Nepal

sangheeya lokataantrik ganaraajya Nepal
dhvaj kul chinh
raashtravaakya: janani janmabhoomishch svargaadapi gareeyasi (sanskrut) "maan evam maatrubhoomi svarg se bhi mahaan hoti hain"
'raashtragaan: 'sayaun thunga fool ka
rajdhani aur sabse badaa nagar		kaathamaandu 27°a42′aN 85°a19′aE / 27.7°aN 85.317°aE / 27.7; 85.317
raajabhaasha(eain)		nepaali (aadhikaarik) , maithili (raashtra bhaasha)[1]
nivaasi		nepaali, neplij
sarkaar		lokatantr
-	raashtrapati	vidyaadevi bhandaari
-	pradhaanamantri	khadg prasaad oli
ekeekaran 21 December 1768
-	ganaraajya	28 December 2007
kshetrafal
-	kul	147,181 varg kilometer (93vaan) 56,827 varg meal
-	jal (%)	2.8
janasankhya
-	July 2007 janaganana	28,901,790 (40 vaan)
-	2002 janaganana	23,151,423
sakal ghareloo utpaad (PPP)		2006 praakkalan
-	kul	$48.18 billion (87 vaan)
-	prati vyakti	$1,500 (164 vaan)
gini (2010)		32.8[2] madhyam
maanav vikaas soochakaank (2013)		0.540[3] madhyam · 145vaaain
mudra		rupaya (enapeeaar)
samay mandal		Nepal maanak samay (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+5:45)
-	greeshmakaaleen (di॰ba॰asa॰)	- (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+5:45)
doorabhaash koot		977
Internet teeeladi		.enapi

Nepal, (aadhikaarik roop mein, sangheeya lokataantrik ganaraajya Nepal^[4]) bhaarateeya upamahaadveep mein sthit ek dakshin Asiaee bhoopariveshthit himaalayi raashtra hai. Nepal ke uttar me cheen ka svaayattashaasi pradesh Tibet hai aur dakshin, poorv va pashchim mein Bhaarat avasthit hai. Nepal ke 81 pratishat naagrik hindu dharmaavalambi hain. Nepal vishv ka pratishat aadhaar par sabse bada hindu dharmaavalambi raashtra hai. Nepal ki raajabhaasha nepaali hai aur Nepal ke logon ko bhi nepaali kaha jaata hai.

ek chhote se kshetr ke liye Nepal ki bhaugolik vividhta bahut ullekhaneeya hai. yahaaain taraai ke ushn faaaint se lekar thande himaalaya ki shrrunkhalaaen avasthit hai. sansaar ka sabse ooainchi 14 him shrrunkhalaaon mein se aath Nepal mein hain jismein sansaar ka sarvochch shikhar sagaramaatha evarest (Nepal aur cheen ki seema par) bhi ek hai. Nepal ki rajdhani aur sabse bada nagar kaathamaandoo hai. kaathamaandoo upatyaka ke andar laleetapur (paatan), bhaktapur, madhyapur aur kirteepur naam ke nagar bhi hain anya pramukh nagaron mein pokhara, viraatanagar, dharaan, bharatapur, veeraganyaj, mahendranagar, butaval, hetauda, bhairahava, janakapur, nepaalaganyaj, veerendranagar, tribhuvananagar aadi hai.

aaj ka nepaali bhoobhaag athaarahaveen sadi mein gorakha raaja pruthvi Narayan shaah dvaara sangathit Nepal raajya ka anshamaatr hai. angrejon ke saath hui sandhiyon mein Nepal ko us samay (1814) ke do tihaai nepaali kshetr british India ko dene pade jo aaj bhi bhaarateeya raajya Himachal pradesh, uttaraakhand tatha pashchim Bengal ke ansh hain. beensaveen sadi mein praarambh hue janataantrik aandolanon mein kai baar viraam aaya jab raajashaahi ne janta aur unke pratinidhiyon ko adhikaadhik adhikaar diye. antat: 2008 mein janta dvaara chune gaye pratinidhi maaovaadi neta prachand ke pradhaanamantri banane se yeh aandolan samaapt hua. lekin sena adhyaksh ke nishkaasan ko lekar raashtrapati se hue matabhed aur TV par sena mein maaovaadiyon ki niyukti ko lekar video footage ke prasaaran ke baad sarkaar se sahayogi dalon dvaara samarthan vaapas lene ke baad prachand ko isteefa dena pada. gaurtalab hai ki maaovaadiyon ke satta mein aane se pehle san 2006 mein raaja ke adhikaaron ko atyant seemit kar diya gaya tha.

October 2015 se shri khadg prasaad sharma oli Nepal ke pradhaanamantri ka daayitv sanbhaal rahe hain.

