Japan
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日aa本aa国 nippon-kokoo ya nihon-kokoo Japan
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raashtragaan:
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rajdhani aur sabse badaa nagar |
tokyo 35°a41′aN 139°a46′aE / 35.683°aN 139.767°aE |
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| raajabhaasha(eain) | Japani | |||||
| nivaasi | Japani | |||||
| sarkaar | sansadeeya lokatantr evam saanvaidhaanik raajatantr | |||||
| - | samraat | akeeheeto | ||||
| - | pradhaanamantri | shinjo ebe | ||||
| gathan | ||||||
| - | raashtreeya sthaapana diwas | 11 February, 660 ipoo3 | ||||
| - | maiji samvidhaan | 29 November 1890 | ||||
| - | vartamaan samvidhaan | 3 May 1947 | ||||
| - | sen fraanssiko samjhauta |
28 April 1952 |
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| kshetrafal | ||||||
| - | kul | 3,77,873 varg kilometer (62 vaan) 1,45,883 varg meal |
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| - | jal (%) | 0.8 | ||||
| janasankhya | ||||||
| - | 2007 janaganana | 12,74,33,494 (10 vaan) | ||||
| - | 2004 janaganana | 12,73,33,002 | ||||
| sakal ghareloo utpaad (PPP) | 2006 praakkalan | |||||
| - | kul | $4.220 triliyn2 (3 ra) | ||||
| - | prati vyakti | $33,1002 (12 vaan) | ||||
| maanav vikaas soochakaank (2013) |
 0.890[1]bahut uchch · 17vaaain |
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| mudra | (yen) (JPY) | |||||
| samay mandal | JST (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+9) | |||||
| - | greeshmakaaleen (di॰ba॰asa॰) | aakalan naheen (yoo॰atee॰asee॰) | ||||
| doorabhaash koot | 81 | |||||
| Internet teeeladi | .jp | |||||
| 1. | Yokohama is the largest incorporated city. | |||||
| 2. | "World Factbook; Japan—aEconomy". CIA. 2006-12-19. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html#Econ. abhigman tithi: 2006-12-28. | |||||
| 3. | According to legend, Japan was founded on this date by the Emperor Jimmu, first emperor of Japan; it is seen as largely symbolic. | |||||
Japan va udayavarsh, Asia mahaadveep mein sthit desh hai. Japan chaar bade aur anek chhote dveepon ka ek samooh hai. ye dweep Asia ke poorv samudratat, yaani prashaant mahaasaagar mein sthit hain. iske niktatam padosi cheen, Korea tatha roos hain. Japan mein vahaaain ka mool nivaasiyon ki janasankhya 98.5% hai . baaki 0.5% Koreai,0.4%chaaineej tatha 0.6% anya log hai . Japani apne desh ko nippan kehte hain, jiska matlab sooryanikaas hai. Japan ki rajdhani tokyo hai aur uske anya bade mahanagar yokohaama, osaaka aur kyoto hain.
anukram
itihaas
Japani lokakathaaon ke anusaar vishv ke nirmaata ne soorya devi tatha chandr devi ko bhi racha. fir usaka pota kyooshoo dweep par aaya aur baad mein unki santaan honshoo dweep par fail gaye. haalaanki, yeh lokakatha hai par ismein kuchh sachchaai bhi najar aati hai.
praacheen kaal
Japan ka pratham likhit saakshya 57 isvi ke ek cheeni lekh se milta hai. ismein ek aise raajaneetijnya ke cheen daure ka varnan hai, jo poorv ke kisi dweep se aaya tha. dheere-dheere donon deshon ke beech raajanaitik aur saanskrutik sambandh sthaapit hue. us samay Japani ek bahudaivik dharm ka paalan karte the, jismein kai devata hua karte the. chhathi shataabdi mein cheen se hokar bauddh dharm Japan pahuncha. iske baad puraane dharm ko shinto ki sanjnyaa di gayi jiska shaabdik arth hota hai - devataaon ka panth. bauddh dharm ne puraani maanyataaon ko khatm naheen kiya par mukhya dharm bauddh hi bana raha. cheen se bauddh dharm ka aagamaan usi prakaar hua jis prakaar log, likhne ki pranaali (lipi) tatha mandiro ka saanskrutik tatha shaikshanik kaaryon ke liye upayog.
