Jammu aur Kashmir

Jammu aur Kashmir Jammu-O-Kashmir • جaaمaaوaaں و کaaشaaمaaیaaر
— raajya —

samay mandal: IST (UTC+5:30)
desh	Bhaarat
jila	22
'	26 October 1947
rajdhani	• Jammu (sheetakaaleen) • shreenagar (greeshmakaaleen)
sabse bada nagar	shreenagar
raajyapaal	nareindranaath vohara
mukhya mantri	mahbooba mufti (peedeepi)
up mukhya mantri	nirmal Singh (bhaajapa)
vidhaan sabha (seatein)	dvisdan (89 + 36)
janasankhya • ghanatv	1,01,43,700 (18th) • 100 /kimi² (259 /varg meal)^[1]
aadhikaarik bhaasha(eain)	urdu, Kashmiri, dogari
kshetrafal	2,22,236 ki.mee² (85,806 varg meal)
ISO 3166-2	IN-JK
aadhikaarik jaalasthal: jammukashmir.nic.in

nirdeshaank: 33°a27′aN 76°a14′aE / 33.45°aN 76.24°aE / 33.45; 76.24 Jammu aur Kashmir Bhaarat ka sabse uttar mein sthit raajya hai. Pakistan iske uttari ilaake ("Pak adhikrut Kashmir") ya tathaakathit "aajaad Kashmir" ke hisson par kaabij hai, jabki cheen ne aksaai chin par kabja kiya hua hai. Bhaarat in kabjon ko gairakaanooni maanata hai jabki Pakistan bhaarateeya Jammu aur Kashmir ko ek vivaadit kshetr maanata hai. raajya ki aadhikaarik bhaasha urdoo hai.

'Jammu aur Kashmir' mein Jammu (puainchh sahit), Kashmir, Laddakh, baltistaan evam gilgit ke kshetr sammilit hain. is raajya ka Pakistan adhikrut bhaag ko lekar kshetrafal 2,22,236 varg ki॰mee॰ evam use 1,38,124 varg ki॰mee॰ hai. yahaaain ke nivaasiyon mein adhikaansh musalmaan hain, kintu unki rahan-sahan, reeti-rivj evam sanskruti par hindu dharm ki paryaapt chhaap hai. Kashmir ke seemaant kshetr Pakistan, Afghanistan, sinkyaang tatha Tibet se mile hue hain. Kashmir Bhaarat ka mahatvapoorn raajya hai.

anukram

hisse

bhaarateeya Jammu aur Kashmir ke teen mukhya anchal hain : Jammu (hindu bahul), Kashmir (muslim bahul) aur laddaakh (bauddh bahul). greeshmakaaleen rajdhani shreenagar hai aur sheetakaaleen rajdhani Jammu-tavi. Kashmir pradesh ko 'duniya ka svarg' maana gaya hai. adhikaansh jila himaalaya parvat se dhaka hua hai. mukhya nadiyaaain hain sindhu, Jhelum aur chenaab. yahaaain kai khoobasoorat jheelein hain: dal, vular aur naagin.

bhoogol

Kashmir ke adhikaansh kshetr parvateeya hain. keval dakshin-pashchim mein Punjab ke maidaanon ka kram chala aaya hai. Kashmir kshetr ki pradhaanataya do vishaal parvatashreniyaaain hain. sudoor uttar mein kaaraakoram tatha dakshin mein himaalaya jaaskar shreniyaaain hain jinke madhya sindhu nadi ki sainkari ghaati samaavisht hai. himaalaya ki pramukh shreni ki dakshini dhaal ki or sansaaraprasiddh Kashmir ki ghaati hai jo doosari or peer panjaal ki parvatashreni se ghiri hui hai. peer panjaal parvat ka kram dakshin mein Punjab ki seemaavarti neechi tatha atyadhik videern truteeya yugeen pahaadiyon tak chala gaya hai.

praakrutik drushti se Kashmir ko teen bhaagon mein vibhaajit kiya ja sakta hai :

Jammu kshetr ki baahya pahaadiyaaain tatha madhyavarti parvatashreniyaaain,
Kashmir ghaati,
sudoor bruhat‌ madhya parvatashreniyaaain jinmein Laddakh, baltistaan evam gilgit ke kshetr sammilit hain.

