Mauritius
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Republic of Mauritius Réapublique de Maurice maureeshas ganaraajya
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raashtravaakya: "Stella Clavisque Maris Indici" (laitin) "hind mahaasaagar ka sitaara aur kunji" |
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| raashtragaan: madaralaind (maatrubhoomi) | ||||||
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rajdhani aur sabse badaa nagar |
port lui 20°a10′aS 57°a31′aE / 20.167°aS 57.517°aE |
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| raajabhaasha(eain) | angreji | |||||
| anya pramukh bhaashaayein | maurishiyaai kreyol, Bhojpuri ,hindi , fraanseesi | |||||
| nivaasi | maurishiyaai | |||||
| sarkaar | ganaraajya | |||||
| svatantrata sanyukt raajashaahi se | ||||||
| - | tithi | 12 March 1968 | ||||
| - | ganaraajya | 12 March 1992 | ||||
| kshetrafal | ||||||
| - | kul | 2,040 varg kilometer (179 vaaain) 787 varg meal |
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| - | jal (%) | 0.05 | ||||
| janasankhya | ||||||
| - | 2007 janaganana | 1,264,866 (151 vaaain) | ||||
| sakal ghareloo utpaad (PPP) | 2006 praakkalan | |||||
| - | kul | $16.0 arab (119 vaaain) | ||||
| - | prati vyakti | $13,703 (51 vaaain) | ||||
| sakal ghareloo utpaad (saanketik) | 2008 praakkalan | |||||
| - | kul | $8.738 karod () | ||||
| - | prati vyakti | $6,872 () | ||||
| maanav vikaas soochakaank (2013) |
 0.771[1]uchch · 63vaaain |
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| mudra | maurishiyaai rupaya (MUR) | |||||
| samay mandal | MUT (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+4) | |||||
| - | greeshmakaaleen (di॰ba॰asa॰) | (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+5[2]) | ||||
| yaataayaat chaalan disha | baaen | |||||
| doorabhaash koot | 230 | |||||
| Internet teeeladi | . mu | |||||
| 2. | The population estimate is for the whole republic. For the island of Mauritius only, as at 31 December 2007, it is 1,227,078[3] | |||||
| [4][5] | ||||||
maureeshas ganaraajya(angreji: Republic of Mauritius, fraanseesi : Réapublique de Maurice), afreeki mahaadveep ke tat ke dakshinpoorv mein lagbhag 900 kilometer ki doori par hind mahaasaagar me aur medaagaaskar ke poorv me sthit ek dveepeeya desh hai. maureeshas dweep ke atirikt is ganaraajya me, seint breindan, raudreegaj aur agaalega dweep bhi shaamil hain. dakshinpashchim me 200 kilometer par sthit fraanseesi reeyooniyn dweep aur 570 kilometer uttar poorv me sthit raudreegaj dweep ke saath maureeshas maskaarene dweep samooh ka hissa hai. maareeshas ki sanskruti, mishrit sanskruti hai, jiska kaaran pehle iska France ke aadheen hona tatha baad me british svaamitv me aana hai. maureeshas dweep vilupt ho chuke dodo pakshi ke antim aur ekamaatr ghar ke roop mein bhi vikhyaat hai.
anukram
itihaas
maureeshas ke sabse puraane abhilekh lagbhag 10 veen shataabdi ki shuruaat ke hain jo Dravid (tamil) aur austroneshi naavikon ke sandanrbh se aate hai. purtagaali naavikon pehle pahal yahaaain 1507 mein aaye aur unhone is nirjan dweep par ek yaatra adda sthaapit kiya aur fir is dweep ko chhod kar chale gaye. san 1598 mein haulaind ke teen pot jo masaala dweep (spaais aailaind) ki yaatra par nikle the ek chakravaat ke dauraan raasta bhatak kar yahaaain pahuainch gaye. unhone is dweep ka naam apne naasaao ke Yuvraj mauris ke sammaan mein Mauritius rakh diya. san1638 mein, dach logon ne yahaaain pehli sthaayi basti basaai. chakravaaton waali kathor jalavaayu paristhitiyon aur basti ko hone vaale lagaataar nuksaan ke kaaran dacho ne kuchh dashakon baad is dweep ko chhod diya. France, jiska pehle se hi iske padosi aail baurabon (ab reeyooniyn) dweep par niyantran tha ne san 1715 mein maureeshas par kabja kar liya aur iska naam badalkar – aail de France (France ka dweep) rakh diya. France ke shaasan me, yeh dweep ek samruddh arthavyavastha ke roop me viksit hua jo cheeni utpaadan par aadhaarit thi. yeh aarthik parivartan Governor (raajyapaal) freinkaues maahe de lebaurdaunaais ke dvaara shuroo kiya gaya tha.