'Nepal' shabd ki vyutpatti ke sambandh mein vidvaanon ki vibhinn dhaaranaaeain hain. "Nepal" shabd ki uttpatti ke baare mein thos pramaan kuchh naheen hai, lekin ek prasiddh vishvaas anusaar yeh shabd 'ne' rishi tatha paal (gufa) milkar bana hai. maana jaata hai ki ek samay Nepal ki rajdhani kaathamaandoo 'ne' rishi ka tapasya sthal tha. 'ne' muni dvaara paalit hone ke kaaran is bhookhand ka naam Nepal pada, aisa kaha jaata hai.

tibbati bhaasha mein 'ne' ka arth 'madhya' aur 'pa' ka arth 'desh' hota hai. tibbati log 'Nepal' ko 'nepa' hi kehte hain. 'Nepal' aur 'nevaar' shabd ki samaanata ke aadhaar par dau॰ griyrsan aur yang ne ek hi mool shabd se donon ki vyutpatti hone ka anumaan kiya hai. turner ne Nepal, nevaar, athva nevaar, Nepal donon sthiti ko sveekaar kiya hai. 'Nepal' shabd ka prayog sarvapratham kautilya ne apne arthashaastr mein kiya hai. us kaal mein Bihar mein jo maagadhi bhaasha prachalit thi usamein 'r' ka uchchaaran naheen hota tha. samraat ashok ke shilaalekhon mein 'raaja' ke sthaar par 'laaja' shabd vyavahaar hua hai. at: nepaar, nebaar, nevaar is prakaar vikaas hua hoga.

himaalaya kshetr mein manushyon ka aagaman lagbhag 9,000 varsh pehle hone ke tathya ki pushti kaathamaandoo upatyaka mein paaye gaye nav paashaan aujaaron se hoti hai. sambhavat: tibbati-barmaai mool ke log Nepal mein 2,500 varsh pehle aa chuke the.^[5]

1500 isa poorv ke aaspaas indo-aaryan jaatiyon ne kaathamaandoo upatyaka mein pravesh kiya.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]} kareeb 1000 isa poorv mein chhote-chhote raajya aur raajya sangathan banein. siddhaarth Gautam (isaapoorv 563–483) shaakya vansh ke Rajkumar the, unka janm Nepal ke lumbini mein hua tha, jinhonne apna raaj-paat tyaag kar tapasvi ka jeevan nirvaah kiya aur vah buddh ban gaye.

250 isa poorv tak is kshetr mein uttar Bhaarat ke maurya saamraajya ka prabhaav pada aur baad mein chauthi shataabdi mein guptavansh ke adheen mein kathaputali raajya ho gaya. is kshetr mein 5veen shataabdi ke uttaraardh mein aakar vaishaali ke lichhaviyon ke raajya ki sthaapana hui. 8veen shataabdi ke uttaraardh mein lichhavi vansh ka ast ho gaya aur san 879 se nevaar (Nepal ki ek jaati) yug ka udaya hua, fir bhi in logon ka niyntran deshbhar mein kitna hua tha, iska aakalan kar paana mushkil hai. 11veen shataabdi ke uttaraardh mein dakshin Bhaarat se aae chaalukya saamraajya ka prabhaav Nepal ke dakshini bhoobhaag mein dikha. chaalukyon ke prabhaav mein aakar us samay raajaaon ne bauddh dharm ko chhodkar hindu dharm ka samarthan kiya aur Nepal mein dhaarmik parivartan hone laga.

paatan ka hindu mandir, teen praacheen raajya madhyeka ekaki rajdhani

1920 ki nepaali raajashaahi

13veen shataabdi ke poorvaardh mein sanskrut shabd mall ka thar vaale vansh ka udaya hone laga. 200 varsh mein in raajaaon ne shakti ekajut ki. 14veen shataabdi ke uttaraardh mein desh ka bahut jyaada bhaag ekeekrut raajya ke adheen mein aa gaya. lekin yeh ekeekaran kam samay tak hi tik saka: 1482 mein yeh raajya teen bhaag mein vibhaajit ho gaya - kaantipur, lalitpur aur bhaktapur – jiske beech me shataavdiyaun tak mel nahi ho saka.

1765 mein, gorakha raaja pruthvi Narayan shaah ne Nepal ke chhote-chhote baaise va chobise raajya ke upar chadhaai karte hue ekeekrut kiya, bahut jyaada raktaranjit ladaaiyon ke pashchaat unhonne 3 varsh baad kaanteepur, paatan va bhaadagaaainu ke raajaaon ko haraaya aur apne raajya ka naam gorakha se Nepal mein parivrtit kiya. tathaapi unhe kaantipur vijay mein koi yuddh nahi karna pada. vaastav mein, us samay indrajaatra parv mein kaantipur ki sabhi janta fasal ke devata Bhagwan indr ki pooja aur mahotsav (jaatra) mana rahe the, jab pruthvi Narayan shaah ne apni sena lekar dhaava bola aur sinhaasan par kabja kar liya. is ghatna ko aadhunik Nepal ka janm bhi kehte hai.

