Indian (America ke aadivaasi)

uttar Amreeki Indian, uttar aur dakshin amareeka ke praacheenatam nivaasi hain. ve mangolaayad prajaati ki ek shaakha maane jaate hain. nrushaastriyon ka anumaan hain ki ve is bhookhand par praaya: 20,000 se 15,000 varsh poorv aae the.

kolanbas ki bhool ke kaaran baahm jagat unhein "Indian" naam se janta hai. Bhaarat ki khoj mein chale kolanbas ne amareeka ko hi Bhaarat jaan liya tha aur 1493 mein likhe gaye apne ek patra mein usane yahaaain ke nivaasiyon ka ullekh "indiyos" ke roop mein kiya tha. is bhoobhaag par gori jaatiyon ki satta ka vistaar Indian samoohon ki janasankhya ke ek bade bhaag ke naash ka tatha saamaanya roop se unki sanskrutiyon ke haas ka kaaran hua. unke chhote chhote samooh is vistrut bhoobhaag mein vibhinn kshetron mein ab bhi paae jaate hain, yadyapi unki sankhya bahut kam rah gayi hai. unamein sanskruti ke kai dharaatal hain aur ve kai bhinn parivaaron ki bhaashaaeain bolte hain. samavarti gori jaatiyon ke vyaapak saanskrutik prabhaavon ke kaaran unki praacheen sanskruti mein badi teevr gati se parivartan ho rahe hain. unhein vinsht hone se bachaane ke liye pichhle kuchh dashakon mein shaasan ki or se vishesh prayatn kiye gaye hain.

Amreeki indiynon ki utpati ke sambandh mein samay-samay par anek sanbhaavanaaeain, kalpanaaeain aur maanyataaeain upasthit ki gayi hain. kuchh logon ka anumaan tha ki ve ijraayal ki das khoi hui jaatiyon ke vanshaj hai aur kuchh log unhein sikandar ki jalasena ke bhatake hue bedon ke naavikon ki santaan maanate hain. uske sambandh mein yeh dhaarana bhi thi ki ve kinvadantiyon mein varnit "etalaantis mahaadveep" athva prashaant mahaasaagar ke "moo" naamak kaalpanik dweep ke mool nivaasiyon ki santaan hain. madhya amareeka ki maaya Indian jaati aur praacheen misr ki sthaapatyakala mein samata drushtigt hone ke kaaran yeh anumaan bhi kiya gaya ki Indian misr athva misr se prabhaavit deshon se amareeka aae. is sandarbh mein yeh jaanana aavashyak hai ki jis kaal mein maaya indiynon ne mandiron ka nirmaan aarambh kiya uske kai hajaar varsh pehle hi misr ki praacheen sthaapatyashaili ka hraas ho chuka tha. amareeka mein praacheen maanav sambandhi vaigyaanik khojein hone ke pehle yeh sanbhaavata bhi thi ki indiynon ke poorvaj is bhoomi par maanav jaati ki ek svatantr shaakha ke roop mein viksit hue hon, parantu ab yeh nishchit roop se kaha ja sakta hai ki Amreeki mahaadveepon par maanav jaati ki koi shaakha ke vikaasakram mein is bhoobhaag par keval leemar, taarasiyr aur katipya jaatiyon ke bandaron ke prasteekrut avashesh hi mile hain. praacheen maanav jaatiyon ke adhyeta parishramapoorvak khoj karne par bhi niktamaanav vaanar athva praacheen maanav koi avashesh yahaaain naheen pa sake hain. is tarah yeh kaha ja sakta hai ki yahaaain maanav jaati ki kisi shaakha ke svatantr vikaas ki sambhaavana naheen thi aur yahaaain ke praacheenatam nivaasiyon ke poorvaj sansaar ke kisi anya bhaag se aakar hi yahaaain base honge.

visheshagyon ka mat hai ki maanav is bhaag mein bering stret ke maarg se Asia se aaya. shaareerik visheshataaon ki drushti se Indian asandigdh roop se Asia ki mangolaayad prajaati ki ek shaakha maane ja sakte hain. eshiyon se alaaska ke maarg dvaara indiynon ke jo poorvaj amareeka aae the, nishchit roop se ve aadhunik maanav athva "homo sepiyans" ke star tak viksit ho chuke the. ve apne saath apni mool Asiaee sanskruti ke anek tatv bhi avashya laae honge. ve sambhavat: agni ke upayog se parichit the aur unhonne prastarayugeen sanskruti ke astr shastron aur upakaranon ka nirmaan aur upayog bhi seekh liya tha. maarg mein jis kathin sheet ka saamana karte hue ve is bhoomi par aae usase sahaj hi yeh anumaan bhi kiya ja sakta hai ki ve kisi na kisi prakaar ke paridhaan se apne shareer ko avashya dhakate honge aur sambhavat: asthaayi gruh-nirmaan-kala se bhi parichit rahe honge. yeh bhi kaha ja sakta hai ki unhonne us samay tak bhaasha ka koi praathamik roop viksit kar liya hoga.