Britain ke saath apne kai sainya sangharshon ke dauraan, France ne gairkaanooni ghoshit jaladasyuon "korsers" ko sharan di, jo aksar british jahaajo, jin par moolyavaan vyaapaar ka maal lada hota tha ko unki Bhaarat aur Britain ke madhya hone waali yaatraaon ke dauraan loot lete the. san 1803-1815 ke dauraan hue nepoliyn yuddhon me british is dweep ka niyantran paane me safal ho gaye. grand port ki ladaai jeetne ke baavajood, jo ki nepoliyn ki britishon par ekamaatr samudri vijay thi, fraanseesi, teen maheene baad, kep mailahyurau (Malheureux) me Britain se haar gaye. unhonein aupachaarik roop se 3 December 1810 ko kuchh sharton ke saath samarpan kar diya, ye shartein theen, ki dweep par fraanseesi bhaasha ka prayog jaari rahega aur aaparaadhik maamalon mein naagrikon par France ka kaanoon laagoo hoga. british shaasan ke antargat, is dweep ka naam badalkar vaapas maureeshas kar diya gaya.
san 1965 mein, Britain (United kingadam) ne chhaagos dveepasamooh ko maureeshas se alag kar diya. unhone ऎsa british hind mahaasaagar kshetr sthaapit karne ke liye kiya jisse ve saamarik mahatva ke dveepon ka prayog sanyukt raajya America ke saath raksha sahayog ke vibhinn prayojanon ke liye kar sakein. haalaaainki maureeshas ki tatkaaleen sarkaar unke is kadam se sahamat thi par baad ki sarkaaron ne unke is kadam ko antararaashtreeya kaanoon ke tahat avaidh bataaya hai[tathya vaanchhit] aur in dweep samoohon par apna adhikaar jataaya hai. unke is daave ko, sanyukt raashtra dvaara bhi maanyata di gayi hai[tathya vaanchhit].
maureeshas ne 1968 mein svatantrata praapt ki aur desh raashtramandal ke tahat, san1992 me ek ganatantr bana. maureeshas ek sthir lokatantr hai jahaaain niyamit roop se svatantr chunaav hote hain aur maanavaadhikaaron ke maamale me bhi desh ki chhavi achhi hai, iske chalte yahaaain kaafi videshi nivesh hua hai aur yeh desh Africa me sabse adhik prati vyakti aay vaale deshon me se ek hai.
raajaneeti
maureeshas ek sansadeeya lokatantr hai jiski sanrachana Britain ki sansadeeya pranaali par aadhaarit hai. raajya ka pramukh raashtrapati hota hai jiska kaaryakaal paaainch varsh ka hota hai aur usaka chunaav raashtreeya sabha, maureeshas ki ekasadaneeya sansad karti hai. raashtreeya sabha (national assembly) ke 62 sadasya janta dvaara chune jaate hain jabki chaar se aath sadasyon ki niyukti chunaav me haare "shresht paraajit" ummeedavaaron ke beech se jaateeya alpasankhyakon ka pratinidhitv karne ke liye tab ki jaati hai jab in samudaayon ko chunaav se uchit pratinidhitv na mila ho. pradhaanamantri aur mantri parishad sarkaar ka netrutv karte hain. sarkaar paanch saal ke aadhaar par nirvaachit hoti hai. sabse haal ke aam chunaav 3 July 2005 mein mukhya bhoomi ke sabhi 20 nirvaachan kshetron ke saath hi raudreegaj dweep ke nirvaachan kshetr me bhi karaaye gaye the. antararaashtreeya maamalon mein, maureeshas hind mahaasaagar aayog, dakshini afreeki vikaas samudaaya, raashtramandal aur la freinkofoni (fraanseesi bolne vaale deshon) ka hissa hai. san 2006 mein, maureeshas ko purtagaali bhaashaai deshon ke samudaaya ka ek prekshak sadasya banane ko kaha gaya jisse yeh un deshon ke aur kareeb ho sake. maureeshas ki koi sena naheen hai, lekin iske paas ek tatarakshak bal tatha police aur suraksha bal hain.
