Kashmir

is lekh mein satyaapan hetu atirikt sandarbh athva sroton ki aavashyakta hai. krupaya vishvasaneeya srot jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. srotaheen saamagri ko chunauteedi ja sakti hai aur hataaya bhi ja sakta hai. (January 2012)

ye lekh Kashmir ki vaadi ke baare mein hai. is raajya ka lekh dekhne ke liye yahaaain jaayein : Jammu aur Kashmir.

Edward mauleenaks dvaara banaaya shreenagar ka drushya

Kashmir (Kashmiri : koshoor) bhaarateeya upamahaadveep ka ek hissa hai jiske alag-alag bhaagon par Bhaarat tatha Pakistan ka adhiptya hai. bhaarateeya Kashmir Jammu aur Kashmir praant ka ek khand hai. Pakistan ispar Bhaarat ka adhikaar naheen maanata aur ise adhikrut karna chaahata hai. Kashmir ek muslimbahul pradesh hai. aaj ye aatankvaad se joojh raha hai. iski mukhya bhaasha Kashmiri hai.

Jammu aur Kashmir ke baaki do khand hain Jammu aur laddaakh. Pakistan ke kabje mein raajya ke do anya khand hain : shumaali ilaake aur tathaakathit aajaad Kashmir. cheen ke kabje mein laddaakh ka aksaai chin ilaaka aata hai.

Kashmir ki Jhelum ghaati ka najaara

ye khoobasoorat bhoobhaag mukhyat: Jhelum nadi ki ghaati (vaadi) mein basa hai. bhaarateeya Kashmir ghaati mein chh: jile hain : shreenagar, badgaam, anantanaag, pulavaama, baaraamula aur kupavaada. Kashmir himaalaya parvati kshetr ka bhaag hai. Jammu khand se aur Pakistan se ise peer-paanjaal parvat-shreni alag karti hai. yahaaain kai sundar sarovar hain, jaise dal, vular aur nageen. yahaaain ka mausam garmiyon mein suhaavana aur sardiyon mein barfeela hota hai. is pradesh ko dharati ka svarg kaha gaya hai. ek naheen kai kaviyon ne baar baar kaha hai :

gar firdaus bar rue jmeen ast, hameen ast, hameen ast, hameen ast. (faarasi mein mugl baadshah jahaaaingeer ke shabd)

praacheenakaal mein Kashmir hindu aur bauddh sanskrutiyon ka paalana raha hai. maana jaata hai ki yahaaain par Bhagwan Shiv ki patni devi sati raha karti theen aur us samay ye vaadi poori paani se dhaki hui thi. yahaaain ek raakshas naag bhi rahata tha, jise vaidik rishi kashyap aur devi sati ne milkar hara diya aur jyaadaatar paani vitsta (Jhelum) nadi ke raaste baha diya. is tarah is jagah ka naam sateesar se Kashmir pada. isse adhik tarkasangat prasang yeh hai ki iska vaastavik naam kashyapamar (athva kachhuon ki jheel) tha. isi se Kashmir naam nikla.

Kashmir ka achha-khaasa itihaas kalhan ke granth raajatarangini se (aur baad ke anya lekhakon se) milta hai. praacheen kaal mein yahaaain hindu aarya raajaaon ka raaj tha.

maurya samraat ashok aur kushaan samraat kanishk ke samay Kashmir bauddh dharm aur sanskruti ka mukhya kendra ban gaya. poorv-madhyayug mein yahaaain ke chakravarti samraat lalitaaditya ne ek vishaal saamraajya kaayam kar liya tha. Kashmir sanskrut vidya ka vikhyaat kendra raha.^[1]

Kashmir shaivadarshan bhi yaheen paida hua aur panapa. yahaan ke mahaan maneesheeyon mein patanyajali, drudhabal, vasugupt, aanandavardhan, abhinvagupt, kalhan, kshemaraaj aadi hain. yeh dhaarana hai ki vishnudharmottar puraan evam yog vaasishth yaheen likhe gaye.

