Korea

Korea
sabse bada conurbation (population)		Seoul
raajabhaasha(eain)		Korean
kshetrafal
-	kul	223,170 varg kilometer (84th if reunified) 85,020 varg meal
-	jal (%)	2.8
janasankhya
-	2007 janaganana	72,285,392 (17th if reunified)
-	ghanatv	328.48/varg kimi 850.7/varg meal
mudra		Won (₩) (N/S)
samay mandal		KST, PYT (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+9, +8.5)

Korea (Koreai: 한aa국 ya 조aa선) ek sabhyata aur poorv mein ekeekrut raashtra jo vartamaan mein do raajyon mein vibhaajit hai. Koreai praayadveep par sthit, iski seemaaen pashchimottar mein cheen, poorvottar mein roos aur Japan se Korea jalasandhi dvaara poorv mein alag hai.

Korea 1948 tak sanyukt tha; us samay ise dakshin Korea aur uttar Korea mein vibhaajit kar diya gaya. dakshin Korea, aadhikaarik taur par Korea ganaraajya, ek poonjeevaadi, lokataantrik aur viksit desh hai, jiski sanyukt raashtra sangh, WTO, OECD aur G-20 pramukh arthavyavasthaaon mein sadasyata hai. uttar Korea, aadhikaarik taur par lokataantrik janavaadi Korea ganaraajya, kim II-sung dvaara sthaapit ek ekal party communist desh hai aur samprati unke bete kim jong-il dvaara shaasit hai. uttar Korea ki vartamaan mein sanyukt raashtra sangh mein sadasyata hai.

puraatatv aur bhaashaai saboot yeh sujhaate hain ki Koreai logon ki utpatti dakshin-madhya saaiberiya ke altaayaak bhaasha bolne vaale pravaasiyon mein hui thi,[2] jo navapaashaan yug se kaansya yug tak lagaataar bahaav mein praacheen Korea mein basate gaye. [3] 2 shataabdi E.poo. mein, cheeni lekhan pranaali (Koreai mein "hanja") aur 4 shataabdi E. mein bauddh dharm ko apnaane ke kaaran Korea ke teen saamraajyon par gahra prabhaav pada. Korea baad mein in saanskrutik agrimon ka ek sanshodhit sanskaran par Japan ko paarit kar diya. ^[1][2][3][4]

goriyo raajavansh ke baad se Korea ek ekal sarkaar dvaara shaasit raha aur goriyo vansh par 13veen shataabdi mein mangol hamlon aur 16veen shataabdi mein josiyo vansh par Japani hamlon ke baavajood 20veen sadi tak isne raajanaitik aur saanskrutik svatantrata banaae rakhi. 1377 mein, Korea ne jikji pesh kiya, duniya ka sabse puraana maujood dastaavej jise chal dhaatu prakaar se mudrit kiya gaya. [11] 15veen sadi mein, kachhue jahaaj tainaat kiye gaye aur raaja sejong mahaan ne Koreai varnamaala hangul prakhyaapit kiya.

josiyo raajavansh ke uttaraarddh ke dauraan, Korea ki ekaantavaadi neeti ne iske liye pashchimi upanaam "saadhu saamraajya" arjit kiya. 19veen sadi ke uttaraardh tak yeh desh Japan aur Europe ki aupaniveshik vrutti ka lakshya bana. 1910 mein Korea par jabaran Japan dvaara kabja kar liya gaya aur yeh kabja, August 1945 mein dviteeya vishv yuddh ke ant tak bana raha.

1945 mein, soviyt sangh aur sanyukt raajya America, Korea mein Japani sainikon ke aatmasamarpan aur nirstreekaran par sahamat hue; soviyt sangh ne 38vein samaanaantar ke poorv mein Japani hathiyaaron ke samarpan ko sveekaar kiya aur America ne uske dakshin mein. mitr raashtron ki sena dvaara yeh chhota nirnaya jald hi do mahaashaktiyon dvaara Korea ke vibhaajan ka aadhaar ban gaya, jisko, Koreai aajaadi ki sharton par sahamat hone mein unki asamarthata ne aur badha diya. sheet yuddh ke in do pratidvandveeyon ne iske baad apni vichaaradhaaraaon se sahaanubhooti rakhane waali sarkaaron ki sthaapana ki, jisne Korea ke do raajaneetik satta ke maujooda vibhaajan ko prerit kiya: uttar Korea aur dakshin Korea.

inhein bhi dekhein: Korean romanisation

Korea, Koreai itihaas ke goriyo kaal se liya gaya hai jo vaapas goguriyo ke praacheen raajya ko nirdisht karta hai. madhya poorv ke vyaapaari ise kauli (cheeni uchchaaran se) bulaate the, jiski vartani baad mein Corea aur Korea ho gayi. angreji sandarbhon mein ab saamaanyat:, uttar aur dakshin Korea, donon ke dvaara Korea prayog kiya jaata hai. jarmanik bhaashaaon mein ek K ka aksar istemaal kiya jaata hai, jabki roman bhaashaaon mein ek C pasand karte hain.

Koreai bhaasha mein, sampoorn roop se Korea ko dakshin Korea mein haan-guk ke roop mein aur uttar Korea mein choson ke roop mein nirdisht karte hain. doosra naam, roman roop mein josiyn, josiyn vansh se hai aur usase pehle ke gojosiyn se. "the land of the maurning kaam" (subah ki shaanti ka desh), ek angreji bhaasha se praapt upanaam hai jo aanshik roop se josiyn ke liye hanja aksharon se liya gaya hai.

praagitihaas aur gojosiyn

uttar America ki Koreai academy ne Korea mein ek ston city sthal par laava mein 100,000 E.poo. ke kareeb ke praacheen maanav jeevaashmon ki khoj ki. pratideept aur uchch chunbakeeya vishleshan se sanket milta hai jvaalaamukhi jeevaashmon ke roop mein jaldi ke roop mein 300.000 E.poo. se ho sakta hai.^[5] sarvashreshth sanrakshit Koreai bartanon 10,000 E.poo. ke aaspaas paleolithic baar vaapas chala jaata hai aur navapaashaan kaal 6000 E.poo. ke aaspaas shuroo hoti hai.