shinto maanyataaon ke anusaar jab koi raaja marata hai to uske baad ka shaasak apna rajdhani pehle se kisi alag sthaan par banaaega. bauddh dharm ke aagaman ke baad is maanyata ko tyaag diya gaya. 710 isvi mein raaja ne naura naamak ek shahar mein apni sthaayi rajdhani banaai. shataabdi ke ant tak ise haaira naamak nagar mein sthaanaantarit kar diya gaya jise baad mein kyoto ka naam diya gaya. san 910 mein Japani shaasak foojeevaara ne apne aap ko Japan ki raajanaitik shakti se alag kar liya. iske baad tak Japan ki satta ka pramukh raajanaitik roop se Japan se alag raha. yeh apne samakaaleen bhaarateeya, yooropi tatha islaami kshetron se poori tarah bhinn tha jahaaain satta ka pramukh hi shakti ka pramukh bhi hota tha. is vansh ka shaasan gyaarahaveen shataabdi ke ant tak raha. kai logon ki najar mein yeh kaal Japani sabhyata ka svarnakaal tha. cheen se sampark ksheen padta gaya aur Japan ne apna khud ki pehchaan banaai. dasavi sadi mein bauddh dharm ka maargaiokijnunun iske baad se Japan ne apne aap ko ek aarthik shakti ke roop mein sudrudh kiya aur abhi takaneeki kshetron mein usaka naam agrani raashtron mein gina jaata hai.
bhoogol
Japan kai dveepon se bana desh hai. Japan koi 6800 dveepon se milkar bana hai. inmein se keval 340 dweep 1 varg kilometer se bade hain. Japan ko praay: chaar bade dveepon ka desh kaha jaata hai. ye dweep hain - hokkaaido, honshoo, shikokoo tatha kyooshoo. Japani bhoobhaag ka 76.2 pratishat bhoobhaag pahaadon se ghira hone ke kaaran yahaan krushi yogya bhoomi maatr 13.4 pratishat hai, 3.5 pratishat kshetr mein paani hai aur 4.6 pratishat bhoomi aavaaseeya upayog mein hai. Japan khaadyaannon ke maamale mein aatmanirbhar naheen hai. chaaron or samudra se ghira hone ke baavajood ise apni jarurat ki 28 pratishat machhaliyaan baahar se mangaani padti hai.
shaasan tatha raajaneeti
yadyapi aisa kaheen likha naheen hai par Japan ki raajanaitik satta ka pramukh raaja hota hai. usaki shaktiyaan seemit hain. Japan ke samvidhaan ke anusaar "raaja desh tatha janta ki ekta ka pratinidhitv karta hai". samvidhaan ke anusaar Japan ki svaayattata ki baagdor Japan ki janta ke haathon mein hai.
videsh neeti
sainik roop se Japan ke sambandh America se saamaanya hai.
sena
Japan ka vartamaan samvidhaan ise doosare deshon par sainik abhiyaan ya chadhaai karne se mana karta hai.
arthavyavastha
ek anumaan ke anusaar Japan vishv ki doosari sabse badi arthavyavastha hai parantu Japan ki arthavyavastha sthir naheen hai. yahaan ke logo ki ausat vaarshik aay lagbhag 50,00 ameriki dollar hai jo kaafi adhik hai. 1868 se, meeji kaal aarthik vistaar ka shubhaaranbh kiya. meeji shaasakon ne mukt baajaar arthavyavastha ki avadhaarana ko gale laga liya aur mukt udyam poonjeevaad ke british aur uttari America ke roopon ko apnaaya. Japani videsh mein aur pashchimi vidvaanon ka adhyayan gaye the Japan mein padhaane ke kaam par rakha hai. aaj ke udyamon ke kai samay ki sthaapana ki thi. Japan Asia mein sabse viksit raashtra ke roop mein ubhara hai.