Tibet se himaali (himaalayi) maarg ke niyntran ke liye hua vivaad aur uske pashchaat yuddh mein Tibet ki sahaayata ke liye cheen ke aane ke baad Nepal peechhe hat gaya. Nepal ki seema ke najadeek ka chhote-chhote raajyon ko hadapne ke kaaran se shuru hua vivaad british East indiya company ke saath dushmani ka kaaran bana. isi vajah se 1814–16 raktaranjit englo-Nepal yuddh ho gaya, jismein Nepal ko apni do tihaai bhoobhaag se haath dhona pada lekin apni saarvabhaumasatta aur svatantrata ko kaayam rakha. dakshin Asiaee mulkon mein" yahi ek khand hai jo kabhi bhi kisi baahari saamant (upaniveshon) ke adheen mein nahi aaya'. vilaayat se ladne mein pashchim mein sataluj se purv mein teesta nadi tak faila hua vishaal Nepal sugauli sandhi ke baad pashchim mein mahaakaali aur mechi nadiyon ke beech simat gaya lekin apni svaadheenata ko bachaae rakhane mein Nepal safal raha, baad me angrejo ne 1822 mein mechi nadi va raapti nadi ke beech ki taraai ka hissa Nepal ko vaapas kiya usi tarah 1860 mein raana pradhaanamantri jangabahaadur se khush hokar angrejon ne raapteenadi se mahaakaali nadi ke beech ka taraai ka thoda aur hissa Nepal ko lautaaya. lekin sugauli sandhi ke baad Nepal ne jameen ka bahut bada hissa gainva diya, yeh kshetr abhi uttaraakhand raajya aur Himachal pradesh aur Punjab pahaadi raajya mein sammilit hai. poorv mein Darjiling aur uske aaspaas ka nepaali mool ke logon ka bhoomi (jo ab pashchim Bengal me hai) bhi british indiya ke adheen me ho gaya tatha Nepal ka sikkim par prabhaav aur shakti bhi Nepal ko tyaagane pade.

raaj parivaar va bhaaradaaro ke beech gutabandi ki vajah se yuddh ke baad asthaayitv kaayam hua. san 1846 mein shaasan kar rahi raani ka senaanaayak jangabahaadur raana ko padachyut karne ke shadyantr ka khulaasa hone se kotaparv naam ka narasanhaar huva. hathiyaaradhaari sena va raani ke prati vafaadaar bhaai-bhaaradaaro ke beech maarakaat chalne se desh ke sayauain raajakhalaak, bhaaradaaralog va doosare rajavaadon ki hatya hui. jangabahaadur ki jeet ke baad raana khaanadaan unhonne surukiya va raana shaasan laagu kiya. raaja ko naamamaatr mein seemit kiya va pradhaanamantri pad ko shaktishaali vanshaanugat kiya gaya. raanaashaasak poornanishtha ke saath british ke paksh mein rahate the va british shaasak ko 1857 ki sepoi rebelyon (pratham bhaarateeya svatantrata sangraam), va baad mein dono vishv yuddhasahayog kiya tha. san 1923 mein sanyukt raajashaahi va Nepal beech aadhikaarik rup mein mitrata ke samjhaute par hastaakshar hue, jismein Nepal ki svatantrata ko sanyukt raajashaahi ne sveekaar kiya. dakshin Asiaee mulkon mein pehla, nepaali raajadootaavaas Britain ki rajdhani London me khul gaya.

1940 dashak ke uttaraardh mein lokatantr-samarthit aandolanonn ka udaya hone laga va raajanaitik paartiyaan raana shaasan ke viruddh ho gain. usi samay cheen ne 1950 mein Tibet par kabja kar liya jiski vajah se badhti hui sainik gatividhiyon ko taalane ke liye Bhaarat Nepal ki sthaayitv par chaakh banaane laga. falasvarup raaja tribhuvan ko Bhaarat ne samarthan kiya 1951 mein satta lene mein sahayog kiya, nai sarkaar ka nirmaan ho gaya, jismein jyaada aandolanakaari nepaali Congress party ke logon ki sahabhaagita thi. raaja va sarkaar ke beech varshon ki shakti kheenchaataani ke pashchaat, 1959 mein raaja Mahendra ne lokataantrik abhyaas ant kiya va "nirdaleeya" panyachaayat vyavastha laagoo karke raaj kiya. san 1989ke "janaaandolan" ne raajatantr ko saanvaidhaanik sudhaar karne va bahudaleeya sansad banaane ka vaataavaran ban gaya san 1990ma krushnaprasaad bhattaraai antarim sarakaarake pradhaanamantri ban gaye, naye samvidhaan ka nirmaan hua raaja beerendr ne 1990 mein Nepal ke itihaas mein doosra prajaatantrik bahudaleeya samvidhaan jaari kiya^[6] va antarim sarkaar ne sansad ke liye prajaataantrik chunaav karavaae. nepaali Congress ne raashtra ke doosare prajaatantrik chunaav mein bahumat praapt kiya va girija prasaad Koirala pradhaanamantri bane.

ikkeesaveen sadi ki shuruaat mein Nepal mein maaovaadiyon ka aandolan tej hota gaya. madheshiyon ke mudde par bhi aandolan hue. ant mein san 2008 mein raaja jnyaaanendr ne prajaataantrik chunaav karavaae jismein maaovaadiyon ko bahumat mila aur prachand Nepal ke pradhaanamantri bane aur madheshi neta raamabaran Yadav ne raashtrapati ka kaaryabhaar sambhaala.

Nepal ka bhaugolik naksha

sukkha himaali prushthabhoomi

maanachitr par Nepal ka aakaar ek tirchhe saamaanaantar chaturbhuj ka hai. Nepal ki kul lambaai kareeb 800 kilometer aur chaudaai 200 kilometer hai. Nepal ka kul kshetrafal 147181 varg kilometer hai. Nepal bhaugolik roop se teen bhaagon mein vibhaajit hai– parvateeya kshetr, shivaalik kshetr aur taraai kshetr. saath mein bhitri madhes kahalaane vaale upatyakaaon ka ek samooh pahaadi kshetr ke mahaabhaarat parvat shrrunkhala va churiya shrrunkhala ke beech sthit hai. yeh kshetr pahaad va taraai ke beech mein sthit hai himaali pahaadi va taraai kshetr poorv-pashchim disha me deshbhar mein faile hue hai aur yini kshetr ko Nepal ki pramukh nadiyon ne jagah-jagah par vibhaajan kiya hai.