gojosiyn ki sthaapana ki kinvadanti, svarg ka ek vanshaj, dangun ka varnan karti hai jisne 2333 E. poo. mein is raajya ki sthaapana ki. [21] puraatatv aur samakaaleen likhit record se sanket milta hai ki yeh deevaar yukt shaharon ke ek sangh se ek keindreekrut saamraajya mein, 7veen aur 4thi shataabdi E.poo. ke beech mein viksit hua.

mool rajdhani ho sakta hai manchooriya-Korea ki seema par rahi ho, lekin baad mein use aaj ke pyongayaang, uttari Korea mein sthaanaantarit kar diya gaya. 108 E.poo. mein, cheeni haan raajavansh ne vimaan josiyn ko haraaya aur lioning aur uttari Koreai praayadveep ke kshetr mein chaar kamaan sthaapit kiye. 75 E.poo., mein unamein se teen kamaan gir gaye, lekin lelaang kamaan 313 mein gogurio ke adheen hone se pehle tak baad ke cheeni raajavanshon ke liye saanskrutik aur aarthik aadaan pradaan ka ek kendra ban raha.

aadya teen saamraajya

aadya teen saamraajyon ki avadhi, jise kabhi-kabhi anek raajyon ka kaal kaha jaata hai, vah aaranbhik bhaag hai jise aamtaur par teen saamraajyon ka kaal kaha jaata hai, gojosiyn ke patan ke baad lekin gogurio, baikje aur sila ke poorn raajyon ke roop mein vikaas se pehle.

yeh kaal, gojosiyn ke poorv raajya kshetron se kai raajyon ke udaya ka saakshi bana. buyio, aaj ke uttari Korea aur dakshini manchooriya mein panapa, 2ri shataabdi BCE se 494 tak. iske avashesh ko goguriyo ne 494 mein samaavisht kar liya aur Korea ke teen saamraajya mein se do, goguriyo aur baikje, donon ne swayam ko usaka uttaraadhikaari maana. uttari Korea ke okjiyo aur dongye, ant mein badhte goguriyo mein samaahit ho gaye.

Koreai praayadveep ke dakshini bhaag mein sthit, samhan, teen raajyasangh mahan, jinhan aur bionahan ko sandarbhit karta hai. mahan sabse bada tha aur ismein 54 raajya shaamil the. bionahan aur jinhan, donon hi baarah raajyon se bane the, jisse samhan mein kul milaakar 78 raajya shaamil hue. ye teen raajyasangh antat: baikje, sila aur gaya mein viksit hue.

teen saamraajya

Anapji (Anap gyojoo ka aitihaasik kshetron mein Pond).

Korea ke teen saamraajya (goguriyo, sila aur baikje) ne saajha kaal ke dauraan praayadveep aur manchooriya ke hisson par prabhaav jamaaya. aarthik aur sainya, donon hi roop se unhonne ek doosare se hod li.

goguriyo ne buyio, okjiyo, dongye aur anya raajyon ko poorv gojosiyn raajyakshetr mein ekajut kiya. [25] goguriyo sabse prabhaavashaali shakti thi; yeh paanchaveen shataabdi mein apne charam par pahuncha, jab gvaangeto mahaan aur uske bete jangsu ka shaasan lagbhag sampoorn manchooriya aur mangoliya ke bheetari hisse mein vistrut hua aur baikje se siyol kshetr le liya. gvaangeto aur jangsu ne apne kaal ke dauraan baikje aur sila ko apne adheen kiya. 7veen sadi ke baad, goguriyo cheen ke sui aur taang raajavansh ke saath nirantar yuddh mein tha.

aadhunik samay ke siol ke aaspaas sthaapit, dakshin-pashchimi saamraajya baikje ne, 4thi sadi mein apni shakti ki charam avastha ke dauraan pyongayaang ke aage tak vistaar kiya. isne mahan ke sabhi raajyon ko samaavisht kar liya aur ek keindreekrut sarkaar banaate hue pashchimi Koreai praayadveep ke adhikaansh hisse ko adheen kar liya (gyongi, chungacheeong aur jiola ke aadhunik praanton ke saath-saath hvaangahe aur gaangavon ka hissa). baikje ne apne kshetr ke vistaar ke dauraan cheeni sanskruti aur praudyogiki ko dakshini raajavanshon ke saath sampark ke maadhyam se haasil kiya. aitihaasik pramaanon se pata chalta hai ki Japani sanskruti, kala aur bhaasha, khud baikje aur Korea raajyon se prabhaavit thi. puraataatvik khojon ne kai anumaanon ki pushti ki hai lekin vyaapak jaanch ko aksar Japani sarkaar dvaara pratibandhit kiya gaya hai aur jise aam taur par sarkaar dvaara niyukt samoohon dvaara sanchaalit kiya jaata hai. [26]

haalaanki baad ke record ka daava hai ki dakshin-poorv mein sila, teen saamraajyon mein sabse puraana tha, ab yeh maana jaata hai ki viksit hone wala yeh aakhiri saamraajya tha. 2ri shataabdi tak, sila, aaspaas ke raajyon ko prabhaavit aur kabja karte hue ek bade raajya ke roop mein astitv mein raha. sila ne prabhutv haasil karna shuroo kiya jab 562 CE mein isne gaya sangh par kabja kar liya. gaya sangh, baikje aur sila ke beech sthit tha. Korea ke teen saamraajya, aksar ek doosare ke saath yuddh karte rahate the aur sila ko aksar baikje aur goguriyo ke dabaav ka saamana karna pada lekin kai baar sila bhi praayadveep par prabhutv haasil karne ke liye baikje aur goguriyo ke saath mil gaya.