Kashmir ka adhikaansh bhaag chinaav, Jhelum tatha sindhu nadi ki ghaatiyon mein sthit hai. keval mujtaagh tatha karaakoram parvaton ke uttar tatha uttar-poorv ke nirjan tatha adhikaansh agyaat kshetron ka jal madhyaeshiya ki or pravaahit hota hai. lagbhag teen chauthaai kshetr keval sindhu nadi ki ghaati mein sthit hai. Jammu ke pashchim ka kuchh bhaag raavi nadi ki ghaati mein padta hai. Punjab ke samatal maidaan ka thoda sa uttari bhaag Jammu praant mein chala aaya hai. chinaav ghaati mein kishtavaad tatha bhadravaah ke ooainche pathaar evam neechi pahaadiyaaain (kandi) aur maidaani bhaag padte hain. Jhelum ki ghaati mein Kashmir ghaati, niktavarti pahaadiyaaain evam unke madhya sthit sainkari ghaatiyaaain tatha baaraamoola-kishnaganga ki sankuchit ghaati ka niktavarti bhaag sammilit hai. sindhu nadi ki ghaati mein jaaskar tatha rupashoo sahit Laddakh kshetr, baltistaan, astod evam gilgit kshetr padte hain. uttar ke ardhavruttaakaar pahaadi kshetr mein bahut se ooainche darre hain. uske nikat hi nanga parvat (26,182 foot) hai. panjaal parvat ka uchchatam shikhar 15,523 foot ooaincha hai.

Jhelum ya biht, vaidik kaal mein 'vitsta' tatha yoonaani itihaasakaaron evam bhoogolavettaaon ke granthon mein 'haaidasapees' ke naam se prasiddh hai. yeh nadi verinaag se nikalkar kashmeeraghaati se hoti hui baaraamoola tak ka 75 meal ka pravaahamaarg poora karti hai. iske tat par anantanaag, shreenagar tatha baaraamoola jaise prasiddh nagar sthit hain. raajatarangini ke varnan se pata chalta hai ki praacheen kaal mein Kashmir ek bruhat‌ jheel tha jise brahmaasut maareechi ke putr kashyap rishi ne baaraamoola ki niktavarti pahaadiyon ko kaatkar pravaahit kar diya. is kshetr ke nivaasi naaga, gaandhaari, khaasa tatha draadi kahalaate the. khaasa jaati ke naam par hi Kashmir (khasameer) ka naamakaran hua hai, pareepanjaal tatha himaalaya ki pramukh parvatashreniyon ke madhya sthit kshetr ko Kashmir ghaati kehte hain. yeh lagbhag 85 meal lamba tatha 25 meal chauda bruhat‌ kshetr hai. is ghaati mein chabootare ke samaan kuchh ooainche samatal kshetr milte hain jinhein kareva kehte hain. dharaataleeya drushti se ye kshetr atyant mahatvapoorn hain.

Kashmir ghaati mein jal ki bahulata hai. anek nadi naalon aur sarovaron ke atirikt kai jheelein hain. vular meethe paani ki bhaaratavarsh mein vishaalatam jheel hai. Kashmir mein sarvaadhik machhaliyaaain isi jheel se praapt hoti hain. svachh jal se paripoorn dal jheel tairaaki tatha naukaavihaar ke liye atyant ramaneek hai. tairate hue chhote-chhote khat sabjiyaaain ugaane ke vyavasaaya mein bada mahatva rakhate hain. Kashmir apni anupam Sushma ke kaaran nandanavan kahalaata hai. bhaarateeya kaviyon ne sada iski sundarata ka bakhaan kiya hai.

