Gujarat
 |
|
| Bhaarat ke praant | |
| rajdhani | Gandhinagar |
| sabse bada shahar | Ahmedabad |
| janasankhya | 5,06,00,000 |
| - ghanatv | 258 /kimee² |
| kshetrafal | 196,024 kimee² |
| - jile | 33 |
| raajabhaasha(eain) | gujaraati, hindi |
| pratishtha | 1 May, 1960 |
| - raajyapaal | om prakaash Kohli |
| - mukhyamantri | aanandeeben Patel |
| - vidhaanasabha | ek sabha |
| aaiesao sankshep | IN-GJ |
| http://gujarat.gov.in | |
-
- agar aap Pakistan ke Punjab raajya ke Gujarat jile par jaankaari dhoondh rahein hain to Gujarat jila naamak lekh dekhiye
Gujarat (gujaraati:ગaaુaaજaaરaaાaaત)(/ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑaaːt/) pashchimi Bhaarat mein sthit ek raajya hai. iski uttari-pashchimi seema jo antarraashtreeya seema bhi hai, Pakistan se lagi hai. Rajasthan aur madhya pradesh iske kramash: uttar evam uttar-poorv mein sthit raajya hain. Maharashtra iske dakshin mein hai. arab saagar iski pashchimi-dakshini seema banaata hai. iski dakshini seema par daadar evam nagar-haveli hain. is raajya ki rajdhani Gandhinagar hai. Gandhinagar, raajya ke pramukh vyavasaayik kendra Ahmedabad ke sameep sthit hai. Gujarat ka kshetrafal 1,96,077 kilometer hai.
Gujarat, Bhaarat ka atyant mahatvapoorn raajya hai. kachh, Saurashtra, kaathiyaavaad, haalaar, paanchaal, gohilvaad, jhaalaavaad aur Gujarat uske praadeshik saanskrutik ang hain. inki lok sanskruti aur saahitya ka anubandh Rajasthan, sindh aur Punjab, Maharashtra aur madhya pradesh ke saath hai. vishaal saagar tat vaale is raajya mein itihaas yug ke aarambh hone se poorv hi anek videshi jaatiyaaain thal aur samudra maarg se aakar sthaayi roop se basi hui hain. iske uparaant Gujarat mein atthaais aadivaasi jaatiyaan hain. jan-samaaj ke aise vaividhya ke kaaran is pradesh ko bhaaainti-bhaaainti ki lok sanskrutiyon ka laabh mila hai.
anukram
naamotpatti
Gujarat naam, gurjaratra se aaya hai. gurjaro ka saamraajya 6theen se 12veen sadi tak gurjaratra ya gurjarabhumi ke naam se jaana jaata tha. gurjar ek samudaaya hai. [1] praacheen mahaakavi raajasekhar ne gurjaro ka sambandh sooryavansh ya raghuvansh se bataaya hai.[2] kuchh vidvaan inhe madhya-Asia se aaye aarya bhi bataate hai.
itihaas
Gujarat ka itihaas isavi poorv lagbhag 2,000 varsh puraana hai. maana jaata hai ki Bhagwan krushaan Mathura chhodkar sauraashaatr ke pashchimi tat par ja base, jo dvaarika yaani praveshadvaar kahalaaya. baad ke varsho mein maurya, gupt, gurjar pratihaar tatha anaaya anek raajavanshon ne is pradesh par raaj kiya. gurjar chaalukya (solanki) raajaaon ka shaasanakaal Gujarat mein pragati aur samruddh ka yug tha. Mehmood gajanavi ki lootpaat ke baavajood gurjar raajaaon ne yahaan ke logon ki samruddhi aur bhalaai ka poora dhaayaan rakha.
bhoogol
svatantrata se pehle Gujarat ka vartamaan kshetr mukhaaya roop se do bhaagon mein vibhkt tha- ek british kshetr aur doosra desi riyaasatein. raajaayon ke punargathan ke kaaran sauraashaatr ke raajaayon aur kachaachh ke kendra shaasit pradesh ke saath poorv british Gujarat ko milaakar dvibhaashi Mumbai raajaaya ka gathan hua. 1 May 1960 ko vartamaan Gujarat raajaaya astitaav mein aaya. Gujarat Bhaarat ke pashchimi tat par sthit hai. iske pashchim mein arab saagar, uttar mein paakisaataan tatha uttar-poorv mein raajasaathaan, dakshin-poorv mein madhaayapradesh aur dakshin mein mahaaraashaatr hai. raajya ka bhaugolik kshetrafal 1,96,000 varg kimi hai.