praacheen katha

sthaaneeya logon ka vishvaas hai ki is vistrut ghaati ke sthaan par kabhi manoram jheel thi jiske tat par devataaon ka vaas tha. ek baar is jheel mein hi ek asur kaheen se aakar bas gaya aur vah devataaon ko sataane laga. trust devataaon ne rishi kashyap se praarthana ki ki vah asur ka vinaash karein. devataaon ke aagrah par rishi ne us jheel ko apne tap ke bal se rikt kar diya. iske saath hi us asur ka ant ho gaya aur us sthaan par ghaati ban gayi. kashyap rishi dvaara asur ko maarane ke kaaran hi ghaati ko kashyap maar kaha jaane laga. yahi naam samayaantar mein Kashmir ho gaya. nilmat puraan mein bhi aisi hi ek katha ka ullekh hai. Kashmir ke praacheen itihaas aur yahaan ke saundarya ka varnan kalhan rachit raaj tarangini mein bahut sundar dhang se kiya gaya hai. vaise itihaas ke lambe kaalakhand mein yahaan maurya, kushaan, hoon, karakota, lohara, mugal, Afghan, sikh aur Dogra raajaaon ka raaj raha hai. Kashmir sadiyon tak Asia mein sanskruti evam darshan shaastr ka ek mahatvapoorn kendra raha aur soofi santon ka darshan yahaan ki saanskrutik viraasat ka mahatvapoorn hissa raha hai.

madhyayug mein muslim aakraanta Kashmir par kaabij ho gaye. kuchh musalmaan shaah aur raajyapaal (jaise shaah jain-ul-abideen) hinduon se achha vyavahaar karte the par kai (jaise sultaan sikndar butashikn) ne yahaaain ke mool Kashmiri hinduon ko musalmaan banane par, ya raajya chhodne par ya marne par majaboor kar diya. kuchh hi sadiyon mein Kashmir ghaati mein muslim bahumat ho gaya. musalmaan shaahon mein ye baari baari se afgaan, Kashmiri musalmaan, mugl aadi vanshon ke paas gaya. mugl saltanat girne ke baad se sikh mahaaraaja ranajeet Singh ke raajya mein shaamil ho gaya. kuchh samay baad Jammu ke hindu Dogra raaja gulaab Singh Dogra ne british logon ke saath sandhi karke Jammu ke saath saath Kashmir par bhi adhikaar kar liya (jise kuchh log kehte hain ki Kashmir ko khreed liya). Dogra vansh Bhaarat ki aajaadi tak kaayam raha.

Kashmir se kuchh yaadagaar vastuen le jaani hon to yahaan kai sarkaari enporiym hain. akharot ki lakadi ke hastashilp, peparameshi ke sho-pees, ledar ki vastuen, kaaleen, pashmeena evam jaamaavaar shaal, kesar, cricket bait aur sookhe meve aadi paryatakon ki khareedaari ki khaas vastuen hain. laal chauk kshetr mein har tarah ke shopping kendra hai. khaanapaan ke shaukeen paryatak Kashmiri bhojan ka svaad jaroor lena chaaheinge. baajavaan Kashmiri bhojan ka ek khaas andaaj hai. ismein kai course hote hai jinmein rogan josh, tabakamaaj, methi, gustaan aadi dish shaamil hoti hai. sveet dish ke roop mein firni prastut ki jaati hai. ant mein kahava arthaat Kashmiri chai ke saath vaajavaan poorn hota hai.

Bhaarat ki aajaadi ke samay Kashmir ki vaadi mein lagbhag 15 % hindu the aur baaki musalmaan. aatankvaad shuru hone ke baad aaj Kashmir mein sirf 4 % hindu baaki rah gaye hain, yaani ki vaadi mein 96 % muslim bahumat hai. jyaadaatar musalmaanon aur hinduon ka aapasi bartaav bhaaichaare wala hi hota hai. Kashmiri log khud kaafi khoobasoorat maan