Bhaarat ke saath juda hua taraai faant bhaarateeya-ganga ke maidaan ka uttari bhaag hai. is bhaag ki sinchaai tatha bharan-poshan me teen nadiyon ka mukhya yogadaan hai: koshi, gandaki (Bhaarat me gandak nadi) aur karnaali nadi. is bhoobhaag ki jalavaayu ushn aur santrupt (aardr) hai.

pahaadi bhoobhaag me 1,000 lekar 4,000 meter tak ki oonchaai ke parvat padte hain. is kshetr mein mahaabhaarat lekh va shivaalik shrrunkhala (churiya) naam ki do mukhya pahaadi shrunkhalaayein hain. pahaadi kshetr me hi kaathamaandoo upatyaka, pokhara upatyaka, surkhet upatyaka ke saath taar, besi, paatan maadi kahe jaane vaale bahut se upatyaka padte hai, yeh upatyaka Nepal ki sabse urvar bhoomi hai tatha kaathamaandoo upatyaka Nepal ka sabse bada shahari kshetr hai. pahaadi kshetr ki upatyaka ko chhod kar 2,500 meter (8,200 foot) ki oonchaai par janaghanatv bahut kam hai.

himaali kshetr mein sansaar ki sabse oonchi him shrunkhalaayein padti hain. is kshetr ki uttar mein cheen ki seema ke paas mein sansaar ka sarvochch shikhar, aivarest (sagaramaatha) 8,848 meter (29,035 foot) avasthit hai. sansaar ki 8000 meter se ooainchi 14 chotiyon mein se 8 Nepal ki himaalayi kshetr mein padti hain. sansaar ka teesara sarvochch shikhar kanchanajangha, bhi isi himaalayi kshetr me padta hai.

jalavaayu

Nepal me paaainch mausami kshetr hai jo oonchaai ke saath kuchh maatra mein mel khaate hain. ushnakatibndheeya tatha uposhn katibndheeya kshetr 1,200 meter (3,940 fi) se neeche, sheetoshn katibndheeya kshetr 1,200 lekar 2,400 meter (3,900–7,875 fi), thanda kshetr 2,400 se lekar 3,600 meter (7,875–11,800 fi), up-aarkatik kshetr 3,600 se lekar 4,400 meter (11,800–14,400 fi), va aarkatik kshetr 4,400 meter (14,400 fit) se oopar. Nepal me paaainch rituen hoti hain: ushm, manasoon, atam, shishir va basant. himaalaya madhya Asia se bahne waali thandi hava ko Nepal ke andar jaane se rokata hai tatha monsoon ki vaayu ka uttari paridhi ke rup mein paani kaam karataahai. Nepal va bangalaadesh ki seema nahi judata hai fir bhi ye donon raashtra 21 kilometer (13 meal) ki ek sainkari chikens nek (murge ki gardan) kahe jaane vaale kshetr se alag hai. is kshetr ko svatantr-vyaapaar kshetr banaane ka prayaas ho raha hai.

sansaar ka sarvochch shikhar sagaramaatha (evarest) Nepal va tibbati seema par avasthit hai. is himaalaki Nepal mein padane vaale dakshin-poorvi rij (ridge) praavidhik roopame chadhana sahaj maana jaata hai. jiski vajahase harek varsh is sthaan me bahut paryatak jaate hai. anya chadhe jaane vaale himshikhr me annapoorna (1,2,3,4) annapoorna shrakhala me padata hai.

himaalayake taleme kheti

krushi janasaङakhya ke 76% rojagaar ka srot hai aur kul graahyasth utpaadan ka 39% yogadaan karta hai aur seva kshetr 39% saath mein udyog 21% aay ka srot hai hai. deshaki uttari do-tihaai bhaag mein pahaadi aur himaalayi bhoobhaag sadakein, pul tatha anya sanrachana nirmaan karne mein kathin aur mainhaga banaata hai. san 2003 tak pitch -sadakon ki kul lambaai 8,500 kimi se kuchh jyaada aur dakshin mein relve-line ki kul lambaai 59 kimi maatr hai. 48 dhaavanamaarg aur unamese 17 pichhonese havaaimaargaki sthiti bahut achha hai. yahaaain jaadaame prati 12 vyaktike liye 1 telifon suvidha upalbdh hai; taarajadit seva deshbhar mein hai lekin shaharon aur jila mukhyaalayon mein jyaada kendrit hai; sevaamein janataaki pahuainch badhane aur sasta hote jaanese mobile (ya taar-rahit) sevaaki sthiti deshbhar bahut achha hai. san 2005 me 1,75,000 intaranet jadaane (connections) the, lekin "saङakatakaal" laagoo honekepashchaat kuchh samay seva avarooddh hogayi tha. kuchh anyol baad nepaalaki dusari bruhat janaaandolanane raajaaki nirङakush adhikaar samaapt karaneke pashchaat sabhi intaranet sevaae bina rokatok suchaaroo hogaehain.^[7]