660 mein, sila ke muiol raaja ne apni senaaon ko baikje par hamla karne ka aadesh diya. taang balon ki sahaayata se, general kim you-shin (gim you-sin), ne baikje par vijay praapt ki. 661 mein, sila aur taang ne goguriyo par chadhaai ki lekin peechhe dhakel diye gaye. muyol ke putr aur general kim ke bhateeje, raaja munmu ne 667 mein ek aur abhiyaan shuroo kiya aur goguriyo ka agale varsh patan hua.

uttar dakshin raajya kaal

5veen, 6veen aur 7veen sadi mein sila ka prabhutv dheere-dheere Koreai praayadveep ko paar karne laga. sila pehle bagal gaya mahaasangh kabja kar liya. 660 tak, sila ne baikje ko aur baad mein goguriyo ko jeetne ke liye, cheen ke taang raajavansh ke saath gathabandhan kiya. cheeni sena ko peechhe dhakelane ke baad, sila ne aanshik roop se praayadveep ko ekeekrut kiya aur ek aisi avadhi shuroo hui jise aksar ekeekrut sila kaha jaata hai.

uttar mein, goguriyo ke poorv general de joyong ne apne netrutv mein goguriyo sharanaarthiyon ke ek samooh ko manchooriya ke jilin kshetr mein laaya aur goguriyo ke uttaraadhikaari ke roop mein baalhe (698-926) ki sthaapana ki. apne charam par, baalhe ki seema, uttari manchooriya se aadhunik samay ke Korea ke uttari praanton tak vistrut hui. baalhe ko 926 mein khitaan dvaara nasht kar diya gaya.

ekeekrut sila, 9veen shataabdi ke uttaraardh mein bikhr gaya aur ashaantapriya baad ke teen saamraajya ki avadhi (892-935) ke liye maarg prashast kiya. goriyo ne baad ke teen saamraajyon ko ekeekrut kiya aur baalhe sharanaarthiyon ko samaavisht kiya.

goriyo

goriyo desh 918 mein sthaapit hua aur Korea ke shaasak vansh ke roop mein isne sila ki jagah li. ("goriyo", "goguriyo" ka ek laghu roop hai aur angreji naam "Korea" ka srot.) yeh vansh 1392 tak chala.

is avadhi ke dauraan, kaanoon ko sanhitaabaddh kiya gaya aur ek civil seva pranaali shuroo ki gayi. bauddh dharm ka utkarsh hua aur poore praayadveep mein iska prasaar hua. selaadon udyog ka vikaas 12veen aur 13veen shataabdi mein fala-foola. 80,000 lakdi ke block par tripitk koriana ka prakaashan aur 13veen sadi mein duniya ke pratham dhaatu ke chal-mudran prakaar ke printing-press ka aavishkaar goriyo saanskrutik upalabdhiyon ko pramaanit karta hai.

unke vansh par 1230 ke dashak se 1270 ke dashak tak mangol aakraman ka khatra mandaraata raha, lekin yeh khaanadaan 1392 tak jeevit raha, choonki unhonne mangolon ke saath ek sandhi ki thi jisne unki prabhusatta ko banaae rakha.

1350 ke dashak mein, raaja gongmin ek goriyo sarkaar ke punargathan ke liye svatantr hue. gongmin ke samaksh vibhinn samasyaaen theen jinse nipatna jaroori tha, jismein shaamil tha mangol samarthak abhijaat aur sainya adhikaariyon ko hataana, bhoomi ke svaamitv ka savaal aur bauddh aur kanfyooshiys vidvaanon ke beech badh rahi shatruta ka shaman.

josiyn raajavansh

Gyeongbokgung pailes

1392 mein, general yi siong-gay ne mote taur par ek raktaheen takhtaapalat ke dvaara josiyn raajavansh (1392-1910) ki sthaapana ki. usane pichhle josiyn ke sammaan mein josiyn raajavansh naam rakha (gojosiyn pehla josiyn hai. "go" jiska arth hai "puraana", ko donon ke beech antar karne ke liye joda gaya).

raaja tejo ne rajdhani ko haansiong sthaanaantarit kiya (poorv mein haanyaang; aadhunik siol) aur gyongabokgung mahal ka nirmaan kiya. 1394 mein usane desh ke aadhikaarik dharm ke roop mein kanfyooshiynavaad ko apnaaya jiske parinaamasvaroop bauddhon ki shakti aur dhan ka kaafi hraas hua. prachalit darshan nav kanfyoosheevaad tha.

josiyn ne vigyaan aur sanskruti mein unnati dekhi. raaja sijong mahaan (1418-1450) ne Koreai varnamaala prakhyaapit ki. yeh avadhi, kai anya vibhinn saanskrutik aur praudyogiki unnatiyon aur saath hi saath sampoorn praayadveep par nav-kanfyooshiynavaad ke prabhutv ki saakshi bani. josiyn Korea ki janasankhya ka lagbhag ek tihaai hissa, anumaan ke anusaar das, nobi, se nirmit tha. [31]

1592 aur 1598 ke beech, Japani Korea par aakraman kiya. toyotomi hideyoshi ne sena ko aadesh diya aur Korea ke maadhyam se Asiaee mahaadveep par aakraman karne ki koshish ki, lekin antat: ek raaitias sena, Admiral yi sun-sin aur ming cheen ki sahaayata dvaara peechhe dhakel diya gaya. is yuddh ne "kachhue jahaaj" ke saath Admiral yi sun-sin ke kairiyr ki pragati dekhi. 1620s aur 1630s mein Joseon maanchoo ke hamlon ka saamana karna pada.

manchooriyaai hamlon ke baad, josiyn lagbhag 200 varshon ki avadhi ki shaanti se gujra. raaja yongjo aur raaja jyongjo josiyn vansh ke ek nae punarjaagaran ka netrutv kiya.

haalaanki, josiyn raajavansh ke antim varshon ke dauraan, Korea ki pruthakataavaadi neeti ne ise "saadhu saamraajya" ka tamaga dilvaaya, mukhya roop se pashchim ke saamraajyavaad ke khilaaf sanrakshan ke liye, jiske baad ise vyaapaar kholne ke liye majaboor kiya gaya jo Japani aupaniveshik shaasan ke yug mein parint hua.

Koreai saamraajya

jald se jald Koreai / dakshin Korea ke dhvaj ke chitran jeevit July 1889 mein ek ameriki nausena ke samudri raashtra ki pustak Flags mein chhapa tha.