yahaaain ki soofi-parampara bahut vikhyaat hai, jo Kashmiri islaam ko paramparaagat shiya aur sunni islaam se thoda alag aur hinduon ke prati sahishnu bana deti hai. Kashmiri hinduon ko Kashmiri pandit kaha jaata hai aur vo sabhi braahman maane jaate hain. sabhi kashmeeriyon ko Kashmir ki sanskruti, yaani ki kashmeeriyt par bahut naaj hai. vaadi-A-Kashmir apne chinaar ke pedon, Kashmiri seb, kesar (jaafraan, jise sanskrut mein kaashmeeram bhi kaha jaata hai), pashmeena oon aur shaulon par ki gayi kadhaai, galeechon aur desi chai (kahava) ke liye duniya bhar mein mashahoor hai. yahaaain ka santoor bhi bahut prasiddh hai. aatankvaad se bashak in sabhi ko aur kashmeeriyon ki khushahaali ko bahad dhakka laga hai. Kashmiri vyanjan Bhaarat bhar mein bahut hi lajeej maane jaate hain. not karein ki jyaadaatar Kashmiri pandit maans khaate hain. Kashmiri panditon ke maansaahaari vyanjan hain : neni (bakare ke gosht ka) kliya, neni rogn josh, neni yakhiyn (yakhni), machh (machhali), ityaadi. Kashmiri panditon ke shaakaahaari vyanjan hain : chamani kliya, veth chaman, dam oluv (aaloo dam), raajma goaagji, choek vangan (baingan), ityaadi. Kashmiri musalmaanon ke (maansaahaari) vyanjan hain : kai tarah ke kabaab aur kofte, rishtaaba, goshtaaba, ityaadi. paramparaagat Kashmiri daavat ko vaajvaan kaha jaata hai. kehte hain ki har Kashmiri ki ye khvaahish hoti hai ki jindagi mein ek baar, kam se kam, apne doston ke liye vo vaajvaan parose. kul milaakar kaha jaye to Kashmir hindu aur muslim sanskrutiyon ka anootha mishran hai.

dharati ka svarg kaha jaane wala Kashmir great himaalayan range aur peer panjaal parvat shrrunkhala ke madhya sthit hai. yahaan ki naisargik chhata har mausam mein ek alag roop liye najar aati hai. garmi mein yahaan hariyaali ka aanchal faila dikhta hai, to sebon ka mausam aate hi laal seb baagaan mein jhoolate najar aane lagte hain. sardiyon mein har taraf barfaki chaadar failane lagti hai aur patajhad shuroo hote hi jard chinaar ka sunahara saundarya man mohane lagta hai. paryatakon ko sammohit karne ke liye yahaan bahut kuchh hai. shaayad isi kaaran desh-videsh ke paryatak yahaan khinche chale aate hain. vaise prasiddh lekhak Thomas moor ki pustak laila rukh ne Kashmir ki aisi hi khoobiyon ka parichay poore vishv se karaaya tha.

Bhaarat ki svatantrata ke samay hindu raaja hari Singh yahaaain ke shaasak the. shekh abdulla ke netrutv mein muslim kaunfreins (baad mein neshnal conference) us samay Kashmir ki mukhya raajanaitik party thi. Kashmiri pandit, shekh abdulla aur raajya ke jyaadaatar musalmaan Kashmir ka Bhaarat mein hi vilay chaahate the. par Pakistan ko ye bardaasht hi naheen tha ki koi muslim-bahumat praant Bhaarat mein rahe (isse uske do-raashtra siddhaant ko thes lagti thi). so 1947-48 mein Pakistan ne kabaaili aur apni chhadm sena se Kashmir mein aakraman karavaaya aur kaafi hissa hathiya liya. us samay pradhaanamantri javaaharalaal neharu ne mohammad Ali jinna se vivaad janamat-sangrah se sulajhaane ki peshaksh ki, jise jinna ne us samay thukara diya kyonki unako apni sainik kaarravaai par poora bharosa tha. mahaaraaja ne shekh abdulla ki sahamati se Bhaarat mein kuchh sharton ke tahat vilay kar diya. jab bhaarateeya sena ne raajya ka kaafi hissa bacha liya aur ye vivaad sanyukt raashtra mein le jaaya gaya to sanyuktaraashtr mahaasabha ne do kraaradaad (sankalp) paarit kiye :

• Pakistan turant apni sena kaabij hisse se khaali kare.
• shaanti hone ke baad dono desh Kashmir ke bhavishya ka nirdhaaran vahaaain ki janta ki chaahat ke hisaab se kareinge (baad mein kaha gaya janamat sangrah se).

dono mein se koi bhi sankalp abhi tak laagoo nahi ho paaya hai.

