishat shiya). iske alaava 1.85 pratishat hindu aur 1.6 pratishat isaai yahaaain ke pramukh alpasankhyak hain.
Pakistan ki samvaidhaanik bhaasha angreji aur raashtreeya bhaasha urdoo hai. punjabi yahaaain sabse adhik boli jaane waali sthaaneeya bhaasha hai par isko koi samvaidhaanik darja praapt naheen hai.
sanskruti
Pakistan ek islaamik desh hai, at: yahaaain ki sanskruti par islaam ka prabhaav raha hai. nrutya aur sangeet par islaam ki paabandi ki vajah se saarvajanik jeevan mein inka prachalan uchch varg tatha nimn tabake ke beech rah gaya hai. soofi majaaron par mele aur anya paranparaaeain sadiyon se chali aa rahi hai. . shaayar ikbaal, faij Ahmad faij, Ahmad fraaj ke alaave gaalib, meer, daag, jigr ityaadi urdoo shaayaron ki gajle aaj bhi pasand ki jaateen hain. gulaam Ali, mehadi hasan, nusarat fatah Ali Khan aur unke bhateeje raahat fteh Ali Khan pramukh gaayak hain. iske alaave faarasi shaayari gaai jaati hai - ikbaal, haafij, roomi, nijaami ganjavi, ameer khusaro aur saadi ka kalaam kai jagah gaaya aur madarason mein bhi padhaaya jaata hai.
uttar-pashchim ke sooba sarhad mein truckon par ki gayi chitrakaari prasiddh hai.[krupaya uddharan jodein]
praaaint (soobai)
Pakistan 8 hiso mai baanta giya hai :
khel
hockey yahaaain ka raashtreeya khel hai. tventi-tventi vishv cup 2012 meain jeeta tha isi kaaran cricket ki lokapriyta bahut hai. desh ki cricket team ne ek baar vishv cup (san 1992 mein) jeeta hai
baahari kadiyaaain
- wikt:Pakistan (vikshanari)
sandarbh
- ↑ Parth R. Chauhan. "An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian – A Theoretical Perspective". Sheffield Graduate Journal of Archaeology. University of Sheffield. http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution. abhigman tithi: 27 March 2014.
- ↑ Joseph Needham (1994). A selection from the writings of Joseph Needham. McFarland & Co. pa॰ 24. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-0-89950-903-7. "When the men of Alexander the Great came to Taxila in India in the fourth century BC they found a university there the like of which had not been seen in Greece, a university which taught the three Vedas and the eighteen accomplishments and was still existing when the Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien went there about AD 400."
- ↑ Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Routledge. pa॰ 157. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-415-32919-1. "In the early centuries the centre of Buddhist scholarship was the University of Taxila."
- ↑ Balakrishnan Muniapan; Junaid M. Shaikh (2007). "Lessons in corporate governance from Kautilya's Arthashastra in ancient India". World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 2007 3 (1): 50–61. doi:10.1504/WREMSD.2007.012130.
- ↑ Radha Kumud Mookerji (1951) [reprint 1989]. Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist (2nd san॰). Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 478–479. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 81-208-0423-6.
- ↑ http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&brand=ucpress
- ↑ Punjabi Musalmans by J.M.Wikeley, Manohar 1991, p4
- ↑ The Discovery of India by Jawaharlal Nehru, Oxford Uni. Press 1985, p266