Italy
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is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (July 2014) |
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Italy ganaraajya Repubblica italiana
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| raashtragaan: Il Canto degli Italiani | ||||||
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rajdhani aur sabse badaa nagar |
rom 41°a54′aN 12°a29′aE / 41.9°aN 12.483°aE |
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| raajabhaasha(eain) | itaalavi | |||||
| sarkaar | ganaraajya | |||||
| - | President | Giorgio Napolitano | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Enrico Letta | ||||
| Formation | ||||||
| - | Unification | 17 March 1861 | ||||
| - | Republic | 2 June 1946 | ||||
| kshetrafal | ||||||
| - | kul | 3,01,230 varg kilometer (71st) 1,16,346.5 varg meal |
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| - | jal (%) | 2.4 | ||||
| janasankhya | ||||||
| - | 2006 janaganana | 5,85,94,273 (22nd) | ||||
| - | October 2001 janaganana | 5,71,10,144 | ||||
| sakal ghareloo utpaad (PPP) | 2005 praakkalan | |||||
| - | kul | 1,645 arab $ (7th) | ||||
| - | prati vyakti | 28,300 $ (21st) | ||||
| maanav vikaas soochakaank (2003) | 0.934 bahut uchch · 18th |
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| mudra | Euro (€)2 (EUR) | |||||
| samay mandal | CET (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+1) | |||||
| - | greeshmakaaleen (di॰ba॰asa॰) | CEST (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+2) | ||||
| doorabhaash koot | 39 | |||||
| Internet teeeladi | .it | |||||
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1 French is co-official in the Aosta Valley; German and Ladin are co-official in Trentino-South Tyrol; German, Slovenian and Friulian are co-official in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. 2 Prior to 2002: Italian Lira. |
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Italy Europe mahaadveep ke dakshin mein sthit ek desh hai jiski mukhyabhoomi ek praayadveep hai. Italy ke uttar mein aalps parvatamaala hai jismein France, svitjralaind, ostriya tatha sloveniya ki seemaaeain aakar lagti hain. sisli tatha saardiniya, jo bhoomadhya saagar ke do sabse bade dweep hain, Italy ke hi ang hain. Vatican city tatha sain mareeno Italy ke antargat samaahit do svatantr desh hain.
Italy, yoonaan ke baad Europe ka doosra ka doosra praacheenatam raashtra hai. rom ki sabhyata tatha Italy ka itihaas desh ke praacheen vaibhav tatha vikaas ka prateek hai. aadhunik Italy 1861 E. mein raajya ke roop mein gathit hua tha. desh ki dheemi pragati, saamaajik sangathan tatha raajanitik uthal-puthal Italy ke 2,500 varsh ke itihaas se sambaddh hai. desh mein poorvakaal mein raajatantr tha jiska antim raajagharaana sevaaya tha. June, san 1946 se desh ek janataantrik raajya mein parivrtit ho gaya.
Italy ki rajdhani rom praacheen kaal ke ek shakti aur prabhaav se sampann roman saamraajya ki rajdhani raha hai. isa ke aaspaas aur uske baad roman saamraajya ne bhoomadhya saagar ke kshetr mein apni prabhuta sthaapit ki thi jiske kaaran yeh sanskruti aur anya kshetron mein aadhunik Europe ki aadhaarashila ke taur par maana jaata hai. tatha madhyapoorv (jise bhaarateeya pariprekshya mein madhya-pashch bhi kah sakte hain) ke itihaas mein bhi roman saamraajya ne apna prabhaav daala tha aur unase prabhaavit bhi hua tha. aaj ke Italy ki sanskruti par yavanon (greek) ka bhi prabhaav pada hai.
Italy ki janasankhya 2008 mein 5 karod 90 lakh thi. desh ka kshetrafal 3laakh varg kilometer ke aaspaas hai. 1991 mein yahaaain ki sarkaar ke sheersh padasth adhikaariyon mein vyaapt bhrashtaachaar ka pardaafaash hua jiske baad yahaaain ki raajanaitik satta aur prashaasan mein kai badlaav aae hain. rom yahaaain ki rajdhani hai aur anya pramukh nagaron mein venis, Milan ityaadi ka naam liya ja sakta hai.
anukram
bhoogol
Italy ki mukhya bhoomi teen taraf (dakshin aur sooryapaaragaman ki dono dishaaon) se bhoomadhya saagar dvaara jalaavrut hai. is prayadveep ko Italy ke naam par hi itaaliyn (ya itaalavi) praayadveep kehte hain. iska kul kshetrafal 3,01,000 varg kilometer hai jo madhyapardesh ke kshetrafal se thoda kam hai. dveepon ko milaakar iski tatarekha koi 7,600 kilomeetak lambi hai. uttar mein iski seema France (488 ki.mi.), ostriya (430 ki.mi.), sloveniya (232 ki.mi.) tatha svitjralaind se lagti hai. Vatican city tatha sain mareeno chaaro taraf se Italy se ghire hue hain.