1870 ke dashak ki shuruaat mein, Japan ne Korea ko maanchoo King raajavansh kshetr ke paaramparik prabhaav se baahar jaane ke liye majaboor karna shuroo kiya. cheen-Japan yuddh (1894-1895) ke parinaamasvaroop, kving raajavansh ko shimonoseki sandhi, jo kving aur Japan ke beech 1895 mein sampann hui thi, ke anuchhed 1 ke anusaar aisi sthiti ko chhodna pada, . usi varsh, mahaaraani myongsiong ki Japani agenton dvaara hatya kar di gayi. [33]

1897 mein, josiyn vansh ne Koreai saamraajya (1897-1910) ki ghoshana ki aur raaja gojong, samraat gojong ban gaya. Korea mein roos, Japan, France aur America ke raajaneetik atikraman se prabhaavit ho kar, is sankshipt avadhi ne sainik, arthavyavastha, bhoo sampatti kaanoon, shiksha pranaali aur vibhinn udyogon ke aanshik roop se safal aadhunikeekaran ko dekha.

1904 mein, roos-Japan yuddh ne roos ko Korea ke liye ladaai se baahar dhakel diya. manchooriya mein 1909 mein, aan jang-giyon ne, Korea ke resideint general, ito hirobumi ki, Korea ko kabje mein jaane ko majaboor karne mein unki bhoomika ke liye, htya kar di.

Japani kabja

jaao, matsya paalan, Georges fardineind Bigot, Tobae, 1887 February. yeh ek machhali hai, jo roos cheen, Japan aur sabhi ko pakadne ki koshish kar rahe hain ke roop mein Korea se pata chalta hai.

inhein bhi dekhein: Japani yuddh aparaadh

1910 mein, Korea ko, jis par pehle se hi sainya kabja tha, Japan-Korea vilay sandhi mein majabooran shaamil hona pada. sandhi par li vaan-yong ne hastaakshar kiya, jise samraat ne general power of ataarni di. haalaanki, kaha jaata hai ki yi taae-jin ke anusaar, samraat ne vaastav mein sandhi ka anumodan naheen kiya tha. [36] is sandhi par dabaav, sena ki dhamaki aur rishvat ke tahat hastaakshar kiye jaane ke kaaran, ek lamba vivaad hota raha hai ki kya yeh kaanooni thi ya gairkaanooni.

Koreai kroor Japani vyavasaaya ke pratirodh^[6][7][8] ahinsak March 1919, jahaan 7,000 pradarshanakaariyon Japani police aur sena dvaara maare gaye the movement 1 mein prakat.^[9] Koreai mukti aandolan, pados ke manchooriya aur saaiberiya mein bhi fail gaya.

1939 mein paanch lakh se adhik Koreai ko anivaarya shramik banaaya gaya,[45] aur dason hajaar purushon ko Japan ki sena mein majabooran shaamil kiya gaya. [46] lagbhag 200.000 ladkiyon aur mahilaaon,^[10] jyaadaatar cheen aur Korea se, yaun gulaami mein Japani sena ke liye majaboor kiya.^[11] 1993 mein, Japan ke mukhya cabinet sachiv yohe kono ne in mahilaaon dvaara bhayaanak anyaaya ka saamana karne ko sveekaar kiya, jinhein "aaraamadaayak mahilaaen" ka mangalabhaashi naam diya gaya tha.[50][52]

Japani aupaniveshik shaasan ke dauraan, Koreai raashtreeya pehchaan ko mitaane ke prayaas mein Koreai bhaasha ko daba diya gaya. Koreai logon ko Japani kulanaam, soshi-kaime [54] ke roop mein gyaat, kulanaam lene par majaboor kiya gaya. [54] paaramparik Koreai sanskruti ko bhaari nuksaan hua, choonki kai Koreai saanskrutik kalaakrutiyon ko nasht kar diya gaya[56] ya Japan le jaaya gaya. [58] aaj bhi, Japani sangrahaalayon ya niji sangrahon mein bahumoolya Koreai kalaakrutiyon ko aksar paaya ja sakta hai. [59] dakshin Korea ki sarkaar ne ek jaanch 75,311 saanskrutik sampatti hai ki Korea, Japan mein 34,369 se 17,803 aur sanyukt raajya America mein le jaaya gaya ki pehchaan ki. tathaapi, visheshagyon ka anumaan hai ki 100,000 se adhik kalaakrutiyaan vaastav mein Japan mein hain. [60][61] Japani adhikaariyon ne Koreai saanskrutik sampatti ko vaapas karne par vichaar kiya, lekin aaj tak[62] yeh naheen hua. [63] Korea aur Japan abhi tak liaanakort rauks, Koreai praayadveep ke poorv mein sthit ek chhota dweep, ke svaamitv par vivaad karte hain. [65]

Japani aupaniveshik kaal ke dauraan Japani saamraajya ke videshi raajya kshetron mein ek uchch star par utpravaas hua, Korea sahit. [67] dviteeya vishv yuddh ke ant tak, Korea mein kareeb 850,000 se adhik Japani bas gaye. [69] dviteeya vishv yuddh ke baad, in videshi jaapaaniyon mein se adhikaansh, vaapas Japan chale gaye.

Koreai yuddh

sol, 1950 mein shahari yuddh, jaisa ki ameriki marine ladaai uttar Koreai shahar pakade.

1945 mein Japan ke samarpan ke saath, sanyukt raashtrasangh ne ek nyaas prashaasan ki yojana viksit ki, jiske tahat soviyt sangh 38vein samaanaantar ke praayadveep uttar ka prashaasan aur sanyukt raajya America dakshin ka prashaasan sanchaalit karne laga. sheet yuddh ki raajaneeti 1948 mein do pruthak sarkaaron, uttar Korea aur dakshin Korea ki sthaapana mein parint hui.