1980 ke dashak, samagr vaastavik aarthik vikaas ke liye 1960 se ek "Japani" chamatkaar bulaaya gaya hai: 1960 ke dashak mein ek 10% ausat, 1970 ke dashak mein ek 5% ausat hai aur 1980 ke dashak mein ek 4% ausat. vikaas Japani kya call ke dauraan 1990 ke dashak mein spasht roop se dheema dashak ke baad bade paimaane par Japani parisanpatti moolya bulabula aur ghareloo karne ke liye share aur achal sampatti baajaar se satta jyaadatiyon marod iraada neetiyon ke prabhaav ki vajah se khoya. sarkaar ko aarthik chhoti safalta ke saath mulaakaat ki vruddhi ko punarjeevit karne ke prayaason the aur aage 2000 mein vaishvik mandi se prabhaavit. arthavyavastha 2005 ke baad vasooli ke majaboot sanket dikhaaya. us varsh ke liye GDP vikaas 2.8% tha. 2009 ke roop mein, Japan duniya mein doosari sabse badi arthavyavastha hai par sanyukt raajya America ke baad, America ke aaspaas 5 naamamaatr ka sakal ghareloo utpaad aur teesare ke sandarbh mein kharab dollar ke baad sanyukt raajya America aur shakti samata Japan ke lok rin ki khareed ke 192 pratishat ke maamale mein cheen yeh vaarshik sakal ghareloo utpaad, banking, beema, real estate, khudara bikri, parivhan, doorasanchaar aur nirmaan ki sabhi pramukh udyogon Japan ek bade audyogik kshamata hai aur sabse bada ki, pramukh aur sabse adhik praudyogiki motor vaahan, ilektraanik ke utpaadakon unnat karne ke liye ghar hai upakaran, machine tools, ispaat aur poton, rasaayan, vastr aur prasanskrut khaadya padaarth sakal ghareloo utpaad ke teen timaahiyon ke liye seva kshetr khaato.
vigyaan evam praudyogiki
Japan pichhle kuchh dashakon se vigyaan ke kshetr mein agrani ho gaya hai. Japan ke vaigyaanik anusandhaan ke kshetron, vishesh roop se praudyogiki, machinery aur jaiv chikitsa anusandhaan ke kshetr mein agrani deshon mein se ek hai. lagbhag 700,000 shodhakartaaon share ek America mein 94 130 arab dollar ka anusandhaan evam vikaas bajat, vishv mein teesari sabse badi [.] Japan maulik vaigyaanik anusandhaan mein ek vishv neta hain, hone bhi bhautiki mein terah Nobel puraskaar vijetaaon ka utpaadan kiya, rasaayan vigyaan ya chikitsa, 95 [] teen Fields padak 96] aur ek gaus puraskaar vijeta [. [97]
Japan ke adhik pramukh takaneeki yogadaan ke kuchh electronics, automobile ke kshetr mein, machinery, bhookamp engineering, audyogik robotiks, prakaashiki, rasaayan, ardhachaalak aur dhaatuon paae jaate hain. Japan robotiks utpaadan aur upayog karte hain, aadhe se adhik rakhane (402200 742500 ke) duniya ke audyogik roboton ke vinirmaan ke liye istemaal kiya [98] yeh bhi QRIO, ASIMO aur AIBO ka utpaadan kiya. duniya mein le jaata hai. Japan duniya ke motor vaahan ka sabse bada utpaadak hai 99] [aur chaar duniya ki sabse badi automobile pandrah nirmaataaon ke liye ghar aur aaj ke roop mein saat duniya ke bees sabse badi ardhachaalak bikri netaaon ki.