Italy ki jalavaayu mukhyat: bhoomadhyasaagareeya hai par ismein bahut adhik badlaav paaya jaata hai. udaaharan ke liye tyoorin, Milan jaise shaharon ki jalavaayu ko mahaadveepeeya ya aardr mahaadveepeeya jalavaayu ki shreni mein rakha ja sakta hai.
Italy Europe ke dakshinvarti teen bade praayadveepon mein beech ka praayadveep hai jo bhoomadhyasaagar ke madhya mein sthit hai. praayadveep ke pashchim, dakshin tatha poorv mein kramash: tirheniyn, aayoniyn tatha aidriyaatik saagar hain aur uttar mein aalps pahaad ki shrainiyaaain faili hui hain. sisli, saardeeniya tatha kaursika (jo France ke adhikaar mein hain), ye teen bade dweep tatha ligyooriyn saagar mein sthit anya taapuon ke samudaaya vastut: Italy se sambaddh hain. praayadveep ka aakaar ek bade boot (joote) ke samaan hai jo uttar pashchim se dakshin poorv ko chaudaai 80 meal se 150 meal tak hai. sudoor dakshin mein chaudaai 35 meal se 20 meal tak hai.
praakrutik dasha
Italy parvateeya desh hai jiske uttar mein aalps pahaad tatha madhya mein reedh ki bhaaainti apenaain parvat ki shrrunkhalaaeain faili hui hain. apenaain pahaad jeloaa tatha nees nagaron ke madhya se praarambh hokar dakshin poorv disha mein edriyaatik samudratat tak chala gaya hai aur madhya tatha dakshini Italy mein reedh ki bhaaainti dakshin ki taraf faila hua hai.
praakrutik bhoorachana ki drushti se Italy nimnalikhit chaar bhaagon mein baaainta ja sakta hai :
(1) aalps ki dakshini dhaal, jo Italy ke uttar mein sthit hai.
(2) po tatha venis ka maidaan, jo po aadi nadiyon ki laai hui mitti se bana hai.
(3) Italy praayadveep ka dakshini bhaag, jismein sisli bhi sammilit hai. is sampoorn bhaag mein apenaain parvatashreni atipramukh hain.
(4) saardeeniya, kaursika tatha anya dveepasamooh.
kintu vanaspati, jalavaayu tatha praakrutik drushti se yeh praayadveep teen bhaagon mein baaainta ja sakta hai-
1. uttari Italy, 2. madhya Italy tatha 3. dakshini Italy.
uttari Italy
yeh Italy ka sabse ghana basa hua maidaani bhaag hai jo tureeya kaal mein samudra tha, baad mein nadiyon ki laai hui mitti se bana. yeh maidaan desh ki 17 pratishat bhoomi ghere hue hai jismein chaaval, shahatoot tatha pashuon ke liye chaara bahutaayat se paida hota hai. uttar mein aalps pahaad ki dhaal tatha pahaadiyaaain hain jinpar charaagaah, jungle tatha seedheenuma khet hain. parvateeya bhaag ki praakrutik shobha kuchh jheelon tatha nadiyon se bahut badh gayi hai. uttari Italy ka bhaugolik varnan po nadi ke maadhyam ye hi kiya ja sakta hai. po nadi ek pahaadi sote ke roop mein mount veejo pahaad (ooainchaai 6,000 foot) se nikalkar 20 meal bahne ke baad sailuja ke maidaan mein pravesh karti hai. sosiya nadi ke sangam se 337 meal tak is nadi mein nauparivhan hota hai. samudra mein girne ke pehle nadi do shaakhaaon (po dol mestra tatha po di goro) mein vibhkt ho jaati hai. po ke muhaane par 20 meal chauda delta hai. nadi ki kul lanbaai 420 meal hai tatha yeh 29,000 varg meal bhoomi ke jal ki nikaasi karti hai. aalps pahaad tatha apenaains se niklanevaali po ki mukhya sahaayak nadiyaaain kramaanusaar tisino, adda, ogaliyo aur minsio tatha tenaaro, teviya, taaro, sechiya aur panaaro hain. taaibar (244 meal) tatha edrij (220 meal) Italy ki doosari tatha teesari sabse badi nadiyaaain hain. ye praarambh mein sainkari tatha pahaadi hain kintu maidaani bhaag mein inka vistaar badh jaata hai aur baadh aati hai. ye sabhi nadiyaaain sinchaai tatha vidyut utpaadan ki drushti se param upayogi hain, kintu yaataayaat ke liye anupayukt. aalps, apenaains tatha edriyaatik saagar ke madhya mein sthit ek sainkara samudratateeya maidaan hai. uttari bhaag mein parvateeya dhaalon par moolyavaan fal, jaise jaitoon, angoor tatha naarangi bahut paida hoti hai. upajaaoo ghaati tatha maidaanon mein ghani basti hai. inmein anek gaaainv tatha shahar base hue hain. adhik ooainchaaiyon par jungle hain.