June 1950 mein uttari Korea ne soviyt tainkon aur hathiyaaron ke prayog se dakshin par hamla kar diya. Koreai yuddh (1950-1953) ke dauraan laakhon naagrik maare gaye aur poore desh mein chal rahe is teen saal ke yuddh ne prabhaavi dhang se adhikaansh shaharon ko nasht kar diya. [71] lagbhag 125,000 POWs (yuddhabandi) ko girftaar kiya gaya aur America aur dakshin Korea dvaara giojedo par (dakshin mein ek dweep) rakha gaya. [72] yuddh, lagbhag sainya seemaankan rekha par yuddhaviraam samjhaute se samaapt hua.

Korea ka vibhaajan

dviteeya vishv yuddh ke parinaamasvaroop, Korea 38 samaantar par vibhaajit ho gaya, jiske antargat uttari hissa, soviyt kabje mein aur dakshin, mitr raashtron ke anya deshon ke adheen gaya. nateejatan, lokataantrik janavaadi Korea ganaraajya, ek soviyt shaili ka samaajavaadi shaasan, uttar mein sthaapit kiya gaya, jabki ek pashchimi shaili ka ganatantr, Korea ganaraajya dakshin mein sthaapit kiya gaya.[76] Koreai yuddh tab chhid gaya, jab soviyt samarthit uttar Korea ne dakshin Korea par aakraman kar diya, haalaanki, nateeje ke taur par kisi bhi paksh ko kuchh khaas kshetr haasil naheen hua. Koreai praayadveep, vibhaajit raha, Koreai sainya rahit kshetr donon raajyon ke beech vaastavik seema hai.

uttar Korea ka akaal 1995 mein shuroo hua aur 1997 mein apne charam par pahuncha. uttar Korea ke saarvajanik suraksha mantraalaya ki ek report ke mutaabik, uttar ke baare mein 25 lakh mein apne nuksaan ke liye 3 million anumaan 1995 se March 1998 ke liye. ^[12]

inhein bhi dekhein: Geography of North Korea, Geography of South Korea, evam Provinces of Korea

mount Seorak ka ek drushya.

Korea, uttar-poorv Asia mein Koreai praayadveep par sthit hai. pashchimottar mein Amnok nadi (yaaloo nadi) Korea ko cheen se alag karti hai aur uttar-poorv mein duman nadi (tuman nadi), Korea ko cheen aur roos se alag karti hai. peela saagar pashchim mein hai, poorvi cheen saagar dakshin mein hai aur poorv saagar (Japan saagar) Korea ke poorv mein hai.[81] ullekhaneeya dweep mein shaamil hain jejoo dweep (jejudo), ulyung dweep (ulyungado) aur liynakort rauks (dokdo).

praayadveep ke dakshini aur pashchimi hisson mein achhi tarah se viksit maidaan hain, jabki poorvi aur uttari bhaag pahaad yukt hain. Korea mein pektoo parvat ya pektusan (2744 meter) sarvochch parvat hai, jiske baraabar cheen ki seema chalti hai. pektusan ka dakshini vistaar ek uchch bhoomi hai jise gaima haaits kehte hain. yeh uchch bhoomi mukhya roop se sinojoik orojeni ke dauraan oopar uthi thi aur aanshik roop se jvaalaamukhi tatvon se aachhaadit hai. gaima govon ke dakshin mein praayadveep ke poorvi tat ke saath lagaataar oonche pahaad sthit hain. is parvat shreni ka naam baikadoodaigan hai. kuchh mahatvapoorn parvaton mein shaamil hain parvat sobaik ya sobaiksan (1,439 meter), parvat kumagaang ya kumgaangasan (1,638 meter), parvat sioraak ya sioraaksan (1,708 meter), parvat tebaik ya tebaiksan (1,567 meter) aur mount jeeri ya jirisn (1,915 meter). yahaan kai kam oonche, maadhyamik parvat shrrunkhala hain jinki disha baikadoodegan se lagbhag lambavat hai. ve mesojoik orojeni ke vivrtanik pankti par viksit hue hain aur unki disha mool roop se uttar-pashchimi hai.

Daedongyeojido, Korea ka ek naksha

jaajoo dweep samundar ka kinaara.

mukhya bhoomi par sabse praacheen pahaadon ke vipreet, Korea mein kai mahatvapoorn dweep senojoik orojeni mein jvaalaamukhi gatividhi dvaara nirmit hue the. dakshini tat par sthit jejoo dweep, ek vishaal jvaalaamukhi dweep hai jiska mukhya parvat parvat halla ya hallaasan (1950 mi), dakshin Korea mein sabse ooncha hai. ulyong dweep, poorv saagar (Japan saagar) mein ek jvaalaamukhi dweep hai, jiski sanrachana jejoo se adhik felsik hai. jvaalaamukhi dweep apekshaakrut naveen hote hain aur pashchim ki or hote hain.

choonki pahaadi kshetr, praayadveep ke jyaadaatar poorvi bhaag par hain, mukhya nadiyaan pashchim ki or bahti hain. do apavaad hain, dakshinvarti naakadong nadi (naakadongaang) aur siomjin nadi (siomajingaang). pashchim ki or bahanevaali mahatvapoorn nadiyon mein shaamil hai amanok nadi (yaaloo), chongachon nadi (chongachonagaang), tedong nadi (tedongagaang), haan nadi (hangaang), giym nadi (giymagaang) aur yongasan nadi (yongsangaang). in nadiyon ke baadh ke maidaan vishaal hain aur geele chaaval ki kheti ke liye ek aadarsh vaataavaran pradaan karte hain.

Korea ki dakshini aur pashchimi tatarekha ek achhi tarah se viksit riya tatarekha banaati hai, jise daadohe-jin ke roop mein jaana jaata hai. iski ghumaavadaar tatarekha shaant samudra pradaan karti hai aur parinaamasvaroop praapt hone wala shaant vaataavaran, surakshit nauparivhan, matsya-grahan aur samudri shaivaal ki kheti ki anumati deta hai. jatil samudra tat ke alaava, Koreai praayadveep ke pashchimi tat par ati uchch jvaareeya aayaam hain (inachaan mein, pashchimi tat ke madhya ke aaspaas). yeh 9 meter tak ki unchaai praapt kar sakta hai). vishaal jvaareeya flat, dakshin aur pashchimi tatarekha par viksit kiye ja rahe hain.