peerapanjaal ki shreniyaaain dakshin-pashchimi monsoon ko bahut kuchh rok leti hain, kintu kabhi-kabhi maanasooni havaaeain ghaati mein pahuainchakar ghanaghor varsha karti hain. adhikaansh varsha vasant ritu mein hoti hai. varsha ritu mein lagbhag 9.7ff tatha January-March mein 8.1ff varsha hoti hai. bhoomadhyasaagari chakravaaton ke kaaran himaalaya ke parvateeya kshetr mein, visheshataya pashchimi bhaag mein, khoob himpaat hota hai. himpaat October se March tak hota rahata hai. Bhaarat tatha sameepavarti deshon mein Kashmir tulya svaasthyakar kshetr kaheen naheen hai. parvateeya kshetr hone ke kaaran yahaaain ki jalavaayu tatha vanaspatiyaaain bhi parvateeya hain.

Kashmir ghaati ki prasiddh fasal chaaval hai jo yahaaain ke nivaasiyon ka mukhya bhojan hai. makka, gehooain, jau aur jai bhi kramaanusaar mukhya fasalein hain. inke atirikt vibhinn fal evam sabjiyaaain yahaaain ugaai jaati hain. akharot, baadaam, naashapaati, seb, kesar, tatha madhu aadi ka prachur maatra mein niryaat hota hai. Kashmir kesar ki krushi ke liye prasiddh hai. shivaalik tatha mari kshetr mein krushi kam hoti hai. doon kshetr mein vibhinn sthaanon par achhi krushi hoti hai. January aur February mein koi krushi kaarya naheen hota. yahaaain ki jheelon ka bada mahatva hai. unase machhali, hari khaad, singhaade, kamal evam mrunaal tatha tairate hue bageechon se sabjiyaaain upalabdh hoti hain. Kashmir ki madira mugal baadshah baabar tatha jahaaaingeer ki badi priya thi kintu ab usaki itni prasiddhi naheen rahi. krushi ke atirikt, resham ke keede tatha bhed bakari paalne ka dhandha bhi yahaaain par hota he.

is raajya mein prachur khanij saadhan hain kintu adhikaansh aviksit hain. koyala, jasta, taaainba, seesa, baaksaait, sajji, choona patthar, khadiya mitti, slet, cheeni mitti, adah (aisabestas) aadi tatha bahumoolya padaarthon mein sona, neelam aadi yahaaain ke pramukh khanij hain.

shreenagar ka pramukh udyog Kashmiri shaal ki bunaai hai jo baabar ke samay se hi chali aa rahi hai. Kashmiri kaaleen bhi prasiddh audyogik utpaadan hai. kintu aajkal resham udyog sarvapramukh pragatisheel dhandha ho gaya hai. chaaaindi ka kaam, lakdi ki nakkaashi tatha paapye-maashe yahaaain ke pramukh udyog hain. paryatan udyog Kashmir ka pramukh dhandha hai jisse raajya ko badi aay hoti hai. lagbhag ek darjan audyogik sansthaan sthaapit hue hain parantu prachur audyogik kshamata ke hote hue bhi bade udyogon ka vikaas abhi tak naheen ho paaya hai.

parvateeya dharaatal hone ke kaaran yaataayaat ke saadhan aviksit hain. pehle banihaal darre (9,290 foot) se hokar jaade mein motarein naheen chalti theen kintu December, 1956 E. mein banihaal surang ke poorn ho jaane ke baad varsh bhar nirantar yaataayaat sambhav ho gaya hai. pathaanakot dvaara shreenagar ka nai Delhi se niyamit havaai sambandh hai. ab pathaanakot se Jammu tak rel ki bhi suvidha ho gayi hai. leh tak bhi jeep ke chalne yogya sadak nirmit ho gayi hai. vahaaain bhi ek havaai adda hai.

samudratal se 5,200 foot ki ooainchaai par sthit shreenagar Jammu-Kashmir ki rajdhani tatha raajya ka sabse bada nagar hai. is nagar ki sthaapana samraat ashokavardhan ne ki thi. yeh Jhelum nadi ke donon tat par basa hua hai. dal jheel tatha shaaleemaar, nishaat aadi ramaneek baagon ke kaaran is nagar ki shobha dvigunit ho gayi hai. at: iski ganana Asia ke sarvaadhik sundar nagaron mein hoti hai. agnikaand, baadh tatha bhookamp aadi se is nagar ko apaar kshati uthaani padti hai. yahaaain ke udyog dhandhe raajakeeya hain. Kashmir ghaati tatha shreenagar ka mahatva isliye bhi adhik hai ki himaalaya ke paar jaanevaale raaston ke liye ye pramukh padaav hain.