madhya Italy
madhya Italy ke beech mein apanaains pahaad uttar-uttar-poorv se dakshin-pashchim ki disha mein edriyaatik samudratat ke samaantar faila hua hai. apenaains ka sabse ooaincha bhaag grainasaasodi itailiya (9,560 foot) isi bhaag mein hai. yahaaain parvatashreniyon ka jaal bichha hua hai, jinmein adhikaansh November se May tak barf se dhaki rahati hain. yahaaain par kuchh vistrut, bahut sundar tatha upajaaoo ghaatiyaaain hain, jaise etarano ki ghaati (2,380 foot). madhya Italy ki praakrutik rachana ke kaaran yahaaain ek or adhik thandha, uchch parvateeya bhaag hai tatha doosari or garm tatha sheetoshn jalavaayuvaali dhaal tatha ghaatiyaaain hain. pashchimi dhaal ek pahaadi oobad khaabad bhaag hai. dakshin mein taskani tatha taaibar ke beech ka bhaag jvaalaamukhi pahaadon ki den hai, at: yahaaain shankvaakaar pahaadiyaaain tatha jheelein hain. is parvateeya bhaag tatha samudra ke beech mein kaali mitteevaala ek upajaaoo maidaani bhaag hai jise kaanpaanya kehte hain. madhya Italy ke poorvi tat ki taraf shreniyaaain samudra ke bahut nikat tak faili hui hain, at: edriyaatik saagar mein girnevaali nadiyon ka mahatva bahut kam hai. yeh visham bhaag falon ke udyaanon ke liye bahut prasiddh hai. yahaaain jaitoon tatha angoor ki kheti hoti hai. yahaaain bade shaharon tatha bade gaaainvon ka abhaav hai; adhikaansh log chhote chhote kasbon tatha gaaainvon mein rahate hain. khanij sampatti ke abhaav ke kaaran yeh bhaag audyogik vikaas ki drushti se pichhda hua hai. fusins, tresimeno tatha chidsi yahaaain ki prasiddh jheelein hain. pashchimi bhaag ki jheelein jvaalaamukhi pahaadon ki den hain.
dakshini Italy
yeh sampoorn bhaag pahaadi hai jiske beech mein apenaains reedh ki bhaaainti faila hua hai tatha donon or neechi pahaadiyaaain hain. is bhaag ki ausat chaudaai 50 meal se lekar 60 meal tak hai. pashchimi tat par ek sainkara "tera di levoro" naam ka tatha poorv mein aapooliya ka chauda maidaan hai. in do maidaanon ke atirikt saara bhaag pahaadi hai aur apenaains ki ooainchi neechi shrankhalaaon se dhaka hua hai. poteinja ki pahaadi dakshini Italy ki antim sabse ooainchi pahaadi (polino ki pahaadi) se milti hai. sudoor dakshin mein grenaait tatha choone ke patthar ki, jangalon se dhaki hui pahaadiyaaain tat tak chali gayi hain. leeri tatha geta aadi edriyaatik saagar mein girnevaali nadiyaaain pashchimi dhaal par bahanevaali nadiyon se adhik lambi hain. dringo se dakshin ki or girnevaali vifrano, foratore, seravaaro, aanton tatha braidaano mukhya nadiyaaain hain. dakshini Italy mein pahaadon ke beech sthit laigodel-motesi jheel hai.