Koreai logon ki sanyukt janasankhya kareeb 73 meeliyn hai (uttar Korea: 23 meeliyn, dakshin Korea: 50 meeliyn) hai. Korea, mukhyat: ek uchch samaroopi jaateeya samooh se, Koreai log, jo Koreai bhaasha bolte hain, aabaad hai. [84] Korea mein rahane vaale videshiyon ki sankhya bhi 20veen sadi ke uttaraardh ke baad se teji se badhi hai, vishesh roop se dakshin Korea mein, jahaan vartamaan mein das lakh se adhik videshi hate hain. [85] aisa anumaan hai ki puraane cheeni samudaaya ke keval 26,700 ab dakshin Korea mein rahate hain. [87] haalaanki, haal ke varshon mein, mukhya bhoomi cheen se aapravaas badha; hai cheeni raashtreeyata ki 624,994 logon ko jaateeya Koreai mool ke 443,566 sahit dakshin Korea, mein aakar basa hai.^[13] jaateeya cheeniyon aur jaapaaniyon ke chhote samudaaya bhi uttar Korea mein paae jaate hain. [91]

bhaasha

Hunmin jeong-eum, baad mein hangul bulaaya.

Koreai, uttar aur dakshin Korea, donon ki aadhikaarik bhaasha hai aur (mandaarin ke saath) yaanbiyn svaayatt preefekchar ke cheen ke manchooriya kshetr mein. duniya bhar mein, Koreai bhaasha ke 80 meeliyn bolne vaale hain. dakshin Korea mein bolne vaale kareeb 50 meeliyn hain jabki uttar Korea mein lagbhag 23 meeliyn hain. Koreai bhaashi logon ke anya bade samooh sanyukt raajya America (kareeb 0.9 meeliyn bhaashi), cheen (lagbhag 1.8 meeliyn bhaashi), poorv soviyt sangh (lagbhag 350,000 bhaashi), Japan (lagbhag 700,000), Canada (100,000), Malaysia (70,000) aur Australia (150,000) paae jaate hain. aisa anumaan hai ki, duniya bhar mein lagbhag 700,000 log bikhre hue hain jo naukri ki aavashyakataaon (udaaharan ke liye, Koreai sanparkon vaale selsavikreta ya vyavasaayi), koriaai se vivaah ya Koreai bhaasha mein poorn ruchi ki vajah se Korean bhaasha bolne mein saksham hain.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

Koreai logon ka vansh vargeekaran vivaadit hai. kuchh bhaashaavid ise altek bhaasha parivaar mein rakhate hain; doosaron ke vichaar se yeh ek pruthak bhaasha hai. Koreai bhaasha, apne aakruti vigyaan mein abhishleshi hai aur apne vaakyavinyaas mein SOV hai. Japani aur viytanaami ki tarah Koreai bhaasha ne bhi aanuvanshik roop se asanbandhit cheeni se kaafi shabdaavali li hai ya cheeni model par shabdaavali nirmit kar li.

aadhunik Koreai bhaasha, lagbhag ananya roop se hangul lipi mein likhi jaati hai, jiska aavishkaar 15veen sadi mein kiya gaya tha. jabki ho sakta hai hangul prateekamaya lage, yeh vaastav mein ek dhvanigraamik varnamaala hai jo shabdaansh block mein aayojit hai. pratyek block 24 hangul patra (jamo) ke kam se kam do hote hain: kam se kam 14 dhvani se har ek ko S S 10 aur svar aitihaasik roop se, varnamaala mein kai atirikt akshar the (dekhein aprachalit jamo). aksharon ki dh‍aavani prakriya ke anusaar vivran ke liye, Koreai svar-shaastr dekhein. hanja (cheeni akshar) aur laitin varnamaalaaen, kabhi-kabhi hangul paath mein shaamil ki jaati hai, vishesh roop se dakshin Korea mein.

inhein bhi dekhein: Korean art, Korean pottery, Korean martial arts, Korean dance, Korean bow, evam Korean architecture

Koreai bauddh vaastushilp

Koreai paaramparik nrutya (geommu jinjoo)

praacheen cheeni granthon mein, Korea ke liye 'ke roop mein nadiyon aur silk par kadhaai parvat nirdisht 금aa수aa강aa산 hai, 錦繡江山 aur' poorvi raashtra ki maryaada" 동aa방aa예aa의aa지aa국 東方禮儀之國^[14] 7veen aur 8veen shataabdi ke dauraan, silk road Korea ko arab se jodta tha. 845 mein, arab vyaapaariyon ne likha, "cheen ke paar ek desh hai jahaan sona prachurata mein hai aur jiska naam sila hai. musalmaan, jo vahaan gaye, desh se sammohit ho gaye aur vahaan basane ke ichhuk ho kar vahaan se jaane ke sabhi vichaar ko tyaag diya.[103] "

Koreai utsav aksar jeevant rangon ko pradarshit karte hain, jiske liye mangoliyaai prabhaav ko jimmedaar thaharaaya gaya hai: gahra laal, peela aur hara rang aksar paaramparik Koreai roopaankanon ko chihnit karta hai. [105] ye chamakeele rang, kabhi-kabhi paaramparik poshaak mein dekhe jaate hain jise hanabok kehte hain.