Jammu nagar Jammu praant ka sabse bada nagar tatha Jammu-Kashmir raajya ki jaade ki rajdhani hai.

sindhu-kohistaan kshetr mein nanga parvat sansaar ke sarvaadhik prabhaavashaali parvaton mein se ek hai. sindhu ke us paar gillit ka kshetr padta hai. roosi prabhaavakshetr se Bhaarat ko door rakhane ke hetu angreji sarkaar ne Kashmir ke uttar mein ek sainkara kshetr Afghanistan ke adhikaar mein chhod diya tha. gilgit tatha seemaavarti kshetron mein janasankhya bahut kam hai. gilgit se chaaron or parvateeya maarg jaate hain. yahaaain parvatakshetreeya fasalein tatha sabjiyaaain utpann ki jaati hain. bruhat‌ himaalaya tatha jaaskar parvat-shreniyon ke kshetr mein janasankhya kam tatha ghumakkadi hai. 15,000 foot ooainchaai par sthit korjok naamak sthaan sansaar ka uchchatam krushakagraam maana jaata hai. Laddakh evam baltistaan kshetr mein lakdi tatha idhann ki sarvaadhik aavashyakta rahati hai. baltistaan mein adhikaanshat: musalmaanon tatha Laddakh mein bauddhon ka nivaas hai. adhikaansh log ghumakkadon ka jeevan yaapan karte hain. in kshetron ka jeevan bada kathor hai. karaakoram kshetr mein shyok se hunja tak ke chhote se bhaag mein 24,000 foot se ooainche 33 parvatashikhr vartamaan hain. at: ukt kshetr ko hi, na ki paameer ko, 'sansaar ki chhat' maanana chaahiye. anek kathinaaiyon se bhare in kshetron se kisi samay teerthayaatra ke pramukh maarg gujarte the.

arthavyavastha

paryatan Jammu aur Kashmir ki arthavyavastha ka aadhaar raha hai. gat varsho se jaari aatankvaad ne yahaan ki arthavyavastha ki kamar tod di thi. ab haalaat mein kuchh sudhaar hua hai. dastakaari ki cheejein, kaaleen, garm kapade tatha kesar aadi moolyavaan masaalon ka bhi yahaan ki arthavyavastha mein mahatvapoorn yogadaan hai.

itihaas

mukhya lekh : Kashmir ka itihaas

Jammu evam Kashmir ka topograafik maanachitr

nageen jheel

tro mirori jheel, Laddakh

kaargil ke upabhaag jaaskar mein rivr raifting

tro mirori

praacheenakaal mein Kashmir (maharshi kashyap ke naam par) hindu aur bauddh sanskrutiyon ka paalana raha hai. madhyayug mein muslim aakraanta Kashmir par kaabij ho gaye. kuchh musalmaan shaah aur raajyapaal hinduon se achha vyavahaar karte the 1947 E. mein Kashmir ka vilyan Bhaarat mein hua. Pakistan athva tathaakathit 'aajaad Kashmir sarkaar', jo Pakistan ki pratyaksh sahaayata tatha apeksha se sthaapit hui, aakraamak ke roop mein pashchimi tatha uttarapashchimi seemaavarti kshetron mein adhikrut hue kiye hain. Bhaarat ne yeh maamala 1 January 1948 ko hi raashtrasangh mein pesh kiya tha kintu abhi tak nirnaya khataai mein pada hai. udhar Laddakh mein cheen ne bhi lagbhag 12,000 varg meal kshetr adhikaar jama liya hai.