Asia se kai hajaar varsho tak alag alag dalon mein maanavasamooh amareeka ki bhoomi par aate rahe. kai sau varsho tak in samoohon ko barf se dhake sthalamaarg se hi aana pada; parantu yeh sambhav hai ki baad mein aanevaale samooh aanshik roop se naavon mein bhi yaatra kar sake hon. praacheen indiynon ke praapt avasheshon ke adhyayan se yeh dhaarana nishchit ki gayi hai ki jo dal pehle yahaaain aae unamein aastrelaayad-mangol prajaati ki shareerik visheshataaeain adhik theen aur baad mein aanevaale samoohon mein mangolaayad prajaati ke tatvon ki pradhaanata thi. kaalaantar mein in samoohon ke paarasparik mishran se indiynon mein mangolaayad prajaati ki shareerik visheshataaeain pramukh ho gayi. ye aadi Indian apne apne saath nav-prastar-yug ke pehle ki sanskrutiyon ke kuchh tatv is bhoomi par laae. krobar ne unki maulik sanskruti ki punarrachana ka prayatn karte hue un sanskruti tatvon ki soochi banaai hai jo sambhavat: aadi indiynon ke saath amareeka aae the. dabaav dvaara ya ghiskar banaae hue patthar ke aujaar, paalish, kiye hue haddi aur seeng ke upakaran, aag ka upayog, jaal aur tokare banaane ki kala, dhanush aur bhaala feinkane ke yantr aur paalatoo kutte sambhavat: indiynon ki mool sanskruti ke mukhya tatv maane ja sakte hain.

Asia se amareeka aakar indiynon ke poorvaj apni mool Asiaee shaakha se ekdam alag ho gaye athva unhonne usase kisi prakaar ka sambandh banaae rakha, is vishay par vidvaanon mein matabhed hai. is prakaar ke sambandhon ko banaae rakhane mein jo bhautik kathinaaiyaaain theen unke aadhaar par sahaj hi yeh anumaan kiya ja sakta hai ki yadi in bhoobhaagon mein sambandh tha bhi to vah apne vistaar aur prabhaav mein atyant seemit raha hoga. kaalaantar mein saanskrutik vikaas ki jo dishaaeain in samoohon ne apnaai ve baahm sanskrutiyon se prabhaavit naheen hui. nav-prastar-yug ki sanskruti ka vikaas in samoohon ne svatantr roop se kiya. unhonne alpaaka, laama aur tarki aadi nae praaniyon ko paalatoo banaaya. saath hi, makka, koko, meniyok ya kasaava, tanbaakoo aur kai prakaar ki semon aadi vanaspatiyon ki kheti unhonne pehle pahal aarambh ki. yeh aashcharya ka vishay hai ki nav-prastar-yugeen maaya indiynon ne aise anek sanskrutittvon ka aavishkaar kar liya jo Europe tatha sansaar ke anya bhaagon mein taamr-kaansya-yug ki apekshaakrut viksit sanskrutiyon mein aavishkrut hue. dhaatuyug is bhaag mein der se aaya, parantu kaaainse ka upayog karne ke bahut pehle hi ijtek aur maaya Indian sone aur chaaaindi ko galaane ki kala seekh chuke the. lauh sanskruti in samoohon mein pashchim ke prabhaav se I.

Indian sanskrutiyon ki samataaon aur bhinnataaon ke aadhaar par nruttatvavettaaon ne amareeka ko nau sanskrutikshetron mein vibhaajit kiya hai. yahaaain in sanskrutikshetron mein mukhya samoohon ki saanskrutik visheshataaon ki or sanket maatr hi diya jaaega.