Koreai sanskruti ki ek visheshata usaki umr ki ganana pranaali hai. jab koi paida hota hai to use ek varsh ki umr ka maana jaata hai aur usaki umr, uske janmadin ki saalagirh ke bajaay har nae saal ke din badhti hai. is prakaar, 31 December ko janme shishu, apni paidaaishi ke agale din do varsh ki aayu ke ho jaaenge. tadanusaar, ek Koreai vyakti ki ghoshit umr, pashchimi parampara mein vyakt usaki umr se ek ya do varsh jyaada ho jaaegi.

saahitya

josiyn raajavansh ke ant se pehle likhe Koreai saahitya ko "shaastreeya" ya "paaramparik" kaha jaata hai. cheeni aksharon (hanja) mein likha saahitya, usi samay sthaapit hua jab cheeni varnamaala praayadveep par pahunchi. Koreai vidvaan, Koreai vichaaron aur us samay ke anubhavon ko darshaate hue, 2 shataabdi isa poorv se hi Koreai shaastreeya shaili mein kavita likh rahe the. Koreai shaastreeya saahitya ki jadein, praayadveep ke paaramparik lok vishvaason aur lok kathaaon mein hai, jo kanfyooshiynavaad, bauddh dharm aur taaovaad se gahre roop se prabhaavit hai.

aadhunik saahitya ko aksar hangul ke vikaas ke saath joda jaata hai, jisne abhijaat varg se lekar aam janta aur mahilaaon mein saaksharata ke prasaar mein madad ki. hangul, tathaapi, keval 19veen sadi ke uttaraardh mein Koreai saahitya mein ek pramukh sthaan par pahunchi, jisse Koreai saahitya mein mahatvapoorn vruddhi hui. sinsosiol udaaharan ke liye, hangul mein likhit upanyaas hain.

Koreai yuddh ne yuddh ke ghaavon aur araajakata ke ird-gird keindrit saahitya ke vikaas ko prerit kiya. dakshin Korea ka yuddh-poorv ka adhikaansh saahitya, aam logon ke dainik jeevan aur raashtreeya dard ke saath unke sangharsh ki charcha karta hai. paaramparik Koreai moolya pranaali ka patan us samay ka ek anya aam vishay tha.

dharm

Amitabh aur aath mahaan Bodhisattvas, 1300s se goriyo pustak

inhein bhi dekhein: Korean shamanism, Korean Confucianism, Korean Buddhism, Taoism in Korea, Christianity in Korea, evam Islam in Korea

bauddh dharm, taaovaad aur Koreai shaamanavaad ke yogadaan ke saath-saath kanfyooshiyaai parampara ne Koreai soch ko prabhaavit kiya hai. 20veen shataabdi ke madhya ke baad se, tathaapi, dakshin Korea mein isaaiyat ne bauddh dharm ke saath pratispardha ki hai jabki uttar Korea mein dhaarmik prathaaon ko daba diya gaya. Koreai itihaas aur sanskruti, judaai ki paravaah kiye bina poore; Koreai Shamanism, mahaayaan bauddh dharm, kanfyoosheevaad aur Taoism ki paaramparik maanyataaon ke prabhaav Koreai logon ke roop mein bhi unki sanskruti ka ek mahatvapoorn pahaloo ki ek antarnihit dharm raha hai, in sabhi paranparaaon ko shaanti coexisted hai aaj tak saikadon varsh ke liye^[15][16][17] ya saamyavaad se 'dabaav dakshin mein isaai mishnari roopaantaranon se majaboot pashchimeekaran ke baavajood uttar mein Juche sarkaar S.^[18][19]

dakshin Koreai sarkaar dvaara sankalit 2005 ke aankadon ke mutaabik, kareeb 46% naagrikon ne kisi vishesh dharm ka paalan na karne ko sveekaar kiya. isaai janasankhya ka 29.2% ke liye khaate mein (jo ki Protestants 18.3% aur 10.9% Catholic hain) aur bauddh 22.8%.^[20]

Koreai, chhaatravrutti ko tavajjo dete the aur cheeni shiksha aur shaastreeya granthon ke adhyayan ko puraskrut kiya; yaangabaan ladke hanja mein uchch shikshit the. sila mein, bon raink pranaali, ek vyakti ki saamaajik sthiti ko paribhaashit karti thi aur ek aisi hi samaan pranaali josiyn raajavansh ke ant tak bani rahi. iske atirikt, gvaagiyo civil seva pareeksha ne oordhvagaami gatisheelata ka raasta pradaan kiya.

dakshin Korea mein islaam ka, kareeb 100,000 videshi karmachaariyon ke alaava, lagbhag 45,000 deshi muslimon dvaara anugaman kiya jaata hai. [122]

Pak shaili/rasoi

inhein bhi dekhein: Korean tea ceremony evam Korean royal court cuisine

Bibimbap

Koreai paakashaili shaayad kimchi ke liye sabse achhi tarah se jaani jaati hai jismein sabjiyon ke sanrakshan ki ek vishisht kinvan prakriya ka upayog kiya jaata hai, sabse adhik foolagobhi ke liye. gochujaang (laal kaagaj ka bana paaramparik Koreai saus) bhi aamtaur par istemaal kiya jaata hai, aksar mirch paaudar ke roop mein, jisse yahaan ki paakashaili ko masaaledaar hone ka tamaga praapt hua.

bulagogi (bhuna hua masaaledaar maans, aamtaur par gomaans), gaalbi (masaaledaar greeld chhoti pasaliyaan) aur semagiopsal (sooar ka pet) lokapriya maans snaiks hain. bhojan ke saath aamtaur par ek soop ya damapukht hota hai, jaise gaalbeetaang (damapukht pasaliyaan) ke roop mein stoo, ke saath) kar rahe hain aur jjigae (kinvit sem pest stoo doenjang). saarani ke kendra banchan bulaaya sidedishes ke ek saajha sangrah se bhar jaata hai. yeh bhi aamtaur par Soju, ek lokapriya Koreai sharaabi chaaval se bani sharaab ke saath hai.

anya lokapriya vyanjan bibimbap jo shaabdik arth hai "mishrit chaaval" (maans, sabjiyon ke saath mishrit chaaval aur kaali mirch pest) aur naengmyeon (thand noodals) shaamil hain.

iske alaava, noodal tatkaal bulaaya ramyeon lokapriya hai. Koreai bhi (khomachevaale) pojangmachas se bhojan ka aanand ek machhali cake, Tteokbokki jahaan ek masaaledaar gochujang saus ke saath (chaaval ka cake aur machhali cake khareed sakte hain) aur vidroop, meethe aaloo, mirch, aaloo, salaad patta sahit tala hua bhojan. -jald hi parmaanu oorja vibhaag, ek ki faliyon se bana dahi aur green been suar aant mein bharavaan ankurit sausej, vyaapak roop se khaaya hai.