aajaadi ke samay Kashmir mein Pakistan ne ghuspaith karke Kashmir ke kuchh hisson par kabja kar liya. bacha hissa bhaarateeya raajya Jammu-Kashmir ka ang bana. hindu aur muslim sangathanon ne saampadaayik gathabandhan banaane shuru kiye. saampradaayik dange 1931 (aur usase pehle se) se hote aa rahe the. national kaanfres jaisi paartiyon ne raajya mein muslim pratinidhitv par jor diya aur unhonne Jammu aur Laddakh kshetron ki anadekhi ki. svatantrata ke paaainch saal baad janasangh se jude sangathan praja parishad ne us samay ke neta shekh abdulla ki aalochna ki. shekh abdulla ne apne ek bhaashan mein kaha ki "praja parishad Bhaarat mein ek dhaarmik shaasan laana chaahata hai jahaaain muslamaanon ke dhaarmik hit kuchal diye jaaenge." unhone apne bhaashan mein yeh bhi kaha ki yadi Jammu ke log ek alag Dogra raajya chaahate hain to ve kashmeeriyon ki taraf se yeh kah sakte hain ki unhein ispar koi aitaraaj naheen.

jamaat-A-islaami ke raajanaitik takkar lene ke liye shekh abdulla ne khud ko muslimon ke hitaishi ke roop mein apni chhavi banaai. unhonne jamaat-A-islaami par yeh aarop lagaaya ki usane janta party ke saath gathabandhan banaaya hai jiske haath abhi bhi muslimon ke khoon se range hain. 1977 se Kashmir aur Jammu ke beech doori badhti gayi.

1984 ke chunaavon se logon - khaaskar raajanetaaon - ko ye seekh mili ki muslim vote ek badi kunyaji hai. pradhaanamantri indira gaaaindhi ke Jammu dauron ke baad faarukh abdulla tatha unke nae saathi maulavi mohammad faarukh (meeravaaij umar faarukh ke pita) ne Kashmir mein khud ko muslim neta bataane ki chhavi banaai. March 1987 mein sthiti yahaaain tak aa gayi ki shreenagar mein hui ek rally mein muslim yunaaited frant ne ye ghoshana ki ki Kashmir ki muslim pehchaan ek dharmanirpeksh desh mein bachi naheen rah sakti. idhar Jammu ke logon ne bhi ek kshetravaad ko dhaarmik roop dene ka kaam aarambh kiya. iske baad se raajya mein islaamik jihaad tatha saampradaayik hinsa mein kai log maare ja chuke hain.

vivaad

thikse math Laddakh mein buddh pratima ka chehara

Bhaarat ki svatantrata ke samay raaja hari Singh yahaaain ke shaasak the, jo apni riyaasat ko svatantr raajya rakhana chaahate the. shekh abdulla ke netrutv mein muslim kaunfreins (baad mein national conference) Kashmir ki mukhya raajanaitik party thi. Kashmiri pandit, shekh abdulla aur raajya ke jyaadaatar musalmaan Kashmir ka Bhaarat mein hi vilay chaahate the (kyonki Bhaarat dharmanirpeksh hai). par Pakistan ko ye bardaasht hi naheen tha ki koi muslim-bahumat praant Bhaarat mein rahe (isse uske do-raashtra siddhaant ko thes lagti thi). so 1947-48 mein Pakistan ne kabaaili aur apni chhadm sena se Kashmir mein aakraman karavaaya aur kaafi hissa hathiya liya. us samay pradhaanamantri javaaharalaal Nehru ne mohammad Ali jinna se vivaad janamat-sangrah se sulajhaane ki peshaksh ki, jise jinna ne us samay thukara diya kyonki unako apni sainik kaarravaai par poora bharosa tha. mahaaraaja ne shekh abdulla ki sahamati se Bhaarat mein kuchh sharton ke tahat vilay kar diya. bhaarateeya sena ne jab raajya ka kaafi hissa bacha liya tha, tab Bhaarat (neharu ki glati se aur british bahakaave mein aakar) is vivaad ko sanyukt raashtra mein le gaya. sanyuktaraashtr mahaasabha ne ubhaya paksh ke liye do karaaradaad (sankalp) paarit kiye :-