Japan eyarospes eksaploreshan agency (jaaksa) Japan ki antariksh agency hai jo antariksh aur grah anusandhaan, uddayan anusandhaan aayojit karta hai aur rocket aur upagrah viksit karta hai. yeh antararaashtreeya antariksh station mein bhaageedaar hai aur Japani prayog maudyool (Kibo hai) kiya gaya tha 2008 mein antariksh shatal vidhaanasabha udaanon ke dauraan antararaashtreeya antariksh station mein joda [100.] yeh Venus jalavaayu shuroo ki parikrama ke roop mein antariksh ki khoj mein ki yojana banaai hai (grah 2010 mein si), [101] [102 budh Magnetospheric parikrama vikaasasheel] 2013 mein shuroo kiya jaana hai, [103] [104] aur 2030 se ek moonbase nirmaan. [105]
14 September ko, 2007, yeh ek H IIA (model H2A2022) Tanegashima antariksh kendra se vaahak rocket ko chandrama ki kaksha eksaplorar "selin" (Selenological end engineering eksaplorar) ka shubhaaranbh kiya. selin bhi Kaguya ke roop mein jaana jaata hai, praacheen lokakatha baans katar ki katha ka chandra Rajkumari. [106] Kaguya Apollo kaaryakram ke baad se sabse badi jaanch chandra mission hai. apne mission se chandrama ki utpatti aur vikaas par deta ikattha hai. yeh 4 October [107] [108 ke baare mein 100 kimi (62 meal) ki oonchaai par chandrama ki kaksha mein udaan] par ek chandra kaksha mein pravesh kiya. [109]
sanskruti
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is lekh/anubhaag ki bhaasha sudhaarane ki aavashaayakata hai. yeh sampoorn lekh ya iske kuchh anubhaag ek masheeni anuvaad hai, ya anya bhaasha(on) mein likhe gaye hain aur inke anuvaad ki aavashyakta hai. |
kuchh log Japan ki sanskruti ko cheen ki sanskruti ka hi vistaar samajhte hain. Japani logo ne kai vidhaaon mein cheen ki sanskruti ka andhaanukaran kiya hai. bauddh dharm yahaan cheeni tatha Koreai bhikshuon ke maadhyam se pahuncha. Japan ki sanskruti ki sabse khaas baat ye hai ki yahaan ke log apni sanskruti se bahut lagaav rakhate hain. March ka maheena utsavon ka maheena hota hai. Japani sangeet udaar hai, hone upakaranon taraajoo, padosi sanskrutiyon aur shailiyon se udhaar liya. Koto jaise kai upakaranon, nauvein aur dasvein shataabdiyon mein pesh kiye gaye. chaudahavein shataabdi aur lokapriya lok sangeet se Noh naatak taareekhon ke saath bhaashan, gitaar ki tarah shamisen ke saath, solahaveen se [144] pashchimi shaastreeya sangeet, der se unneesaveen sadi mein shuroo ki. ab ka ek abhinn ang sanskruti. yuddh ke baad Japan bhaari kar diya gaya hai ameriki aur Europeeya aadhunik sangeet, jo lokapriya band Jammu, paup sangeet bulaaya ke vikaas ke liye netrutv kiya gaya hai dvaara prabhaavit kiya.[1]
karaaoke sabse vyaapak roop se saanskrutik gatividhi abhyaas hai. saanskrutik maamalon agency dvaara ek November 1993 sarvekshan mein paaya gaya ki adhik Japani karaaoke gaaya tha ki varsh ki tulana mein paramparaagat saanskrutik gatividhiyon mein vyavastha ya chai samaaroh ke fool ke roop mein bhaag liya tha. [2]
Japani saahitya ki jald se jald kaam do itihaas ki pustakon mein shaamil hain aur Kojiki Nihon Shoki aur aathaveen shataabdi kavita pustak Man'yōaashū, maanyoshoo sabhi cheeni aksharon mein likha hai. [3] heeyaan kaal ke shuruaati dinon mein, ke roop mein jaana pratilekhan ki vyavastha kaana (heeraagaana aur kaataakaana) phonograms ke roop mein banaaya gaya tha. baans katar ki katha puraana Japani katha maana jaata hai [4] heeyaan adaalat jeevan ke ek khaate. hai takiya sei Shōanagon dvaara likhit pustak ke dvaara diya hai, jabki ledi muraasaaki dvaara geinji ki katha aksar duniya ke pehle upanyaas ke roop mein varnit hai.
ido avadhi ke dauraan, saahitya itna chōaanin ki hai ki ke roop mein saamuraai shishtajan ka maidaan naheen ban gaya, saadhaaran log hain. Yomihon, udaaharan ke liye, lokapriya ban gaya hai aur paathakon aur granthakaarita mein is gahra badlaav ka pata chalta hai [148] meeji yug paaramparik saahityik roopon, jiske dauraan Japani saahitya pashchimi prabhaav ekeekrut ki giraavat dekhi.. Natsume Sōaseki aur mori Ōaagai pehli "Japan ke aadhunik 'upanyaasakaar, Ryūanosuke Akutagawa, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Yasunari Kawabata, yukio mishima aur, dvaara aur adhik haal hi mein peechha kiya, Haruki Murakami the. Japan ke do Nobel puraskaar vijeta lekhak-Yasunari Kawabata (1968) aur Kenzaburo ain (1994) hai.
saahitya
maanyoshoo Japan ka sabse puraana kaavya sankalan hai. haaiku Japan ki prasiddh kaavya vidha rahi hai tatha maatsuo baasho Japani haaiku kavita ke prasiddh kavi hain.