is anubhaag ki tatasthata is samay vivaadit hai. krupaya vaarta panne ki charcha ko dekhein. jab tak yeh vivaad sulajhata naheen hai krupaya is sandesh ko na hataaeain. (November 2009)

aadhunik Koreai school pranaali ko praathamik vidyaalaya, madhya vidyaalaya mein 3 saal mein 6 saal ke hote hain aur haai school mein 3 saal. chhaatron ko praathamik aur maadhyamik school mein jaane vaale hain aur hai ki shiksha ke liye ek chhoti si "school operation sahaayata shulk" ki school ko school se alag bulaaya shulk ke alaava, bhugataan naheen hai. (shikshakon ke karon se bhugataan) antararaashtreeya vidyaarthi moolyaankan, oiseedi dvaara samanvit, ke liye kaaryakram vartamaan mein raink dakshin Korea 3 ke roop mein vigyaan ki shiksha duniya mein sabse achha, kaafi ja raha hai oiseedi ausat se adhik hai.

Korea bhi ganit aur saahitya aur 1 par samasya ko sulajhaane mein 2 raink. haalaanki dakshin Korea ke chhaatron aksar antararaashtreeya tulanaatmak pareekshanon par uchch raink, shiksha pranaali kabhi kabhi nishkriya seekhane aur memorisation par jor dene ke liye aalochna ki hai. Koreai shiksha pranaali ko aur adhik kathor hai aur sabse pashchimi samaajon se sanrachit. iske alaava uchch laagat aur gair par nirbharata school niji sansthaan (Hakwon [학aa원]) pramukh saamaajik samasya ke roop mein ki aalochna ki hai. ek baar chhaatron ko vishvavidyaalaya mein pravesh baharahaal, sthiti ko spasht roop se ulat hai.

Jikji, bauddh santon aur Seon paraasnaatak, jald se jald pata chal dhaatu ka prakaar, 1377 se mudrit pustak ke chune hue upadesh. Bibliothèaque Nationale de peris.

vigyaan ke Korea ke itihaas aur praudyogiki ke sabse prasiddh kalaakrutiyon mein se ek Cheomseongdae (첨aa성aa대 hai, 瞻星臺 ek 9.4-meter oonche 634 mein nirmit vedhashaala.

jald se jald woodblock mudran ke Koreai udaaharan ke jeevit gyaat Mugujeonggwang mahaan sootr Dharani hai.^[21] yeh hai 750-751 E. mein Korea mein chhapa hai, jo yadi sahi karna, kya maana jaata hai ki yeh puraane sootr daayamand se. goriyo resham uchch pashchim ke dvaara maana haalaanki cheeni resham ke roop mein ke roop mein beshakeemati naheen tha aur Koreai neeli hari celadon ke saath banaaya bartanon uchchatam gunavatta ki thi aur uske baad ki maang bhi arab vyaapaariyon dvaara. goriyo ek poonji hai ki vyaapaariyon dvaara se aksar tha ke saath ek halachal arthavyavastha tha sab maaloom duniya bhar mein.

Joseon avadhi ke dauraan Geobukseon (kachhue jahaaj) ka aavishkaar kiya hai jo ek lakdi dek aur kaante ke saath lohe ke dvaara kavar kiya, the^[22][23][24] aur saath hi anya^[23] aisi (비aa격aa진aa천aa뢰, 飛擊震天雷 Bigyeokjincheolloe ke 飛擊震天雷) aur hwacha.

Koreai varnamaala hangul bhi mahaan Sejong dvaara is samay ke dauraan ka aavishkaar kiya gaya tha.

• prasiddh Koreai logon ko
• antar Koreai shikhar sammelan
• Koreai naam
• Koreai
• Korea ke shaasakon ki soochi
• uttar Korea ki raashtreeya khajaane
• dakshin Korea ki raashtreeya khajaane
• uttar Korea
• dakshin Korea

• chun, Tuk choo. "prashaant samudaaya mein Korea. saamaajik shiksha 52 (1988 March), 182. 368 177 EJ.
• Cumings, brus. do Koreai deshon. new yaurk: sangh ki videsh neeti, 1984.
• Asiaee adhyayan par dhyaan dein. vishesh ank: "Korea: ek adhyaapak guide". number 1, 1986 patan.
• sainik-Wook shin / Michael raubinsan (Ed.). Korea, Cambridge, maas mein aupaniveshik aadhunikta [UA]: Harvard vishvavidyaalaya, Asia kendra, Harvard Univ dvaara vitrit ki. 1999 press. I S bi N 0-674-46853-8.
• jo, WJ aur Choe, ha paaramparik Korea: ek saanskrutik itihaas, siol: Hollym, 1997.
• Joungwon, A ke vibhaajit Korea: vikaas ki raajaneeti, Harvard university press, 1975.
• li ki-baik. Korea ka ek naya itihaas. Cambridge: uttar pradesh Harvard, 1984.
• li gaaya-samarthan. "kala aur Korea ke saahityik". saamaajik adhyayan 79 (July, August 1988): 153-60. 376 894 EJ.
• Tae-jin, vaai "majaboor great haan saamraajya "ke Japan ke vilay ke liye agrani sandhiyaan ke Koreai yoonesko, Vol ke liye raashtreeya aayog mein gairkaanooni tha. 36, 4, naheen, 1996.
• denis upabhog ke liye parampara se heart,: ek poonjeevaadi sanskruti ke dakshin Korea mein nirmaan. sol: Jimoondang pab., 2003.
• gloostarashaayar rejimeint aur Imjin nadi ke yuddh, Koreai yuddh
• oiseedi svaasthya aaainkade 2009 ke liye jaankaari dete dhyaan dein: kaise kya Korea ki tulana: operation ke liye aarthik sahayog aur vikaas sangathan. 2009.

• mukhaprushth vikiyaatra se North Korea hetu yaatra guide.

• mukhaprushth vikiyaatra se South Korea hetu yaatra guide.

• mukt nirdeshika pariyojana par Korea

saaaincha:Korea topics nirdeshaank: 38°a19′aN 127°a14′aE / 38.317°aN 127.233°aE / 38.317; 127.233