jile aur adheen kshetr
maureeshas dweep nau jilon me vibhaajit hai:
- black rivr (rajdhani: baimbaus)
- flaak (rajdhani: sentar de flaak)
- grand port (rajdhani: maahebaurg)
- moka (rajdhani: kvaartiyr militaayare)
- paimplemoojes (rajdhani: triolet)
- plaaines vilhems (rajdhani: roj hil/ kyoorepaaip)
- port lui (maureeshas ki rajdhani)
- riviyere du rempaart (rajdhani: maapaau)
- savaanne (rajdhani: soolek)
adheen kshetr
- raudreegaj, dweep jo maureeshas ke uttar poorv me 560 kilometer par sthit hai, jise October 2002 me aanshik svaayatta pradaan ki gayi, svaayatta milne se pehle yeh maureeshas ka 10 vaaain prashaasanik jila tha.
- agaalega, maureeshas ke uttar me 933 kilometer par do chhote taapoo hain.
- kaargaados kaaraajos shoaals, jise seint brendan dweep ke naam se bhi jaana jaata hai maureeshas ke uttar me 402 kilometer par sthit hai.
maureeshas ke anya kshetr
- saauden taapoo (poorvi saauden taapoo sahit)
- najaareth taapoo
- saaya de malha taapoo
- haukins taapoo
maureeshas nimn kshetron par bhi adhikaar jataata hai:[6]
- tromelin dweep, samprati me fraans ke aadheen.
- chhagos dveepasamooh, samprati me Britain ke aadheen british hind mahaasaagar kshetr ki shakl mein.
bhoogol
maureeshas maaskaarene dweep samooh ka hissa hai. is dveepasamooh ki shrrunkhala un ant:samudri jvaalaamukheeya visfoton ke kaaran bani hai jo ab sakriya naheen hain. yeh jvaalaamukheeya visfot afreeki plate ke reeyooniyn taptabindu ke oopar sarakane ke kaaran hue the. maureeshas dweep ek keindreeya pathaar ke chaaron or bana hai, jiski uchchatam choti piton de la petit riviyere noere 828 meter (2717 foot) unchi hai aur iske dakshin me sthit hai. pathaar ke aaspaas, mool gart fir bhi pahaadon se alag dikhaai padta hai.
sthaaneeya jalavaayu ushnakatibandheeya hai, jo dakshinpoorv ki havaaon dvaara sanshodhit hoti hai. yahaaain May se November tak shushk sardiyon padteen hain aur November se May ka mausam garm, aadr aur geeli garmi ka hota hai. virodhi-chakravaat desh ko May se September ke dauraan prabhaavit karte hai. chakravaaton ka samay November-April hota hai. haulainda (1994) aur deena (2002) pichhle do chakravaat hain jinhone dweep ko sabse jyaada prabhaavit kiya hai.
uttarapashchim me sthit port lui is dweep ki rajdhani aur sabse bada shahar hai. anya mahatvapoorn shaharon me kyoorepaaip, vakoaas, feeniks, kuaarte bornes, roj hil aur beeyoo-baasin shaamil hai.
yah dweep apni praakrutik sundarata ke liye jaana jaata hai. udaaharan ke liye, lekhak mark tven, ne apne niji yaatra vrutaant 'faulauing the ekvetar' me likha hai ki " Mauritius ke dekh kar aapko vichaar aata hai pehle Mauritius bana aur fir svarg aur svarg, maureeshas ki ek nakal maatr hai.”
arthavyavastha
san 1968 mein aajaadi ke baad se, maareeshas ek nimn aay waali, krushi utpaad aadhaarit arthavyavastha se viksit hokar ek vividhtaapoorn madhyam aay waali arthavyavastha me parivrtit ho gaya hai jisme teji se badhta audyogik, vitteeya aur paryatan kshetr shaamil hai. adhikaansh avadhi me vaarshik vruddhi dar, 5 % se 6 % ke beech darj ki gayi hai. yeh dar badhti jeevan pratyaasha, ghatati shishu mrutyu dar aur buniyaadi dhaanche mein sudhaar se parilkshit hoti hai.