1. aarkatik kshetr- baraf se dhake is kshetr mein eskimon rahate hain. sheetakaal mein ve baraf ko kaatkar vishesh roop se banaae gaye gharon mein rahate hain. in gharon ko igloo kehte hain. garami ki ritu mein ve thode samay ke liye chamade ke tanbuon mein rah sakte hain. adhikaanshat: ve samudri stanapaayi praaniyon aur machhaliyon ka maans khaate hain, greeshmakaal mein unhein taaje paani ki machhaliyaaain bhi mil jaati hain. unka saamaajik sangathan saral hai. eskimon jaati anek chhote chhote svatantr samoohon mein vibhaajit hai. pratyek samooh ka ek pradhaan hota hai, kintu vah adhik shaktishaali naheen hota. saral saamaajik sangathanavaale in samoohon ka dhaarmik sangathan bada jatil hai. vyaktiyon ki apni daivi rakshak shaktiyaaain hoti hain. vyakti aur adrushya jagat ki shaktiyon mein madhyasthta ka kaam shaaman karte hain. saamaajik varjanaaon ke ullanghan ke praayashchit ke liye aparaadh ki saarvajanik sveekruti aavashyak hoti hai. unki bhautik sanskruti ke mukhya tatv hain, chamade ki naavein, dhanush, haarpoon, kutton dvaara kheenchi jaanevaali slej gaadiyaaain, baraf kaatne ke chaakoo aur chamade ke vastr. ve haatheedaaaint ko korakar chhoti chhoti moortiyaaain banaate hain.

(2) uttar-pashchim-tat- is kshetr ke mukhya samooh hain uttar mein linjit, haida aur simshiyn, madhya bhaag mein kvaakiutl aur bella-koola tatha dakshin mein saalish nootaka chinook. unki jeevika ka adhikaansh samudron se khaadyapraapti ke vibhinn saadhanon dvaara upalabdh kiya jaata hai. vanon mein shikaar se aur falon ke sankalan se bhi unhein kuchh bhojan ki praapti hoti hai ve vargaakaar makaanon mein rahate hain jo lakdi ke takhton se banaae jaate hain. unke saamaajik sangathan mein shreneebhed ka bada mahatva hai. unke teen pramukh varg hain:-uchchakuleen shreni, saamaanya shreni aur das shreni. unamein paantalen naamak pratha prachalit hai jismein saamaajik sammaan badhaane ke liye sampatti ka apavyav athva naash saarvajaanik roop se kiya jaata hai. in samoohon mein parivaaron ki apni daivi rakshak shaktiyaaain hoti hain. aavashyak dhaarmik nrutya ke roop mein pauraanik kathaaon ko ve naatya ke maadhyam se prastut karte hain. lakdi ki khudaai ka kaam unki bhautik sanskruti ki visheshata hai. ve mitti ke bartan naheen banaate.

(3) kailiforniya - is kshetr mein yoorok, karok, hoopa, shaasta, pomo, mivok, mono, sereno aadi samooh rahate hain. uttar mein unke makaan lakdi ke takhton se banaae jaate hain, dakshin mein gharon ke roop mein adhik vividhta rahati hai. khaadya ke liye ye samooh ann par adhik avalanbit hain, shikaar aur machhali par kam. unamein aanuvanshik pradhaan hote hain, parantu samooh ki shaasan vyavastha sashakt naheen hoti. uttar mein shreni sthiti bhed ki bhaavana prabal hai, dakshin mein naheen. unamein uchch Dave ki kalpana pai jaati hai. uttari bhaag mein lakdi par khudaai hoti hai aur madhya tatha dakshini bhaag mein tokare banaae jaate hain.

(4) mekeji - yukon kshetr-yahaaain ke mukhya samooh hain kohotaana, kutachin, yalonaaif, dogarib, slev, keriyr, sarsi aadi. ye keribaaoo, jungle ke chhote jaanvaron, taaje paani ki machhaliyon aur jangali falon ka upayog khaadya ke roop mein karte hain. inke makaan vaayu avarodhak chhadiyon maatr se lekar takhton aur vrukshon ke tanon tak se bane hote hain. pashchimi bhaag mein unka saamaajik sangathan shaktiheen gotravibhaajan aur saamaajik shreniyon par aashrit rahata hai, poorv mein ubhayapaksheeya parivaar par. raajakeeya sangathan adhik shaktishaali naheen hai. dharm ke kshetr mein vyaktigat daivi rakshak shaktiyon mein vishvaas tatha shaaman logon ka astitv paaya jaata hai. vrukshon ki chhaal ka upayog in samoohon ki sanskruti mein milta hai. is saamagri se chhoti chhoti naavein aur bartan aadi banaae jaate hain. ve charmavastron ka prayog karte hain. unamein kala ko koi vishesh roop viksit naheen hua.