• Jammu aur Kashmir ki lokataantrik aur nirvaachit samvidhaan-sabha ne 1957 mein ekamat se mahaaraaja ke vilay ke kaagjaat ko haami de di aur raajya ka aisa samvidhaan sveekaar kiya jismein Kashmir ke Bhaarat mein sthaayi vilay ko maanyata di gayi thi.
• kai chunaavon mein Kashmiri janta ne vote daalkar Bhaarat ka saath diya hai. bhaarateeya fauj ki naye sipaahiyon ke bharti abhiyaan mein hajaaron Kashmiri navayuvak aate hain.
• Bhaarat Pakistan ke do-raashtra siddhaant ko naheen maanata. Bhaarat swayam panthanirpeksh hai.
• Kashmir ka Bhaarat mein vilay british "bhaarateeya svaatantrya adhiniyam" ke tahat kaanooni taur par sahi tha.
• Pakistan apni bhoomi par atankavaadi shivir chala raha hai (khaas taur par 1989 se) aur Kashmiri yuvakon ko Bhaarat ke khilaaf bhadka raha hai. jyaadaatar aatankvaadi swayam Pakistani naagrik (ya taalibaani afgaan) hi hain. ye aur kuchh Kashmiri milkar islaam ke naam par Bhaarat ke khilaaf jihaad chhed rakhe hain. lagbhag sabhi Kashmiri panditon ko aatankvaadiyon ne vaadi ke baahar nikaal diya hai aur vo sharanaarthi shiviron mein rah rahe hain.
• raajya ko samvidhaan ke anuchhed 370 ke tahat svaayatta praapt hai. koi gair-Kashmiri yahaaain jameen naheen khreed sakta. ummeed hai ki bahut jald ye anuchhed janamat se hata diya jaaega.

• do-raashtra siddhaant ke tahat Kashmir muslim bahul hone ke naate Pakistan mein jaana chaahiye tha. vikalp hone par har Kashmiri Pakistan hi chunega, kyonki vo Bhaarat se nafrat karta hai.
• Bhaarat ne sanyukt raajya ki naaframaani ki hai aur darata hai ki agar janamat-sangrah hua to Kashmiri janta Pakistan ko hi chunegi.
• kaanooni taur par Kashmir ke mahaaraaja dvaara Bhaarat mein vilay glat tha kyonki mahaaraaja ne ye vilay pareshaani ki sthiti mein kiya tha.
• Pakistan ki mukhya nadiyaaain Kashmir se aati hain, jinko Bhaarat kabhi bhi rok sakta hai.

jo bhi ho, Kashmiri janta aaj bhi Pakistan dvaara chalaaye ja rahe bhayaanak aatankvaad se joojh rahi hai. bhaarateeya fauj dvaara chalaaye ja rahe aatankvaad-virodhi abhiyaan ne bhi kashmeeriyon ko tohafe mein kai maanavaadhikaar hanan hi diye hain (bhaarateeya fauj ispar apni majaboori jaahir karte hue kehti hai ki aatankvaad virodhi kaarravaai mein shahari janta kabhi kabhi pis hi jaati hai). san 2002 mein vaadi mein lokataantrik dhang se chunaav hue the. nayi sarkaarein kya kya kar paati hain, ye to vakt hi bataayega.

vah sarvavidit hai ki pan॰ Nehru tatha maauntabetan ke paraspar vishesh sambandh the, jo kisi bhi bhaarateeya Congressi ya muslim neta ke aapas mein na the. pandit Nehru ke prayaason se hi maauntabetan ko svatantr Bhaarat ka pehla Governor general banaaya gaya, jabki jinna ne maauntabetan ko Pakistan ka pehla Governor general maanane se saaf inkaar kar diya, jiska maauntebatan ko jeevan bhar afsos bhi raha. maauntabetan 24 March 1947 se 30 June 1948 tak Bhaarat mein rahe. in pandrah maheenon mein vah na keval samvaidhaanik pramukh rahe balki Bhaarat ki mahatvapoorn neetiyon ka nirnaayak bhi rahe. pan॰ Nehru unhein sadaiv apna mitr, maargadarshak tatha mahaanatam salaahakaar maanate rahe. vah bhi pan॰ Nehru ko ek "shaanadaar", "sarvada vishvasaneeya" "kalpanaasheel" tatha "saiddhaantik samaajavaadi" maanate rahe.

