John lauk

John lauk

John lauk (1632-1704) aangl daarshanik evam raajanaitik vichaarak the.

anukram

jeevani

jaan lauk ka janm 29 August 1632 E. ka ringatan naamak sthaan par hua. inke pita ek saadhaaran sthiti ke jameendaar aur praabhikrta the. ve pyooritn the aur aangl gruhayuddh mein (1641-47) sena ki or se lade the. pita aur putr ka sambandh aadarsh tha. inhonne 1646 mein vestaminstar paathashaala mein pravesh liya. yahaaain ke adhyayan ke pashchaat san 1652 mein aaksaford vishvavidyaalaya ke kraaist church kaalij mein pravisht hue. yahaaain par svatantr vichaaradhaara ka adhik prabhaav tha. 1660 mein ve isi prakhyaat mahaavidyaalaya mein yoonaani bhaasha evam darshan ke praadhyaapak niyukt hue. unke darshan jaise gahan vishay mein rujhaan utpann karne ka shreya dekaart ko hai. dharmashaastron mein vichaarasvaatantrya ke abhaav ke kaaran ve rasaayan shaastr ki or aakarshit hue aur raabart voil ke mitr ban gaye.

1666 E. mein unki bheint laard eshali se hui. samaan vichaaron ne unhein sthaayi maitri ke sootr mein baaaindha. 1667 se ve eshali ke London sthit nivaasasthaan eksetar house mein rahane lage. unhonne 15 varsh tak eshali ke vishvast sachiv ke roop mein kaarya kiya. 1675 mein eshali ke patan ke kaaran ve unke saath peris chale gaye. yahaaain par unki bheint anek vaigyaaniko aur saahityakaaron se hui. eshali ke raajaneetik utthaan patan ke kaaran lauk ko bhi unke saath Holland bhaagna pada. 1683 mein eshali ki mrutyu hui. chooainki lauk par bhi sandehaatmak drushti thi, at: unhein vahaaain par 5 varsh vyateet karne pade aur yahaaain unki aureinj ke Rajkumar William se mitrata hui. November, 1688 mein William ko England ka raaja ghoshit kiya ga. farabari, 1689 mein lauk ne Holland se usi jalayaan mein yaatra ki jismein William ki patni raani meri yaatra kar rahi thi.

England lautane par lauk ko raajadoot ka pad pradaan kiya gaya kintu unhonne use sveekaar naheen kiya, kyonki ab ve apna shesh jeevan England mein hi vitaana chaahate the. unhonne punarvichaar aayukt ka pad grahan kiya, parantu unke svaasthya ne saath naheen diya. san 1691 mein ve sar Francis mehaam ke graamya nivaasasthaan mein rahane lage. yahaaain par 14 varsh tak ve us shaant vaataavaran mein rahe jo unke girte svaasthya ke liye aavashyak tha. 1696 mein ve vyaapaar aayukt niyukt hue. svaasthya theek na rahane ke kaaran 1700 mein is pad ko bhi chhodna pada. apni jeevanasandhya dhaarmik adhyayan evam saadhana mein bitaate hue 28 October 1704 ko svarg sidhaare.. derp

daarshanik vichaar

unke daarshanik vichaar "aisej kansarnig hyooman andarastaiding" mein spasht hain. yeh pustak aadhunik prayog siddhavaad ka aadhaar hai. "bina vichaaron ke gyaan asambhav hai, parantu vichaar na satya hai na asatya, ve keval aakruti roop hain. satya athva asatya vichaar ka drudhtaapoorvak sveekaar athva asveekaar karna nishiddh hai. vichaar ke poorv maanav mastishk kore kaagaj ke samaan hai jispar anubhav samast vichaaron ko likhta hai."

ve gyaan ko chaar prakaar ka bataate hain :

  • 1- vishleshanaatmak jahaaain ham vichaaron ki bhinnata tatha samaanata ka pata lagaate hain. jaise kaala safed naheen hai.
  • 2- ganit sambandhi - jaise do trikon jo anuroop hai aur jo samaanaantar rekhaaon ke beech hai ve paraspar samaan hote hain.
  • 3- bhautik vigyaan ke aadhaar par - jahaaain ham yeh nishchaya karte hain ki ek gun ka doosare gun ke saath sahaastitv hai athva naheen. jaise aag thandi naheen hai.
  • 4- aatma aur paramaatma ka gyaan vaastavik hai.

dhaarmik vichaar

unke dhaarmik vichaar unke chaar patron "letars kansaning taalareshan" dvaara vyakt hain. ve dhaarmik sahishnuta mein vishvaas karte the, yadi iske dvaara shivm ka vikaas hota ho, kintu ve naastikvaad ke samarthak na the.

saamaajik evam raajaneetik vichaar

unke saamaajik evam raajaneetik vichaar unki prakhyaat pustak "too treetaaijej ov gavarnameint" (1690) mein vyakt kiye gaye hain.

unke samay mein prajaatantr evam sahanasheelata ke siddhaant raaja ke daivi adhikaaron se takara rahe the. raajya sanvida ka parinaam tha. manushya ke praakrutik avastha se raajya tatha samaaj ki vyavastha mein aane se naisargik adhikaaron ka apaharan naheen hua. in naisargik adhikaaron mein sampatti aur vyaktigat svatantrata ka adhikaar bhi sammilit hai. janasamudaaya ko saarvajanik bhalaai ke liye kisi bhi prakaar se, svashaasan karne ka adhikaar hai. sarkaar ko kisi ke un dhaarmik vishvaason mein hastakshep karne ka adhikaar naheen hai jo samaaj ke anukool hain. ye vichaar unke raajaneetik darshan ki jad hai. samaaj sanvida par aadhaarit hai aur sanvida ki sharton mein, paristhiti ke anusaar janta ki sarvochch ichha dvaara parivartan kiya ja sakta hai. samaaj ke shaasakon ki satta nirankush naheen hai apitu vah ek dharohar hai. shaasak usaka adhikaari tabhi tak hai jab tak ki vah apne uttaradaayitv ko nibhaata hai.

vidroh karne ki svaadheenata ke adhikaar ka lauk ne samarthan kiya jo amareeka, Bhaarat tatha anya upaniveshon ke svatantrata sangraam ka prerak raha. is prakaar unka prashaasan ke siddhaanton ka vichaar aaj tak sudrudh aur prajaatantr ki aadhaarashila bana hua hai.

shiksha par vichaar

shiksha par unke vichaar thauts on ejookeshan (1691) mein vyakt hain. unke upayogitaavaadi drushtikon se shiksha ka uddeshya buddhi va charitra ka vikaas hai aur uske saath hi saath ek svasth shareer ka nirmaan bhi hai. bachchon ko shiksha dete samay unke aanand ka bhi dhyaan rakhana chaahiye. adhyaapak mein paanditya ki apeksha buddhi ki adhik aavashyakta hai.

sandarbh


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