(5) besin-pleto-kshetr - is kshetr ki sanskrutiyon ko do mukhya bhaagon mein vibhaajit kiya ja sakta hai. besin kshetr ke mukhya samooh hain--shoshon, goshiyoot, paaiyoot aur peviosto. Columbia pathaar par thaamasan, shushaveya, flaitahed, nej-pasein aur uttari shoshaan samooh rahate hain. donon bhaagon mein marusthali sanskruti ke tatvon ka praadhaanya hai. arthavyavastha sekalam aur shikaar par aashrit hai. pehle bhaag mein vaayu anurodhak tattiyon aur pyoobali shaili ke makaan banaae jaate hain. praagaitihaasik kaal mein jameen khodakar rahane ka sthaan banaaya jaata tha. doosare bhaag mein bhoomigat gharon ka praadhaanya hai. donon bhaagon mein samaaj anek ubhayapaksheeya dalon mein vibhaajit hai, jinmein pratyek dal ka ek pradhaan hota hai. raajakeeya sangathan ka in samoohon mein abhaav hai. dharm shaaman aur daivi rakshak shaktiyon par aashrit rahata hai. bhautik sanskruti ka alp vikaas aur kala ke kisi bhi roop ka abhaav in samoohon mein deekh padta hai.

(6) samatal kshetr - is kshetr ke kuchh samooh, jaise bhandaan, hidaasta, erikaara, ponka, aayova, omaaha aur pavani sthaayi graamon mein rahate hain tatha blaikafud, gros veinchar esini boin, kro cheyini, daakota, aparaapaaho, kiyova, komaanche aati ghumakkad jeevan vyateet karte hain.

sthaayi graamon mein rahanevaale samooh vrukshon ke tanon se bane bade makaanon mein rahate hain. samaaj gotr aur gotrasamoohon mein vibhaajit hai. in samoohon ke shaktishaali jaateeya sangathan hain. dhaarmik utsav ye bade suvyavasthit roop se manaate hain. vyaktigat rakshak shaktiyon mein vishvaas ke atirikt inmein anek prakaar se daivi sanket paane ke liye yatn kiye jaate hain. in samoohon mein charmavastron ka prachalan hai. sir par tarah tarah ke pankh lagaae jaate hain. mitti ke bartan, tokare aadi inmein naheen banaae jaate. kala ki do sunishchit shailiyaaain inmein prachalit hain. ve chamade par yathaarthavaadi shaili mein chitr ankit karte hain aur vibhinn prakaar ki dijaainein bhi banaate hain.

ghumakkad samooh chamade ke bane tipi naamak tanbuon mein rahate hain aur shikaar se apni jeevika arjit karte hain. uttar aur poorv mein unamein gotravibhaajan paaya jaata hai, dakshin aur pashchim mein naheen. raajakeeya sangathan prajaatantreeya pranaali ka hai. komaanche samooh ke atirikt anya samoohon mein jaateeya sangathan hai. yuddh aur shaanti ke neta alag hote hain. in samoohon mein anek prakaar ki sainik tatha dhaarmik samitiyaaain sangathit hain. inmein bhi rakshak shaktiyon mein vishvaas paaya jaata hai. sooryanrutya tatha saamoohik dhaarmik krutya ki drushti se ye pratham bhaag ke samakaksh hain.

(7) uttar-pashchim-kshetr - yeh bhaag teen upasanskruti kshetron mein vibhaajit kiya ja sakta hai.

pyooblo samooh mein taaos, saanta klaara, kochiti, seinto domingon, sen felipi, siya, jemej, laagunt, ekoma, jooni aur hobi jaatiyaaain mukhya hain. aarthik vyavastha krushi aur pashupaalan par aashrit hai. pyooblo samooh pattharon se bane anek manjilonvaale saamudaayik gharon mein rahate hain. jaateeya shaasanavyavastha mein dhaarmik adhikaariyon ki saja hoti hai. samaaj mein anek dhaarmik samitiyaaain sangathit hain. anek dhaarmik krutya soorya aur poorvajon se sambandhit hain. saamoohik naatya in samoohon ke dhaarmik sangathan ki ek pramukh visheshata maane ja sakte hain. bhautik sanskruti ke kshetr mein ye mitti ke bartan banaane aur kapda bunane mein daksh hain. tokare banaane ki kala adhik viksit naheen hai. kala mein mukhya roop hain bartanon par chitron ka ankan aur kanbalon mein aakarshak dijaainein bunana.