Italy ke sameep sthit sisli, saardeeniya tatha kaursika ke atirikt elva, kaipriya, gaaragona, paayanosa, maanteekristo, jigliko aadi mukhya mukhya dweep hain. in dveepon mein ischiya, prosida tatha ponja, jo nepuls ki khaadi ke paas hain, jvaalaamukhi pahaadon ki den hain. edriyaatik tat par keval drimiti dweep hai.
jalavaayu tatha vanaspati
desh ki praakrutik rachana, akshaansheeya vistaar (10 degree 29 minute) tatha bhoomadhyasaagareeya sthiti hi jalavaayu ki pradhaan niyaamak hai. teen or samudra tatha uttar mein uchch aalps se ghire hone ke kaaran yahaaain ki jalavaayu ki vividhta paryaapt badh jaati hai. Europe ke sabse adhik garm desh Italy mein jaade mein apekshaakrut adhik garmi tatha garmi mein saadhaaran garmi padti hai. yeh prabhaav samudra se doori badhne par ghatata hai. aalps ke kaaran yahaaain uttari thandhi havaaon ka prabhaav naheen padta hai. kintu poorvi bhaag mein thandhi tatha tej bora naamak havaaeain chala karti hain. apenaains pahaad ke kaaran andh mahaasaagar se aanevaali havaaon ka prabhaav tir heeniyn samudratat tak hi seemit rahata hai.
uttari tatha dakshini Italy ke taap mein paryaapt antar paaya jaata hai. taap ka utaar chadhaav 52 degree fa. se 66 degree fa. tak hota hai. December tatha January sabse adhik thandhe tatha July aur August sabse adhik garm maheene hain. po nadi ke maidan ka ausat taap 55 degree fa. tatha 500 meal door sthit sisli ka ausat taap 64 degree fa. hai. uttar ke aalps ke pahaadi kshetr mein ausat vaarshik varsha 80ff hoti hai. apenaains ke ooainche pashchimi bhaag mein bhi paryaapt varsha hoti hai. poorvi lonbaardi ke dakshin pashchimi bhaag mein vaarshik varsha 24ff hoti hai, kintu uttari bhaag mein usaka ausat 50ff hota hai tatha garmi shushk rahati hai. aalps ke madhyavarti bhaag mein garmi mein varsha hoti hai tatha jaade mein barf girti hai. po nadi ki droni mein garmi mein adhik varsha hoti hai. sthaaneeya kaaranon ke atirikt Italy ki jalavaayu bhoomadhyasaagareeya hai jahaaain jaade mein varsha hoti hai tatha garmi shushk rahati hai.
jalavaayu ki vishmata ke kaaran yahaaain ki banaspatiyaaain bhi ek si naheen hain. manushya ke satat prayatnon se praakrutik vanaspatiyaaain keval uchch pahaadon par hi dekhne ko milti hain. jahaaain nukeeli patteevaale jungle paae jaate hain. inmein saro, devadaaru, cheed tatha far ke vruksh mukhya hain. uttar ke parvateeya thandhe bhaagon mein adhik thandak sahan karanevaale paudhe paae jaate hain. tateeya tatha anya nichle maidaanon mein jaitoon, naarangi, neeboo aadi falon ke udyaan lage hue hain. madhya Italy mein apenaains parvat ki ooainchi shreniyon ko chhodkar praakrutik vanaspati anyatr naheen hai. yahaaain jaitoon tatha angoor ki kheti hoti hai. dakshini Italy mein tirheeniyn tatapar jaitoon, naarangi, neeboo, shahatoot, anjeer aadi falon ke udyaan hain. is bhaag mein kandon se ugaae jaanevaale fool bhi hote hain. yahaaain ooainchaai par tatha sadaabahaar jungle paae jaate hain. at: yeh spasht hai ki poore Italy ko aadhunik kisaanon ne falon, tarakaariyon tatha anya fasalon se bhar diya hai, keval pahaadon par hi jangali ped tatha jhaadiyaaain pai jaati hain.
krushi
Italy vaasiyon ka sabse bada vyavasaaya kheti hai. sampoorn janasankhya ka bhaag kheti se hi apni jeevika praapt karta hai. jalavaayu tatha praakrutik dasha ki vibhinnata ke kaaran is chhote se desh mein Europe mein paida honevaali saari cheejein paryaapt maatra mein paida hoti hain, arthaat raai se lekar chaaval tak, seb se lekar naarangi tak tatha alasi se lekar kapaas tak. sampoorn desh me lagbhag 7,05,00,000 ekad bhoomi upajaaoo hai, jismein 1,83,74,000 ekad mein ann, 28,62,000 ekad mein daal aadi fasalein, 7,72,000 ekad mein audyogik fasalein, 14,90,000 ekad mein tarakaariyaaain, 23,86,000 ekad mein angoor, 20,33,000 ekad mein jaitoon, 2,19,000 ekad mein charaagaah aur chaare ki fasalein tatha 1,44,58,000 ekad mein jungle paae jaate hain. yahaaain ki kheti praacheen dhang se hi hoti hai. pahaadi bhoomi hone ke kaaran aadhunik yantron ka prayog naheen ho saka hai.