Kashmir ke prashn par bhi maauntabetan ke vichaaron ko pan॰ Nehru ne atyadhik mahatva diya. pan॰ Nehru ke shekh abdulla ke saath bhi gahre sambandh the. shekh abdulla ne 1932 mein Aligadh muslim vishvavidyaalaya se M.S.si kiya tha. fir vah shreenagar ke ek haaiskool mein adhyaapak niyukt hue, parantu anushaasanaheenata ke kaaran school se hata diye gaye. fir vah kuchh samay tak british sarkaar se taalamel bithaane ka prayatn karte rahe. aakhir mein unhonne 1932 mein hi Kashmir ki raajaneeti mein apna bhaagya aajmaana chaaha aur "muslim kfronns" sthaapit ki, jo keval musalmaanon ke liye thi. parantu 1939 mein iske dwaar anya panthon, majahabon ke maanane vaalon ke liye bhi khol diye gaye aur iska naam "national kaanfreins" rakh diya tatha isne pandit Nehru ke praja mandal aandolan se apne ko jod liya. shekh abdulla ne 1940 mein national kfronns ke sammelan mein mukhya atithi ke roop mein pandit Nehru ko bulaaya tha. shekh abdulla se pan॰ Nehru ki andhi dosti aur bhi gahari hoti gayi. shekh abdulla samay-samay par apni shabdaavali badalate rahe aur pan॰ Nehru ko bhi dhokha dete rahe. baad mein bhi Nehru parivaar ke saath shekh abdulla ke parivaar ki yahi dosti chalti rahi. shreemati indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi aur ab Rahul Gandhi ki dosti kramash: shekh abdulla, faarukh abdulla tatha vartamaan mein umar abdulla se chal rahi hai.

mahaaraaja se katu sambandh

durbhaagya se Kashmir ke mahaaraaja hari Singh (1925-1947) se na hi shekh abdulla ke aur na hi pandit Nehru ke sambandh achhe rah paae. mahaaraaja Kashmir shekh abdulla ki kutil chaalon, svaarthi aur alagaavavaadi soch tatha Kashmir mein hindu-virodhi ravaiye se parichit the. ve isse bhi parichit the ki "kvit Kashmir aandolan" ke dvaara shekh abdulla mahaaraaja ko hataakar, swayam shaasan sambhaalne ko aatur hai. jabki pan॰ Nehru Bhaarat ke antarim pradhaanamantri ban gaye the, tab ek ghatna ne is katuta ko aur badha diya tha. shekh abdulla ne shreenagar ki ek conference mein pandit Nehru ko aane ka nimantran diya tha. is kfronns mein mukhya prastaav tha mahaaraaja Kashmir ko hataane ka. majaboor hokar mahaaraaja ne pan॰ Nehru se is kfronns mein na aane ko kaha. par na maanane par pan॰ Nehru ko Jammu mein hi shreenagar jaane se poorv rok diya gaya. pan॰ Nehru ne ise apna apamaan samjha tatha ve ise jeevan bhar na bhoole. Pakistani fauj va kabaayali aakraman ke samay raaja hari Singh ko sabak sikhaane ke uddeshya se neharu ji ne bhaarateeya sena ko bhejane mein jaanaboojh ke deri ki, jisse Kashmir ka do tihaayi hissa Pakistan kabjaane mein safal raha. is ghatna se shekh abdulla ko dohari prasannata hui. isse vah pan॰ Nehru ko prasann karne tatha mahaaraaja ko kupit karne mein safal hua.