doosra bhaag navaaho aur epaache aadi samoohon ka hai jo sthaayi roop se ek sthaan par naheen rahate. ye adhikaanshat: baajare ki kheti karte hain. aadhunik kaal mein inmein bhed paalana bhi aarambh kiya gaya hai. navaaho lakdi aur mitti ke bane makaanon mein rahate hain, epaache chamade ke tanbuon mein. donon samoohon mein keindreeya shaasakeeya vyavastha ka abhaav hai. samooh chhote-chhote dalon mein vibhaajit hain. pratyek dal ka ek pradhaan hota hai, par usaki shakti adhik naheen hoti. dharmavyavastha mein pujaariyon aur dhaarmik gaayakon ka sthaan mahatvapoorn hota hai. rogiyon ki chikitsa dhaarmik kriyaaon aur gaayan se ki jaati hai. in samoohon mein bunaai ka kaushal viksit roop mein deekh padta hai. bhautik sanskruti ke anya paksh adhik unnat naheen hain. donon samoohon mein kanbalon mein tarah-tarah ki dijaainein buni jaati hain aur baalukaachitraankan kiya jaata hai. navaaho chaaaindi ka kaam karte hain aue epaache manakon ka.

teesare bhaag mein Colorado-gila kshetr mein mohaave, yooma, pima, papaago, aadi samooh aate hain. inka saamaajik sangathan bahut kuchh navaaho, epaache aadi ke sangathanon se milta julata hai. dharm ka saamoohik paksh aviksit hai, vyakti aur parivaar dhaarmik sangathan ki svatantr ikaaiyaaain maane ja sakte hain. inki bhautik sanskruti ke mukhya tatv hain tokare banaana aur kapde bunana. kala ka vikaas inmein bahut kam hua hai.

(8) uttar poorv ka vanakshetr - is kshetr ke mukhya samooh hain kri, ojibrv, irokvaai, mohikn, vinebaagau, faaks, saaook aadi. ye vanaachhaadit pradesh mein rahate hain jahaaain kathin sheet padta hai. ye samooh kheti ke saath bade paimaane par shikaar bhi karte hain. jheelon mein machhaliyon pakadi jaati hain aur jangali dhaan ki kheti hoti hai. samaaj ka vibhaajan gotron mein hota hai jinke apne gotrachihn (totem) hote hain. uttari bhaag ko chhodkar shesh kshetr mein sashakt tatha susangathit shaasanavyavastha hai. irokvaai samoohon ne to apna svatantr raajyasangh bana liya tha jiska vidhaan ullekhaneeya tha. in samoohon mein vyakti ki daivi rakshak shaktiyon mein vishvaas kiya jaata hai. bhautik sanskruti ke mukhya tatv hain dhanush, yuddh ki gadaaeain, lakdi ko khodakar banaai gayi aur vrukshon ki chhaal ki naavein, chamade ke vastr, baraf mein pahanane ke joote aur mitti ke bartan. in samoohon mein manakon ka kalaapoorn kaam kiya jaata hai. irokvaai lakdi ke chehare bhi banaate hain.

(9) dakshin poorv ka vanakshetr - shaavani, cheroki, creek, naabej aadi samooh is kshetr mein nivaas karte hain. aarthik vyavastha mein krushi aur shikaar ka samaan mahatva hai. vargaakaar aur vruttaakaar, donon prakaar ke ghar in samoohon mein banaae jaate hain. samaaj gotr aur gotrasamoohon mein sangathit hai. vargabhed ke saath sashakt raajakeeya sangathan bhi in samoohon mein viksit hua hai. soorya aur agni ko kendra banaakar anek dhaarmik kriyaaeain ki jaati hain. ye samooh mandiron ka nirmaan bhi karte hain. pujaari aur shaaman, donon shaktishaali hote hain. chamade aur vrukshon ki chhaal ke vastron ka upayog kiya jaata hai. vishesh prakaar ki chataaiyaaain aur tokare banaana tatha bet ka upayog in samoohon ki bhautik sanskruti ki ullekhaneeya visheshataaeain hain. inki kala par madhya amareeka ke anek prabhaav lakshit hote hain.

Indian samoohon mein badi teevr gati se sanskruti parivartan ho raha hai. unke jeevan ke pratyek paksh mein amareeka ki nav sanskruti ke vyaapak prabhaav sahaj hi dekhe ja sakte hain.

• vaistarn (shaili)
• soo, ek mool ameriki aadivaasi janajaati

• kaaligr, jaan: the Indian ov the amerikaaj, New York, naartan aind company, 1947;
• varten, E. (sampaadak) : the Indians ov North America, nyooryaak, haarkot press aind company, 1927;
• krobar, A.L. : kalcharal aind natural eriyaaj ov netiv North amareeka, Berkeley, yunivrsiti ov keliforniya press, 1949;
• lintan, raalf: the tri ov kalcharal New York, elfred A. kanaaf, 1955.

• The Peopling of the American Continents, Early California History
• North America, Indigenous Peoples Issues and Resources
• South America, Indigenous Peoples Issues and Resources
• America's Stone Age explorers, PBS Nova
• A history of Native people of Canada (CMC)