nepaalaki bhoopariveshthit sthiti^[8], praavidhik kamjori aur lambe dvand ne arthatantr ko poorn roopame vikaasasheel hone naheen diya hai. Nepal Bhaarat, Japan, sanyukt raajashaahi, America, Europeeya sangh, cheen, Switzerland aur skaindineviyn raashtron se vaideshik sahayog paata hai. vitteeya varsh 2005/06mein sarkaar ka bajat kareeb 1.153 arab ameriki dollar tha, lekin kul kharch 1.789 arab hua tha. 1990 dashak ki badhati mudra sfeeti dar ghatkar 2.9% pahunchi hai. kuchh varshon se nepaali mudra roopaiyaaain ko bhaarateeya roopaiya ke saath ka sataheedar 1.6 ma sthir rakha gaya hai. 1990 dashakame khuli banaayeegayi mudra binimya dar nirdhaaran neetike kaaran videshi mudra ki kaalaabaajaari lagbhag samaapt ho chuki hai. ek deerghakaaleen aarthik samjhaute ne Bhaarat ke saath achhe sanbandh mein madad di hai. janta beech ka sampatti vitran anya viksit aur vikaasonmukh deshon ke tulana mein hi hai: ooparavaale 10% gruhasthi ke saath kul raashtriya sampatti ka 39.1% par niyntran hai aur nimnatam 10% ke saath keval 2.6%.

Nepal ki 1 karod jitne ka kaaryabalame daksh kaamadaaraka kami hai. 81% kaaryabalako krushi, 16% seva aur 3% utpaadan/kala-aadhaarit udyog rojagaar pradaan karta hai.

Nepal 14 anyachal, 75 jilon aur 5 vikaas kshetron mein vibhaajit hai. pratyek jila ek nishchit jila pramukh dvaara nirdeshit hai. jila pramukh ka kaam jile mein vidhaan tatha shaanti bahaal karna aur sarkaari mantraalayon ke kaam-kaajako sahaayata karna hai.

Nepal ke 14 anyachal:
1 mechi	8 lumbini
2 koshi	9 dhavalaagiri
3 sagaramaatha	10 raapti
4 janakapur	11 karnaali
5 baagamati	12 bheri
6 naaraayani	13 seti
7 gandaki	14 mahaakaali

Nepal ki ek lokanrutya mandali

Nepal ki sanskruti Tibet evam Bhaarat se milti-julati hai. yahaaain ki veshabhoosha, bhaasha tatha pakavaan ityaadi ek jaise hi hain. Nepal ka saamaanya khaana chane ki daal, bhaat, tarakaari, achaar hai. is prakaar ka khaana subah evam raat mein din mein dono June khaaya jaata hai. khaane mein chivda aur chai ka bhi chalan hai. maans-machhali tatha anda bhi khaaya jaata hai. himaalayi bhaag mein gehooain, makai, kodo, aaloo aadi ka khaana aur taraai mein gehooain ki roti ka prachalan hai. kodo ke maadak padaarth toङagaba, chhyaaङ, raksi aadi ka sevan himaalayi bhaag mein bahut hota hai. nevaar samudaaya apne vishesh kism ke nevaari parikaaron ka sevan karte hain.

nepaali saamaajik jeevan ki maanyata, vishvaas aur sanskruti hindu bhaavana mein aadhaarit dhaarmik sahishnuta aur jaatigt sahishnuta ka aapas ka anyonyaashrit sambandh Nepal ki apni maulik sanskruti hai. yahaaain ke parvon mein vaishnav, shaiv, bauddh, shaakt sabh dharmon ka prabhaav ek doosare dharmaavalanbiyon par samaan roop se pada hai. kisi bhi ek dhaarmik parv ko dharmaavalanbiyon par samaan roop se pada hai. kisi bhi ek dhaarmik parv ko dharmaavalanbi vishesh ka kah sakana aur alag kar paana bahut kathin hai. sabhi dharmaavalanbi aapas mein milkar ullaasamaya vaataavaran mein sabhi parvon mein bhaag lete hain. Nepal mein chhuaachhut ka bhed na kattar roop mein hai aur na janmasanskaar ke aadhaar par hi hai. shaktipeethon mein chaandaal aur bhangi, chamaar, devapaal aur pujaari ke roop mein prasiddh shakti peeth guhyeshvari devi, shobha bhaagavati ke chaandaal tatha bhangi, chamaar pujaariyon ko prastut kiya ja sakta hai.

upaasana ki paddhati aur upaasana ke prateekon mein bhi samanvaya sthaapit kiya gaya hai. moortipooja aur karm kaand ke virodh mein utpann bauddh dharm ne Nepal mein swayam moortipooja aur karmakaand apnaaya hai. bauddh pashupatinaath ki pooja aaryaavalokiteshvar ke roop mein karte hain aur hindu manjushri ki pooja sarasvati ke roop mein karte hain. Nepal ki yeh samanvayaatmak sanskruti lichhavi kaal se adyaavadhi chali aa rahi hai.