kashmeeriyt ki bhaavana

pan. Nehru ka vyaktitv yadyapi raashtreeya tha parantu Kashmir ka prashn aate hi ve bhaavuk ho jaate the. iseeliye jahaan unhonne Bhaarat mein chautarafa bikhri 560 riyaasaton ke vilay ka mahaan daayitv sardaar Patel ko saunpa, vaheen keval Kashmiri dastaavejon ko apne kabje mein rakha. aise kai udaaharan hain jab ve Kashmir ke maamale mein kendreeya prashaasan ki bhi salaah sunane ko taiyaar na hote the tatkaaleen videsh sachiv vaai.di. gunadeveeya ka kathan tha, "aap pradhaanamantri se Kashmir par baat na karein. Kashmir ka naam sunate hi ve achet ho jaate hain." prastut lekh ke lekhak ka swayam ka bhi ek anubhav hai-1958 mein main ek pratinidhimndal ke saath pan॰ Nehru ke nivaas teen moorti gaya. vahaan school ke bachchon ne unke saamane Kashmir par Pakistan ko chunauti dete hue ek geet prastut kiya. ismein "Kashmir bhala too kya lega?" sunate hi pan॰ Nehru tilmila gaye tatha geet ko beech mein hi band karne ko kaha.

mahaaraaja ki Bhaarat-priyta

jinna Kashmir tatha Hyderabad par Pakistan ka aadhiptya chaahate the. unhonne apne sainya sachiv ko teen baar mahaaraaja Kashmir se milne ke liye bheja. tatkaaleen Kashmir ke pradhaanamantri kaak ne bhi unase milaane ka vaayada kiya tha. par mahaaraaja ne baar-baar beemaari ka bahaana banaakar baatcheet ko taal diya. jinna ne garmiyon ki chhutti Kashmir mein bitaane ki ijaajat chaahi thi. parantu mahaaraaja ne vinmrataapoorvak is aagrah ko taalate hue kaha tha ki vah ek padosi desh ke Governor general ko thaharaane ki aupachaarikta poori naheen kar paaenge. doosari or shekh abdulla gaddi hathiyaane tatha ise ek muslim pradesh (desh) banaane ko aatur the. pan॰ Nehru bhi apamaanit mahasoos kar rahe the. udhar maauntabetan bhi June maas mein teen din Kashmir rahe the. shaayad ve Kashmir ka vilay Pakistan mein chaahate the, kyonki unhonne meharachand mahaajan se kaha tha ki "bhaugolik sthiti" ko dekhte hue Kashmir ke Pakistan ka bhaag banana uchit hai. is samast prasang mein atyant mahatvapoorn bhoomika shri guruji (maadhavaraav sadaashivraav golavalakar) ne nibhaai. ve mahaaraaja Kashmir se baatcheet karne 18 October ko shreenagar pahunche. vichaar-vimarsh ke pashchaat mahaaraaja Kashmir apni riyaasat ke Bhaarat mein vilay ke liye poori tarah paksh mein ho gaye the.

pan॰ Nehru ki bhayankar bhoolein

jab shadyantron se baat naheen bani to Pakistan ne bal prayog dvaara Kashmir ko hathiyaane ki koshish ki tatha 22 October 1947 ko sena ke saath kabaailiyon ne mujaffaraabaad ki or kooch kiya. lekin Kashmir ke nae pradhaanamantri meharachandr mahaajan ke baar-baar sahaayata ke anurodh par bhi Bhaarat sarkaar udaaseen rahi. Bhaarat sarkaar ke guptachar vibhaag ne bhi is sandarbh mein koi poorv jaankaari naheen di. Kashmir ke Brigadier Rajendra Singh ne bina vardi ke 250 javaanon ke saath Pakistan ki sena ko rokane ki koshish ki tatha ve sabhi veeragati ko praapt hue. aakhir 24 October ko maauntabetan ne "suraksha committee" ki baithak ki. parantu baithak mein mahaaraaja ko kisi bhi prakaar ki sahaayata dene ka nirnaya naheen kiya gaya. 26 October ko pun: committee ki baithak hui. adhyaksh maauntabetan ab bhi mahaaraaja ke hastaakshar sahit vilay praapt na hone tak kisi sahaayata ke paksh mein naheen the. aakhirkaar 26 October ko sardaar Patel ne apne sachiv vi.pi. Menon ko mahaaraaja ke hastaakshar yukt vilay dastaavej laane ko kaha. sardaar Patel swayam vaapasi mein vi.pi. Menon se milne havaai adde pahunche. vilay patra milne ke baad 27 October ko havaai jahaaj dvaara shreenagar mein bhaarateeya sena bheji gayi.