Gujarat ke jile
| jila code | jila naam | mukhyaalaya | kshetrafal |
|---|---|---|---|
| AH | Ahmedabad | Ahmedabad | 8,707 |
| AM | amareli | amareli | 6,760 |
| AN | aanand | aanand | 2,942 |
| BK | banaasakaantha | paalanapur | 12,703 |
| BR | bharuch | bharuch | 6,524 |
| BV | bhaavanagar | bhaavanagar | 11,155 |
| DA | daahod | daahod | 3,652 |
| DG | daang | aahava | 1764 |
| GA | Gandhinagar | Gandhinagar | 649 |
| JA | jaamanagar | jaamanagar | 14,125 |
| JU | Junagadh | Junagadh | ,8839 |
| KA | kachh | bhuj | 45,652 |
| KH | kheda | nadiyaad | 4,215 |
| MA | mahesaana | mahesaana | 4,386 |
| NR | narmada | raajapeepala | 2,749 |
| NV | navasaari | navasaari | 2,211 |
| PA | paatan | paatan | 5,768 |
| PM | panchamahaal | godhara | 5,219 |
| PO | porabandar | porabandar | 2,294 |
| RA | Rajkot | Rajkot | 11,203 |
| SK | saabarakaantha | hinmatanagar | 7,390 |
| SN | surendranagar | surendranagar | 10,489 |
| ST | surat | surat | 7,657 |
| TA | taapi | vyaara | 3,040 |
| VD | vadodara | vadodara | 7,794 |
| VL | valasaad | valasaad | 3,034 |
| DD | devabhoomi dvaaraka | dvaaraka | - |
| GS | geer somanaath | veraaval | - |
| MR | morabi | morabi | - |
| BT | botaad | botaad | - |
| AR | aravalli | modaasa | - |
| MS | maheesaagar | lunaavaada | - |
| CU | chhota udepur | chhota udepur | - |
arthavyavastha
krushi
Gujarat kapaas, tambaakoo aur mooaingafali ka utaapaadan karne wala desh ka pramukh raajaaya hai tatha yeh kapda, tel aur saabun jaise mahataavapoorn udyogon ke liye kachaacha maal upalabaadh karaata hai. yahaaain ki anaaya mahataavapoorn nakadi fasalein hain - isabagol, dhaan, gehooain aur baajara. Gujarat ke vanon mein upalabadh vrukshon ki jaatiyaaain hain-saagavaan, khair, haladariyo, saadaad aur baaains.
udyog
raajaaya mein audyogik dhaaainche mein dheere-dheere vividhta aati ja rahi hai aur yahaaain rasaayan, petro-rasaayan, urvarak, engineering, ilekaatraunikaas aadi udyogon ka vikaas ho raha hai. 2004 ke ant mein raajaaya mein panjeekrut chaaloo faikaatariyon ki sankhaaya 21,536 (asaathaai) thi jinmein ausatan 9.27 lakh dainik shramikon ko rojagaar mila hua tha. March, 2005 tak raajaaya mein 2.99 lakh laghu audyogik ikaaiyon ka panjeekaran ho chuka tha. Gujarat audyogik vikaas nigam ko dhaaainchaagat suvidhaao ke saath audyogik sampadaaon ke viakaas ki bhoomika saunpi gayi hai. December, 2005 tak Gujarat audyogik vikaas nigam ne 237 audyogik sampadaaeain saathaapit ki thi.
sinchaai aur bijli
raajaaya mein bhootaleeya jal tatha bhoomigat jal dvaara kul sinchaai kshamata 64.48 lakh hekaateyar aanki gayi hai jismein sardaar sarovar (narmada) pariyojana ki 17.92 lakh hekaateyar kshamata bhi sammilit hai. raajaaya mein June 2005 tak kul sinchaai kshamata 40.34 lakh hekaateyar kshamata bhi sammilit hai. raajaaya mein June 2007 tak kul sinchaai kshamata 42.26 lakh hekaateyar tak pahuainch gayi thi. June 2007 tak adhiktam upayog kshamata 37.33 lakh hekaateyar aaainki gayi.
parivhan
- sadkein
2005-06 ke ant mein raajya mein sadkon ki kul lambaai (gair yojana, saamudaayik, nagareeya aur pariyojana sadkon ke atirikt) lagbhag 74,038 kilometer thi.