janasankhya : poorv aitihaasik kaal mein yahaaain ki janasankhya bahut kam thi. janavruddhi ka anupaat dviteeya vishvayuddh ke pehle paryaapt ooaincha tha (1931 E. mein vaarshik vruddhi 0.87 prati shat thi).
parvateeya bhoomi tatha seemit audyogik vikaas ke kaaran janasankhya ka ghanatv anya yooropiya deshon ki apeksha bahut kam hai. adhikaansh log gaaainvon mein rahate hain. desh mein 50,000 se oopar janasankhyaavaale nagaron ki sankhya 70 hai. yahaaain adhikaansh log roman Catholic dharm maananevaale hain. 1931 E. ki janaganana ke anusaar 99.6 pratishat log Catholic the, 0.34 pratishat log doosare dharm ke the tatha. 06 pratishat aise log the jinka koi vishesh dharm naheen tha. shiksha tatha kala ki drushti se Italy pracheen kaal se agrani raha hai. rom ki sabhyata tatha kala itihaasakaal mein apni charam seema tak pahuainch gayi thi (dr. "rom"). yahaaain ke kalaakaar aur chitrakaar vishvavikhyaat the. aaj bhi yahaaain shiksha ka star bahut ooaincha hai. nirksharata naam maatr ki bhi naheen hai. desh mein 70 dainik patra prakaashit hote hain. chhavigruhon ki sankhya lagbhag 9,770 hai (1969 E.).
khanij tatha udyog dhandhe
Italy mein khanij padaarth aparyaapt hain, keval paara hi yahaaain se niryaat kiya jaata hai. yahaaain sisli (kaaltaaniseta), taskani (areinjo, floreins tatha graaseto), saardeeniya (kaigaliaari, sasaari tatha inglesiyaas) evam pidmaant kshetron mein hi khanij tatha audyogik vikaas bhali bhaaainti hua hai.
desh ka pramukh udyog kapda banaane ka hai. yahaaain 1969 E. mein sooti kapde banaane ke 945 kaarkhaane the. resham ka vyavasaaya poore Italy mein hota hai, kintu lonbaardi, pidmaant tatha veneshiya mukhya silk utpaadak kshetr hain. 1969 mein gruhaudyog ko chhodkar reshami kapde banaane ke 24 tatha ooni kapde banaane ke 348 kaarkhaane the. raasaayanik vastu banaane ke tatha cheeni banaane ke bhi paryaapt kaarkhaane hain. desh mein motor, motor cycle tatha cycle banaane ka bahut bada udyog hai. 1969 E. mein 15,95,951 motarein banaai gayi theen jinmein se 6,30,076 motarein niryaat ki gayi theen. anya masheenein tatha aujaar banaane ke bhi bahut se kaarkhaane hain. jalavidyut paida karne ka bahut bada dhandha yahaaain hota hai. yahaaain 15,88,031 kaarkhaane hain, jinmein 68,00,673 vyakti kaam karte hain. Italy ka vyaapaarik sambandh Europe ke sabhi deshon se tatha Argentina, sanyukt raajya (amareeka) evam kainaada se hai. mukhya aayaat ki vastueain kapaas, oon, koyala aur raasaayanik padaarth hain tatha niryaat ki vastueain fal, soot, kapde, masheenein, motor, motorcycle evam raasaayanik padaarth hain. Italy ka aayaat niryaat se adhik hota hai.
nagar
sampoorn desh 19 kshetron tatha 92 praanton mein bainta hua hai. 19veen shataabdi ke madhya se nagaron ki sankhya kaafi badhi hai. at: praanteeya raajadhaaniyon ka mahatva badha tatha logon ka jhukaav nagaron ki taraf hua. desh mein ek lakh ke oopar janasankhya ke kul 26 nagar hain. san 1969 mein 5,00,000 se adhik janasankhya ke nagar rom (Italy ki rajdhani, janasankhya 27,31,397), Milan (17,01,612), nepuls (12,76,854), toorin (11,77,039) tatha jeneva (8,41,841) hain.
sanskruti
Italy mein sarvaadhik vishv dharohar sthal hain. Italy ke nagar: toreeno bargamo venis ravenna baari roma siyena florens peesa naapoli paampe sorento palermo milaano triyest verona jenoaa brindisi aadi.
yeh bhi dekhiye
- itaalavi bhaasha
- itaalavi saahitya
- wikt:Italy (vikshanari)