Nepal anugrahaparaayan desh hai. vah kisi ne maitreepoorn anugrah ko kabhi bhool naheen sakta. Nepal ka paraakram vishvavikhyaat hai. Nepal ki saanskrutik parampara ko kaayam rakhane ke liye vi.san. 2017 saal mein sanyukt raajya amareeka ke kaaaingres ke donon sadanon ke sanyukt adhiveshan ko sambodhan karte hue shri 5 Mahendra ne spashtaroop mein nimn udgaar prakat kiya tha 'sainik kaaryon mein lagne vaale kharch sansaar ki gareebi hataane mein vyaya hon'.

Nepal ek chhota svatantr raashtra hai, kintu jaati ke aadhaar par Nepal raajya ki mitr raashtra Bhaarat ke samaan vibhinn jaatiyon ke rahane ka ek ajaayabaghar jaisa hai. uttari bhaag ki or bhotiya, taamaaङ‌, linboo, sherapa, mahaabhaarat shrunkhala mein magar, kiraat, nevaar, guruङ‌, sunuvaar aur bheetari taraai kshetr mein ghimaal, thaaroo, mechai, danavaar aadi jaatiyon ki bahulata vishesh roop se ullekhaneeya hai. thaakur, khas, jaisi, kshatri jaatiyon tatha braahmanon ki sakhya Nepal mein yatr-tatr kaafi hai. yahaaain par pravaasi bhaarateeyon ki sankhya bhi paryaapt hai.

Nepal me aadhunik shiksha ki shuroovaat raana pradhaanamantri jaङagabahaadur raana ki videsh yaatra ke baad san 1854 mein sthaapit darbaar haaiskool (haal raaneepokhari kinaare avasthit bhaanu ma.bi.) se hui thi, isse pehle nepaalame kuchh dharmashaastreeya darshan par aadhaarit shiksha maatr di jaati thi. aadhunik shiksha ki shuroovaat 1854 mein hote hue bhi yeh aam nepaali janataake liye sarvasulabh naheen tha. lekin deshake vibhinn bhaagon mein kuchh vidyaalaya darbaar haaiskoolaki shuroovaat ke baad khulana shuroo hue. lekin Nepal mein pehla uchch shiksha kendra kaathamaandoo mein raahahuva trichndr kaimpas hai. raana pradhaanamantri chandr samser ne apne saath raaja tribhuvanaka naam jodake is kainpasaka naam rakhaatha. is kainpasaki sthaapana baad nepaalame uchch shiksha arjan bahut sahaj honagaya lekin san 1959 tak bhi desh me ekabhi vishvavidyaalaya sthaapit naheen ho sakaatha raajanitik parivartan ke pashchaat raana shaasan mukt deshane antat: 1959 me tribhuvan vishvavidyaalayaki sthaapana ki. uske baad Mahendra sanskrut ke saath anya vishvavidyaalaya khulate gaye. haal hi mein maatr sarkaar ne 4 thap vishvavidyaalaya bhi sthaapit karne ki ghoshana ki hai. Nepal ki shiksha ka sabse mukhya yojanaakaar shikshaamantraalaya hai uske alaava shiksha vibhaag, paaainch kshetreeya shiksha nideshaalaya, pachahatar jilla shiksha kaaryaalaya, pareeksha niyntran kaaryaalaya saanothimi, uchchamaadhyaamik shiksha parishd, paathyakram vikaas kendra, vibhinn vishvavidyaalayon ke pareeksha niyntran kaaryaalaya nepaalaki shikshaaka vikaas vistaar tatha niyntranake kshetr mein kaaryarat hain.

Nepal ke vishvavidyaalaya

1. tribhuvan vishvavidyaalaya
2. Nepal sanskrut vishvavidyaalaya ( poorv naam Mahendra sanskrut vishvavidyaalaya )
3. kaathamaadaun vishvavidyaalaya
4. purvaanchal vishvavidyaalaya
5. pokhara vishvavidyaalaya
6. lumvini vishvavidyaalaya
7. Nepal krushi tatha van vishvavidyaalaya
8. madhyapashchimaanyachal vishvavidyaalaya
9. sudurapashchimaanyachal vishvavidyaalaya
10. khulla vishvavidyaalaya

Nepal me bahut pahile se aayurved (praakrutik chikitsa) paddhati upayogame tha baidh aur paramparaagat chikitsak gaaainvaghar aur shaharo me svaasthya seva pahuchaate the. unalogo ki aushadhi ke shrot Nepal ke himaal se taraai tak milnevaale jadeebuti hi hote the. aadhunik chikitsa paddhati ki shuroovaat raana pradhaanamantri jangavaahaadur raana ki belaayat yaatra ke baad daravaar ke andar shuroo huva lekin Nepal mein aadhunik chikitsa sanstha ke roop mein raana pradhaanamantri veer samser ke kaal me kaathaamaandau mein san 1889 me sthaapit veer aspataal hi hai. tatpashchaat chandr samaser ke kaal me sthaapit trichndr sainik aspataal hai. haal mein Nepal ke haspataal saamanyataya aayurved, praakrutik chikitsa tatha aadhunik chikeetsa karke sarkaari seva vidyamaan he.

nepaalame nepaali sena, nepaali sainik vimaan seva, Nepal sasastr prahari bal, Nepal prahari, Nepal sasastr vanarakshak tatha raashtreeya anusandhaan vibhaag Nepal lagaayat sassatr, tatha guptachar suraksha nikaaya rahehai.