- uddayan
raajaaya ke Ahmedabad sthit mukhaaya havaai adde se mumbai, dilaali aur anaaya nagaron ke liye dainik vimaan seva upalabaadh hai. Ahmedabad havaai adde ko ab antararaashaatreeya havaai adde ka darja mil gaya hain. anaaya havaai adde vadodara, bhaavanagar, bhuj, soorat, jaamanagar, kaandala, keshod, porabandar aur Rajkot mein hai.
- rel
Gujarat ka sabse vyast railway station vadodara jankshan hai. yahaaain se har roj 150 se bhi jyaada train pasar hoti hai aur Bhaarat ke lagbhag har ek kone mein jaane ke liye yahaaain se train upalabdh hoti hai. vadodara ke alaava Gujarat ke bade stationon mein Ahmedabad, soorat, Rajkot, bhuj aur bhaavanagar ka samaavesh hota hai. Gujarat bhaarateeya rel ke pashchim railway jon mein padta hai.
- bandaragaah
Gujarat mein kul 40 bandaragaah hain. kaandala raajaaya ka pramukh bandaragaah hai. varsh 2004-05 ke dauraan Gujarat ke manyajhole aur chhote bandaragaahon se kul 971.28 lakh tan maal dhoya gaya jabki kaandala bandaragaah se 415.51 lakh tan maal dhoya gaya.
sanskruti
taayohaar
bhaadrapadr (agasaat-September) maas ke shukaal paksh mein chaturthi, panchami aur shashaathi ke din taranetar gaanv mein Bhagwan Shiv ki saatuti mein taranetar mela lagta hai. Bhagwan krushaan dvaara rukaamani se vivaah ke upalakshaaya mein chaitr (March-April) ke shukaal paksh ki navami ko porabandar ke paas maadhavapoor mein maadhaavaraaya mela lagta hai. uttari Gujarat ke baansakaantha jile mein har varsh maan anba ko samarpit anba ji mela aayejit kiya jaata hain. raajaaya ka sabse bada vaarshik mela dvaarika aur daakor mein Bhagwan krushaan ke janaamadivs janaamaashaatami ke avsar par bade harsholaalaas se aayojit hota hai. iske alaava Gujarat mein makar sakraanti, navaraatri, daangi darbaar, shaamalaaji mele tatha bhaavanaath mele ka bhi aayojan kiya jaata hain.
paryatan saathal
raajaaya mein dvaaraka, somanaath, paaleetaana, paavaagadh, anbaaji bhadreshaavar, shaamalaaji, taranga aur girnaar jaise dhaarmik saathalon ke alaava mahaataama Gandhi ki janaamabhoomi porabandar tatha puraatataav aur vaasaatukala ki drushti se ulaalekhaneeya paatan, siddhapur, ghuranali, dabhei, badanagar, modhera, lothal aur Ahmedabad jaise saathaan bhi hain. ahamadapur maandavi, chaarabaad ubhaarat aur teethal ke sundar samudri tat, satapuda parvateeya saathal, gir vanon ke sheron ka abhayaaranaaya aur kachaachh mein jangali gadhon ka abhayaaranaaya bhi paryatakon ke aakarshan ka kedr hain. iske alaava Gujarat ke sthaaneeya vyanjan ke jaayake bhi Gujarat ki khoobsoorti ko aur badhaate hai.