'doosare, jab Bhaarat ki vijay-vaahini senaaen kabaailiyon ko khaded rahi theen. saat November ko baarahamoola kabaailiyon se khaali kara liya gaya tha parantu pan॰ Nehru ne shekh abdulla ki salaah par turant yuddh viraam kar diya. parinaamasvaroop Kashmir ka ek tihaai bhaag jismein mujaffaraabaad, punchh, meerapur, gilaagit aadi kshetr aate hain, Pakistan ke paas rah gaye, jo aaj bhi "aajaad Kashmir" ke naam se pukaare jaate hain.

teesare, maauntabetan ki salaah par pan॰ Nehru ek January, 1948 ko Kashmir ka maamala sanyukt raashtra sangh ki suraksha parishd mein le gaye. sambhavat: iske dvaara ve vishv ke saamane apni imaandaari chhavi ka pradarshan karna chaahate the tatha vishvavyaapi pratishtha praapt karna chaahate the. par yeh prashn vishv panchaayat mein yuddh ka mudda ban gaya.

chauthi bhayankar bhool pan॰ Nehru ne tab ki jabki desh ke anek netaaaaein ke virodh ke baad bhi, shekh abdulla ki salaah par bhaarateeya samvidhaan mein dhaara 370 jud gayi. nyaayaadheesh di.di. Basu ne is dhaara ko asamvaidhaanik tatha raajaneeti se prerit batalaaya. dau॰ bheemaraav ambedakar ne iska virodh kiya tatha swayam is dhaara ko jodne se mana kar diya. is par pradhaanamantri pan॰ Nehru ne riyaasat raajyamantri gopaal svaami aayangar dvaara 17 October 1949 ko yeh prastaav rakhavaaya. ismein Kashmir ke liye alag samvidhaan ko sveekruti di gayi jismein Bhaarat ka koi bhi kaanoon yahaan ki vidhaanasabha dvaara paarit hone tak laagoo naheen hoga. doosare shabdon mein do samvidhaan, do pradhaan tatha do nishaan ko maanyata di gayi. Kashmir jaane ke liye paramit ki anivaaryata ki gayi. shekh abdulla Kashmir ke pradhaanamantri bane. vastut: is dhaara ke jodne se badhkar doosari koi bhayankar galati ho naheen sakti thi.

paanchaveen bhayankar bhool shekh abdulla ko Kashmir ka "pradhaanamantri" banaakar ki. usi kaal mein desh ke mahaan raajaneta dau॰ shyaama prasaad mukharji ne do vidhaan, do pradhaan, do nishaan ke viruddh deshavyaapi aandolan kiya. ve paramit vyavastha ko todkar shreenagar gaye jahaan jail mein unki hatya kar di gayi. pan॰ Nehru ko apni galati ka ehsaas hua, par bahut der se. shekh abdulla ko kaaraagaar mein daal diya gaya lekin pan॰ Nehru ne apni mrutyu se poorv April, 1964 mein unhein pun: riha kar diya.

• Kashmiri saahitya
• Kashmiri raaja soochi
• Kashmiri raajanayik
• Kashmiri sanskruti
• Kashmiri pandit

1. ↑ subhaash kaak, The Wonder That Was Kashmir. In "Kashmir and its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society." M.K. Kaw (ed.), A.P.H., New Delhi, 2004. ISBN 81-7648-537-3. http://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/wonder.pdf

• vikipeediya par angreji mein Kashmir par lekh
• vikipeediya par angreji mein Kashmir ke itihaas par lekh
• Kashmiri panditon ki vebasaait

• The Wonder That Was Kashmir (Subhash Kak)
• kabhi Kashmir bhi kuchh aur tha
• kashmiri saints and Sages

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