dharm
Japan ki 84 pratishat janta shinto tatha bauddh donon dharmon ka anusaran karti hai. taao dharm, kanfyoosheevaad aur bauddh dharm cheen se bhi Japani vishvaason aur seema shulk ko prabhaavit kiya hai. Japan mein dharm prakruti mein samadharmi ho jaata hai aur prathaaon ka ek maata pita, pareeksha se pehle praarthana chhaatron mana bachchon ke roop mein aisi kism, mein yeh parinaam, jodon ek krishchiyn church par ek shaadi pakad hone ke bauddh mandir mein aayojit kiya. ek alpasankhyak (2,595,397 ya 2.04%) isaai dharm ko peshe ke alaava [5]. hai, kyonki 19 veen sadi ke madhya, kai dhaarmik sanpradaayon (Shinshūakyō) Japan mein Tenrikyo aur Aum (shinrikyo ya Aleph) jaise ubhara hai.
bhaasha
lagbhag 99% janta Japani bhaasha bolti hai. lekhan pranaali kaanji (cheeni akshar) aur kaana ke do set ke roop mein achhi tarah se laitin varnamaala aur arabi ankon ka upayog karta hai. bhaashaaon mein bhi Japan bhaasha parivaar ka hissa hai jo Japani antargat aata hai, okinaava mein boli jaati hain, lekin kuchh bachchon ko in bhaashaaon ke liye seekh lo. bhaasha maranaasann keval kuchh bujurg hokaaido mein shesh deshi vaktaaon ke saath hai. adhikaansh saarvajanik aur niji schoolon ke chhaatron ko donon Japani aur angreji mein paathyakramon lene ke liye aavashyakta hoti hai.
janajeevan
apni Japan yaatra ke baad nishikaant thaakur likhte hain -
"aaj Japan mein har vyakti ke paas rangeen television hai, kareeb 83 pratishat logon ke paas car hai, 80 pratishat gharon mein eyarakandeeshan lage hain, 76 pratishat logon ke paas veeseeaar hain, 91 pratishat gharon mein maaikrovev ovan hain aur kareeb 25 pratishat logon ke paas parsanal computer hain. yeh hai vikaas aur oonche jeevan star ki ek jhalak. aam Japani svabhaav se sharmeela, vinmr, imaandaar, mehanati aur deshbhakt hota hai. yahi kaaran hai ki viksit deshon ki tulana mein Japan mein aparaadh dar kam hai."
khel-kood
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is lekh/anubhaag ki bhaasha sudhaarane ki aavashaayakata hai. yeh sampoorn lekh ya iske kuchh anubhaag ek masheeni anuvaad hai, ya anya bhaasha(on) mein likhe gaye hain aur inke anuvaad ki aavashyakta hai. |
paramparaagat roop se, soomo Japan ke raashtreeya khel maana jaata hai [6] aur yeh Japan mein ek lokapriya darshak khel hai. judo jaise maarshal Art, karaate aur aadhunik Kendo bhi vyaapak roop se prachalit hai aur desh mein darshakon ne aanand uthaaya. meeji punaruddhaar ke baad kai pashchimi khel Japan mein shuroo kiya gaya aur shiksha pranaali ke maadhyam se fail shuroo kiya. [7]
Japan mein peshevar besabaul league 1936 mein sthaapit kiya gaya tha [8] aaj besabaul sabse lokapriya desh mein darshak khel hai.. ek ke sabse prasiddh Japani besabaul khilaadiyon ke Ichiro Suzuki, jo 1994 mein Japan ki sabse moolyavaan player award, 1995 aur 1996 hai, ab uttar ameriki major league besabaul ke siyetal Mariners ke liye khelta hai jeet rahi hai. uske pehle, Sadaharu oh achhi tarah se kiya gaya tha Japan ke baahar jaana jaata hai, kar adhik ghar maara apne samakaaleen, haank haaroon, sanyukt raajya America mein kiya tha ki tulana mein apne kairiyr ke dauraan Japan mein chalaata hai.