san 2005 mein, anumaanit 10155 Amreeki dollar, krayashakti samata (PPP), ke saath maureeshas Africa me prati vyakti sakal ghareloo utpaad ke hisaab se saatavein sthaan par hai, isse aage hain reeyooniyn (19233 Amreeki dollar, vaastavik vinimay daron par), seshals (13887 Amreeki dollar, PPP par), gaibaun (12742 Amreeki dollar, PPP par), botsavaana (12057 Amreeki dollar PPP par), bhoomadhya rekheeya gini (11999 Amreeki dollar, PPP par) aur Libya (10727 Amreeki dollar, PPP par).
arthavyavastha mukhyat: ganna baagaan, paryatan, kapda aur seva kshetr par nirbhar hai, lekin anya kshetron mein bhi teji se vikaas ho raha hain. maureeshas, Libya aur seshals keval teen ऎse afreeki desh hain jinka darja " maanav vikaas soochakaank” ke hisaab se 'uchch' hai. (reeyooniyn, ko France ka hisse maanate hue, sanyukt raashtra ne maanav vikaas soochakaank ki vareeyata shreni mein soocheebaddh naheen kiya hai)
ganna 90% krushi yogya bhoomi par ugaaya jaata hai aur jisse kul niryaat aay ka 25% praapt hota hai. lekin 1999 me pade bhayankar sookhe se ganne ki fasal buri tarah kshatigrast hui thi. sarkaar ki vikaas yojanaayein videshi nivesh par aadhaarit hai. maareeshas ne 9000 se adhik apatateeya sansthaaon ko aakarshit kiya hai jinka uddeshya Bhaarat aur dakshin Africa se vyaapaar karna hai jabki akele banking kshetr mein nivesh 1 arab dollar se adhik pahuainch gaya hai. December 2004 me berojgaari ki dar 7.6 % thi. France desh ka sabse bada vyaapaarik saajheedaar hai jiska is desh ke saath na sirf nikat sambandh hai, balki vo ise vibhinn roopon mein takaneeki sahaayata pradaan karta hai.
sthaaneeya nivaasion ko kam keematon par aayaat karne ki suvidha dene aur adhik paryatakon jo filhaal dubai aur Singapore jaate hain, ko aakarshit ke liye maureeshas agale chaar saal me ek shulk mukt (duty free) dweep banane ki disha mein prayaasarat hai. kai utpaadon par duty (shulk) samaapt kar diya gaya hai aur 1850 se adhik utpaadon par jinmein kapde, bhojan, gahane, chhaayaankan (fotograafik) upakaran, shravya drushya upakaran aur prakaash vyavastha ke upakaran shaamil hai par shulk ghata diya gaya hai. iske atirikt, nae vyaavasaayik avsaron ko aakarshit karne ke uddeshya se aarthik sudhaaron ko bhi laagoo kiya gaya hai. haal hi mein, 2007-2008 ke bajat mein vitt mantri Ram seetaanan ne company (kaarporet) kar ko ghata kar 15 % kar diya hai[tathya vaanchhit]. british ameriki investameint company maureeshas mein marsideej beinj, peejo, mitsubishi aur saab kaaron ki bikri ka pratinidhitv karti hai.
A di bi network ki yojana poore maureeshas me logon ko wireless Internet pahuainchaane ki hai, abhi tak yeh pahuainch dweep ke 60% kshetr aur 70% janasankhya ke paas hai. Bhaarat ke kul 10.98 arab Amreeki dollar ke pratyaksh videshi nivesh me maureeshas ka sthaan pehla hai. sheersh 2000 aur January 2005 ke beech hone wala maureeshas ka pratyaksh videshi nivesh mukhyat: bijli ke upakaran, doorasanchaar, indhan, cement aur jipsam utpaad tatha seva kshetr (vitteeya aur gair vitteeya) jaise vibhinn kshetron mein aakarshit hai.
janasaaainkhyiki
maureeshas ka samaaj vibhinn jaateeya samoohon ke logon se mil kar bana hai. ganaraajya ki adhikaansh janta hain Bhaarat, Africa, France, Britain, Australia aadi ke nivaasiyon ke vanshaj hain. bahut se log mishrit jaateeya mool ke hai
Australia samaaj mishrit Britain janta aadhaar vanshaj hain.