Bhaarat ke uttar mein basa Nepal rangon se bharpoor ek khoobsoorat desh hai. yahaan vah sab kuchh hai jiski tamanna ek aam sailaani ko hoti hai. devataaon ka ghar kahe jaane vaale Nepal vividhaataaon se poorn hai. iska andaaja isi baat se lagaaya ja sakta hai ki jahaan ek or yahaan barf se dhkeen pahaadiyaan hain, vaheen doosari or teerthasthaan hai. romaanchak khelon ke shaukeen yahaan rivr raafting, rock klaaiming, jungle safaari aur skiing ka bhi maja le sakte hain.

lumbini

lunbini mahaatma buddh ki janm sthali hai. yeh uttarapradesh ki uttari seema ke nikat vartamaan Nepal mein sthit hai. yunesko tatha vishv ke sabhi bauddh sampradaaya (mahaayaan, bajrayaan, theravaad aadi) ke anusaar yeh sthaan Nepal ke kapilbastu mein hai jahaaain par yunesko ka aadhikaarik smaarak lagaayat sabhi buddh dharm ke samprayaayaun ne apne sanskruti anusaar ke mandir, gumba, Bihar aadi nirmaan kiya hai. is sthaan par samraat ashok dvaara sthaapit ashok stambh mein braahmi lipikrut praakrut bhaasha mein buddh ka janm sthaan honeka varnan kiyaahuaa shilaapatr avasthit hai

janakapur

janakapur Nepal ka prasiddh dhaarmik sthal hai, jahaan seeta maata ka janm huva tha. ye nagar praacheen kaal mein mithila ki rajdhani maana jaata hai. yahaaain par prasiddh raaja janak the jo seeta maata ke pita the. kaha jaata hai ki seeta ka janm mitti ke ghade se hua tha. yeh shahar Bhagwan Ram ki sasuraal ke roop mein vikhyaat hai.

muktinaath

muktinaath vaish‍aanav sanpradaaya ke pramukh mandiron mein se ek hai. yeh teerthas‍aathaan shaaligraam Bhagwan ke liye prasiddh hai. shaaligraam daraasal ek pavitra pat‍aathar hota hai jisko hindu dharm mein poojaneeya maana jaata hai. yeh mukh‍aaya roop se Nepal ki or pravaahit hone waali kaali gan‍aadaki nadi mein paaya jaata hai. jis kshetr mein muktinaath sthit hain usako muktikshetr' ke naam se jaana jaata hain. hindu dhaarmik maan‍aayataaon ke anusaar yeh vah kshetr hai, jahaan logon ko mukti ya moksh praap‍aat hota hai. muktinaath ki yaatra kaafi mushkil hai. fir bhi hindu dharmaavalanbi badi sankh‍aya mein yahaan teerthaatan ke liye aate hain. yaatra ke dauraan himaalaya parvat ke ek bade his‍ase ko laanghana hota hai. yeh hindu dharm ke dooras‍aath teerthas‍aathaanon mein se ek hai.

kakani

kaathamaandu shahar se 29 kimi. uttar-pashchim mein chhuttiyaan bitaane ki khoobsoorat jagah kakani sthit hai. yahaan se himaalaya ka khoobsoorat najaara dekhte hi banta hai. kakani se ganosh himl, gaureeshankar 7134 mi., chauba bhaamar 6109 mi., manaslu 8163 mi., himaalachuli 7893 mi., annapoorna 8091 mi. samet anek parvat chotiyon ko kareeb se dekha ja sakta hai.

gosaain kund

samudra tal se 4360 mi. ki oonchaai par sthit gosaai kund jheel Nepal ke pramukh teerthasthalon mein se ek hai. kaathamaandu se 132 kimi. door dhunche se gosarai kund pahunchana sabse sahi vikalp hai. uttar mein pahaad aur dakshin mein vishaal jheel iski sundarata mein chaar chaand lagaate hain. yahaan aur bhi nau prasiddh jheelein hain. jaise sarasvati bharav, saurya aur ganosh kund aadi.

dhuleekhel

yeh praacheen nagar kaathamaandu se 30 kimi. poorv arniko raajamaarg kaathamaandu-kodaari raajamaarg ke ek or basa hai. yahaan se poorv mein kayarelung aur pashchim mein himaalachuli shrrunkhalaaon ke khoobsoorat drushyon ka aanand uthaaya ja sakta hai.

pashupatinaath mandir

Bhagwan pashupatinaath ka yeh khoobsoorat mandir kaathamaandu se kareeb 5 kimi. uttar-poorv mein sthit hai. baIgamati nadi ke kinaare is mandir ke saath aur bhi mandir bane hue hain. pashupatinaath mandir ke baare mein maana jaata hai ki yeh Nepal mein hinduon ka sabse pramukh aur pavitra teerthasthal hai. Bhagwan Shiv ko samarpit yeh mandir prativrsh hajaaron deshi-videshi shraddhaaluon ko apni or kheenchata hai. golf course aur havaai adde ke paas bane is mandir ko Bhagwan ka nivaas sthaan maana jaata hai.