Pakistan turant apni sena kaabij hisse se khaali kare.
shaanti hone ke baad dono desh Kashmir ke bhavishya ka nirdhaaran vahaaain ki janta ki chaahat ke hisaab se kar

bhaarateeya paksh

Pakistan ne apna adhikrut Kashmiri bhoobhaag khaali naheen kiya hai, balki kutiltaapoorvak vahaaain kabaailiyon ko basa diya hai.
Jammu aur Kashmir ki lokataantrik aur nirvaachit samvidhaan-sabha ne 1957 mein ekamat se 'mahaaraaja dvaara Kashmir ke Bhaarat mein vilay ke nirnaya' ko sveekruti de di aur raajya ka aisa samvidhaan sveekaar kiya jismein Kashmir ke Bhaarat mein sthaayi vilay ko maanyata di gayi thi. (Pakistan mein lokatantr ka kitna sammaan hai, yeh poora vishv jaanta hai)
bhaarateeya samvidhaan ke antargat aaj tak Jammu Kashmir me sampann anek chunaavon mein Kashmiri janta ne vote daalkar ek prakaar se

Bhaarat mein apne sthaayi vilay ko hi maanyata di hai. Jammu Kashmir ke pramukh raajanaitik dal bhi * Pakistan ke dharmaadhaarit do-raashtra siddhaant ko naheen maanate.

Kashmir ka Bhaarat mein vilay british "bhaarateeya svaatantrya adhiniyam" ke tahat kaanooni taur par sahi tha.
Pakistan apni bhoomi par aatankvaadi shivir chala raha hai (khaas taur par 1989 se) aur Kashmiri yuvakon ko Bhaarat ke khilaaf bhadka raha hai. jyaadaatar aatankvaadi swayam Pakistani naagrik ya taalibaani afgaan hi hain. ye aur kuchh digbhramit Kashmiri yuvak milkar islaam ke naam par Bhaarat ke khilaaf chhede hue hain. * raajya ko samvidhaan ke anuchhed 370 ke tahat svaayattata praapt hai.
Kashmir ke Bhaarat se alag hone ke baad Bhaarat ki uttari seema surakshit naheen rahegi.

jile

varsh	sakal ghareloo utpaad
1980	11,860
1985	22,560
1990	36,140
1995	80,970
2000	147,500

bhaarateeya samvidhaan mein Jammu aur Kashmir ki vishesh sthiti

samvaidhaanik praavadhaan svat: Jammu tatha Kashmir par laagoo naheen hote. keval vaheen praavadhaan jinme spasht roop se kaha jaae ki ve Jammu Kashmir pe laagoo hote hai, us par laagoo hote hain. Jammu Kashmir ki vishesh sthiti ka gyaan in tathyon se hota hai-

1. Jammu Kashmir samvidhaan sabha dvaara nirmit raajya samvidhaan se vahaaain ka kaarya chalta hai ye samvidhaan Jammu Kashmir ke logon ko raajya ki naagarikta bhi deta hai keval is raajya ke naagrik hi sampatti khareed sakte hai ya chunaav lad sakte hai ya sarkaari seva le sakte hai

2. sansad Jammu Kashmir se sambandh rakhane wala aisa koi kaanoon naheen bana sakti hai jo iski raajya soochi ka vishay ho

3. avashesh shakti Jammu Kashmir vidhaan sabha ke paas hoti hai

4. is raajya par sashastr vidroh ki dasha me ya vitteeya sankat ki dasha me aapaat kaal laagoo naheen hota hai

5. sansad raajya ka naam kshetr seema bina raajya vidhaayika ki sveekruti ke naheen badalegeen

6. raajyapaal ki niyukti raashtrapati raajya mukhyamantri ki salaah ke baad karegi

7. sansad dvaara paarit nivaarak nirodh niyam raajya par apne aap laagoo naheen hoga

8. raajya ki pruthak dand sanhita tatha dand prakriya sanhita hai

inhein bhi dekhein

sandarbh

↑ "Reference Tables, C-series : Population density". Census of India 2001. http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_density.htm. abhigman tithi: 2009-04-17.