bhaasha
maureeshas ki aadhikaarik bhaasha angreji hai, isliye sarkaar ka saara prashaasanik kaamkaaj angreji mein hota hai. shiksha pranaali me angreji ke saath fraanseesi ka bhi istemaal kiya jaata hai. fraanseesi bhaasha haalaaainki, media ki mukhya bhaasha hai chaahein prasaaran ho ya mudran iske alaava vyaapaar aur udyog jagat ke maamalon mein bhi mukhyat: fraanseesi hi prayog me aati hai. sabse vyaapak roop se desh me maureeshiyn kreyol bhaasha boli jaati hai. hindi bhi ek bade varg dvaara boli va samajhi jaati hai.
dharm
maureeshas mein vibhinn dharmon ke log rahate hai jinme pramukh hain hindu dharm (52 %), isaai dharm (27 %) aur islaam (14,4 %). ek badee sankhya naastik logon ki bhi hai.
sanskruti
maureeshas ko iske svaadisht khaane se bhi jaana jaata hai, jo bhaarateeya, cheeni, kreyol aur yooropiyn khaano ka mishran hai. is dweep par ram ka utpaadan bade paimaane par hota hai. 1638 me dach logon ne maureeshas ko sabse pehle ganna se parichit karaaya. dach ganne ki kheti mukhyat: arak (ram ka ek poorv prakaar) ke utpaadan ke liye karte the. lekin France aur Britain ke shaasan ke dauraan yahaaain ganne ki kheti ko bade paimaane par kiya gaya jisne is dweep ke aarthik vikaas me kaafi yogadaan diya.[tathya vaanchhit] piyre Charles freinkoej harel pehla vyakti tha jisne 1850 mein maureeshas mein ram ke sthaaneeya aasavan ka prastaav kiya.
sega sthaaneeya lok sangeet hai. sega moolat: afreeki sangeet hai jisme paramparaagat vaadyo ka upayog hota hai jaise ravaane jise bakari ki tvacha se banaaya jaata hai. aamtaur par sega me gulaami ke dinon ki yaatanaaon ka varnan hota hai saath hi in geeton me aajkal ke daur me ashveton ki saamaajik samasyaaon ko bhi uthaaya jaata hai. aamtaur par purushon vaadya bajaate hain aur mahilaayein saath me nrutya karti hain. tateeya kshetr ke hotelon mein ye sho niyamit roop se aayojit kiye jaate hai.
1847 me maureeshas daak ticket jaari karne wala paaainchavaan desh bana. yahaaain se do prakaar ke daak ticket jaari kiye gaye jinhein tab maureeshas "daakaghar" ticket ke naam se jaana jaata tha. ek ticket ek "laal peni" aur doosari " do neele peins" moolya varg ki thi aur aaj yeh ticket shaayad duniya ki sabse prasiddh aur moolyavaan tiktein hai.
maureeshas ki jab iski khoj hui thi, tab yeh dweep ek agyaat pakshi prajaati ka ghar tha jise, purtagaaliyon ne dodo (moorkh) kah kar pukaara kyoki yeh bahut aklamand naheen lagte the. lekin, 1681 tak sabhi dodo pakshiyon ko basane vaalon aur unke paalatoo jaanvaron ne maar diya. ek vaikalpik siddhaant bataata hai ki basane vaalon ke saath aaye jangali sooaron ne dheemi gati se prajanan karne vaale dodo ke ghonsale ujaad diye. fir bhi, dodo aaj maureeshas ka raashtreeya prateek chinh ban gaya hai.
sandarbh
- ↑ "2014 Human Development Report Summary". United Nations Development Programme. 2014. pp. 21–25. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf. abhigman tithi: 27 July 2014.
- ↑ Mauritius turns the clock forward in October 2008
- ↑ "Population and Vital Statistics, Republic of Mauritius, Year 2007 - Highlights". Central Statistics Office (Mauritius). March 2008. http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/ei683/toc.htm. abhigman tithi: 2008-05-26.
- ↑ "Republic of Mauritius, Government Portal (Mauritius)". http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/abtmtius/menuitem.42f3149f267522984d57241079b521ca/.
- ↑ The Constitution
- ↑ "CIA - The World Factbook -- Mauritius". CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mp.html#Issues. abhigman tithi: 2007-11-194.