1992 mein Japan profeshanal football league ki sthaapana, association football (saukar) ke baad se bhi ek vistrut nimnalikhit praapt kiya hai] Japan. [9]. 1981 se intarakaantineintal cup ke ek sthal 2004 se tha aur sah mejabaani 2002 FIFA vishv cup dakshin ke saath Korea. Japan ek sabse safal Asia mein football teemon mein se ek hai, Asiaee cup jeetne teen baar.
golf bhi Japan, [10] ke roop mein lokapriya hai super ji.ti. sports car shrrunkhala aur nippaun faurmoola formula resing ke roop mein auto resing ke roop hain [11] judva aaingoothi Motegi tha honda dvaara 1997 mein poora karne ke liye IndyCar laane ke liye daud Japan.
Japan mein tokyo mein 1964 mein greeshmakaaleen olanpik ki mejabaani ki. Japan ke sheetakaaleen olanpik ki mejabaani ki hai do baar, naagaano mein 1998 mein aur 1972 mein saapporo
videshi sambandhon aur sainya
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is lekh/anubhaag ki bhaasha sudhaarane ki aavashaayakata hai. yeh sampoorn lekh ya iske kuchh anubhaag ek masheeni anuvaad hai, ya anya bhaasha(on) mein likhe gaye hain aur inke anuvaad ki aavashyakta hai. |
Japan ke paas rakhata aarthik aur sainya sambandhon iske pramukh sahayogi America ke saath, America aur Japan suraksha apni videsh neeti ke aadhaar ke roop mein seva ke saath gathabandhan [12]. 1956 ke baad se sanyukt raashtra ke ek sadasya raajya, Japan ke roop mein seva ki hai ek gair 19 saal ki kul ke liye sthaayi suraksha parishad ke sadasya, 2009 aur 2010 ke liye sabse haal hi mein. yeh bhi ek G4 suraksha parishad mein sthaayi sadasyata ki maang deshon ki [47].
ji -8, APEC, "aasiyaan plas teen aur poorv Asia shikhar baithak mein ek bhaageedaar ke ek sadasya ke roop mein, Japan sakriya roop se antararaashtreeya maamalon mein bhaag leta hai aur duniya bhar mein apne mahatvapoorn sahayogi ke saath raajanayik sambandhon ko badhaati hai. Japan March 2007 [13] aur Bhaarat ke saath October 2008 mein Australia ke saath ek suraksha samjhaute [14] yeh bhi duniya ki sarkaari vikaas sahaayata ka teesara sabse bada daata hai par hastaakshar kiye. hone ke baad sanyukt raajya America aur United kingadam, America 2004 mein 8,86 arab dollar ka daan. [15] Japan Iraq yuddh karne ke liye gair ladnevaala sainik bheje hain, lekin baad mein Iraq se apni sena vaapas le liya [51] Japani samudri self defence fors. RIMPAC samudri abhyaas mein ek niyamit roop se bhaageedaar hai.
Japan ne bhi Japani naagrikon aur apne parmaanu hathiyaar aur misaail kaaryakram ke apne apaharan par ek uttari Korea ke saath chal rahe vivaad ke chehare (dekhein bhi chhah paksheeya vaarta). kureel dweep vivaad ka ek parinaam ke roop mein, Japan takaneeki roop se ab bhi roos ke saath yuddh mein koi mudda sulajhaane sandhi par hastaakshar kiye gaye the ke baad se kabhi bhi hai [16].
Japan ki sena dvaara pratibandhit hai anuchhed 9 Japani samvidhaan hai, jo Japan ke yuddh ki ghoshana karne ke liye ya antarraashtreeya vivaadon ke samaadhaan ka ek saadhan ke roop mein sainya bal ke prayog ka adhikaar tyaag ki. Japan ke sainya raksha mantraalaya dvaara sanchaalit hai aur mukhya roop se Japan ground self defence fors (JGSDF) ke hote hain, Japan mereetaaim self defence (JMSDF) sena aur Japan air self defence fors (JASDF). sena ne haal hi mein operation kiya gaya hai shaanti aur Japani sainikon ki Iraq mein tainaati mein prayukt vishv yuddh ke [. dviteeya ke baad se pehli baar apne sainya upayog ke videshi chihnit
inhein bhi dekhein
baahari kadiyaaain
- nishikaant thaakur - meri Japan yaatra (jaagaran.com par)
- pragaadh ho rahe Bhaarat aur Japan ke rishte (prabhaasaakshi)
- ↑ "2014 Human Development Report". 2014. pp. 21–25. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf. abhigman tithi: 27 July 2014.