royal chitvan raashtreeya udyaan

royal chitvan raashtreeya udyaan desh ki praakrutik sanpada ka khajaana hai. 932 varg kimi. mein faila yeh udyaan dakshin- madhya Nepal mein sthit hai. 1973 mein ise Nepal ke pratham raashtreeya udyaan ka darja haasil hua. iski adbhut paaristhitiki ko dekhte hue yoonesko ne 1984 mein ise vish‍aav dharohar ka darja diya.

chaaaingunaaraayan mandir

is mandir ke baare mein kaha jaata hai ki yeh kaathamaandu ghaati ka sabse puraana vishnu mandir hai. mool roop se is mandir ka nirmaan chauthi shataabdi ke aas-paas hua tha. vartamaan paigoda shaili mein bana yeh mandir 1702 mein pun: banaaya gaya jab aag ke kaaran yeh nasht ho gaya tha. yeh mandir ghaati ke poorvi or pahaad ki choti par bhaktapur se chaar kimi. uttar mein khoobsoorat aur shaantipoorn sthaan par sthit hai. yeh mandir yoonesko vish‍aav dharohar soochi ka hissa hai. 2072 vaishaakh 12 ka bhukamp ne is mandirka kuchh sanrachana vigd gaya hai.

bhaktapur darbaar skvaiyar

bhaktapur ke darbaar skvaiyar ka nirmaan 16veen aur 17veen shataabdi mein hua tha. iske andar ek shaahi mahal darbaar aur paaramparik nevaad, paigoda shaili mein bane bahut saare mandir hain. svarn dwaar, jo darbaar skvaiyar ka pravesh dwaar hai, kaafi aakarshak hai. ise dekhkar andar ki khoobsoorti ka sahaj hi andaaja lagaaya ja sakta hai. yeh jagah bhi yunesko ki vish‍aav dharohar ka hissa hai.

yoonesko ki aath saanskrutik vish‍aav dharoharon mein se ek kaathamaandu darbaar praacheen mandiron, mahalon aur galiyon ka samooh hai. yeh rajdhani ki saamaajik, dhaarmik aur shahari jindagi ka mukhya kendra hai.

svarn dwaar

khoobsoorti ki misaal svarn dwaar Nepal ki shaan hai. beshakeemati pattharon se saje is darvaaje ka dhaarmik aur aitihaasik drushti se bahut mahatva hai. shaahi andaaj mein bane is dwaar ke oopar devi kaali aur garud ki pratimaaen lagi hain. yeh maana jaata hai ki svarn dwaar svarg ki do apsaraaen hain. iska vaastushilp aur sundarata paryatakon ko mantramugdh kar deti hai.

bodhanaath stoop

kaathamaandu ghaati ke madhya mein sthit bodhanaath stoop tibbati sanskruti ka kendra hai. 1959 mein cheen ke hamle ke baad yahaan badi sankhya mein tibbatiyon ne sharan li aur yeh sthaan tibbati bauddhadharm ka pramukh kendra ban gaya. bodhanaath Nepal ka sabse bada stoop hai. iska nirmaan 14veen shataabdi ke aas-paas hua tha, jab mugalon ne aakraman kiya.

sandarbh - is stoop ko nepaali mein bauddh naam se pukaara jaata hai. iski praarambhik aitihaasik saamagri iski hi neeche daba huva anumaanit hai. lichhavi raajaaon maanadev dvaara nirmit aur shivdev dvaara vistaarit maana jaata hai. haalaanki iski vartamaan svaroop ki nirmaan ki tithi bhi agyaat hi hai. iski garbh-bedi ki deevaar par sthaapit chhote-chhote prastar moortiyaan aur oopar ki chhatraavali sanskrut bauddh-dharm ka prateek maana jaata hai. sanskrut bauddh vaangmaya ka tibbati bha

• dhvaj : Nepal ka dhvaj
• chinh : Nepal ko nishaan chhaap
• raashtreeya pakshi : daaainfe
• raashtreeya pashu : gaaya
• raashtriya gaan : "sayaun thuainga foolaka haami..."
• vaakya : "janani janmabhoomishch svargadapi gariysi"
• pushp : laali guraaains
• khel : dandi biyo
• bhaasha : nepaali
• poshaak : daura suroovaal
• rang : simrik

• Nepal ka itihaas
• Singh darbaar

• Nepal- ek parichay (BBC)
• aavaran katha - dharm, khel, romaanch sab kuchh (paanyachajanya)
• Nepal ka itihaas (Google pustak; lekhak- kaasheeprasaad shreevaastav)
• nepaali videsh mantraalaya
• Nepal paryatan
• vaataavaran Nepal
• http://www.nepalnews.com
• modal aur intaratenment web site
• byaapaarik web site
• CIA World Factbook [1] 2000
• Nepal Population Report 2002
• Images and Photos from different parts of Nepal
• Nepal sarkaar
• raajasanstha
• pararaashtr mantraalaya
• pradhaanamantreeko kaaryaalaya

samaachaar

• kaantipur anlaain
• himaal khavar patrika
• nepaalanyuj dat kam
• mero sansaar
• bi.bi.si. nepaali seva
• fraans Nepal info
• annapoorn posht
• vaataavaran samaachaar
• krushan sen anlaain

• Nepal (vikshanari)

Nepal ke bhoogol se sambandhit yeh lekh ek aadhaar hai. aap ise badhaakar vikipeediya ki sahaayata kar sakte hain. the va b