prashaasan
sarkaar
raashtrapati dvaara niyukt raajyapaal Gujarat ke prashaasan ka pramukh hota hai. mukhyamantri ke netrutv mein mantrimandal raajyapaal ko uske kaamkaaj mein sahayog aur salaah deta hai. raajya mein ek nirvaachit nikaaya ekasadanaatmak vidhaanasabha hai. uchch nyaayaalaya raajya ki sarvopari nyaayik satta hai, jabki shahari nyaayaalaya, jila va satr nyaayaadheeshon ke nyaayaalaya aur pratyek jile mein deevaani maamalon ke nyaayaadheeshon ke nyaayaalaya hain. raajya ko 25 prashaasanik jilon mein baanta gaya hai. Ahmedabad, amareli, banaas kantha, bharooch, bhaavanagar, deing, gaaaindheenagar, kheda, mahesaana, panchamahal, Rajkot, saabar kantha, soorat sureindranagar, vadodara, valasaad, navasaari, narmada, dohad, aanand, paatan, jaamanagar, porabandar, joonaagadh aur kachh, pratyek jile ka raajasv aur saamaanya prashaasan jilaadheesh ki dekharekh mein hota hai, jo kaanoon aur vyavastha bhi banaae rakhata hai. sthaaneeya prashaasan mein aam logon ko shaamil karne ke liye 1963 mein panchaayat dvaara prashaasan ki shuruaat ki gayi.
svaasthya
svaasthya aur chikitsa sevaaon mein maleriya, tapedik, kushth aur anya sankraamak rogon ke unmoolan ke saath-saath peyajal ki aapoorti mein sudhaar aur khaadya saamagri mein milaavat ko rokane ke kaaryakram shaamil hain. praathamik svaasthya keindron, aspataalon aur chikitsa mahaavidyaalayon ke vistaar ke liye bhi kdam uthaae gaye hain.
jan-kalyaan
bachchon, mahilaaon aur viklaangon, vruddh, asahaaya, parityakt ke saath-saath aparaadhi bhikhaari, anaath aur jail se chhute logon ki kalyaan aavashyakataaon ki dekharekh vibhinn raajakeeya sansthaaen karti hain. raajya mein tathaakathit pichhde varg ke logon ki shiksha, aarthik vikaas, svaasthya aur aavaas ki dekharekh ke liye ek alag vibhaag hai.
janajeevan
gujaraati janasankhya mein vividh jaateeya samooh ka mote taur par indik / bhaaratodbhav (uttari mool) ya Dravid (dakshini mool) ke roop mein vargeekaran kiya ja sakta hai. pehle varg mein nagar braahman, bhatiya, bhadela, raabari aur meena jaatiyaan (paarasi, mool roop se faaras se, paravarti uttari aagaman ka pratinidhitv karte hain), jabki dakshini mool ke logon mein vaalmeeki, koli, dabala, naayakada va machhi-kharava janajaatiya hain. shesh janasankhya mein aadivaasi bheel mishrit visheshataaen darshaate hain. anusoochit janajaati aur aadivaasi janajaati ke sadasya pradesh ki janasankhya ka lagbhag paaainchavaan hissa hain. yahaaain deing jila poornat: aadivaasi yukt jila hai. Ahmedabad jile mein anusoochit janajaati ka anupaat sarvaadhik hai. Gujarat mein janasankhya ka mukhya sankeindran Ahmedabad, kheda, vadodara, soorat aur valsar ke maidaani kshetr mein dekha ja sakta hai. yeh kshetr krushi ke drushtikon se urvar hai aur atyadhik audyogeekrut hai. janasankhya ka ek anya sankeindran mangarol se mahuva tak aur Rajkot evam jaamanagar ke aaspaas ke hisson sahit Saurashtra ke dakshini tateeya kshetron mein dekha ja sakta hai. janasankhya ka vitran uttar (kachh) aur poorvi parvateeya kshetron ki or kramash kam hota jaata hai. janasankhya ka ausat ghanatv 258 vyakti prati varg kimi (2001) hai aur dashakeeya vruddhi dar 2001 mein 22.48 pratishat pai gayi.
shiksha
500 ya isse zyaada janasankhya vaale lagbhag sabhi gaaainvon mein saat se gyaarah varsh ke sabhi bachchon ke liye praathamik paathashaalaaeain kholi ja chuki hain. aadivaasi bachchon ko kala aur shilp ki shiksha dene ke liye vishesh vidyaalaya chalaae jaate hain. yahaaain anek maadhyamik aur uchchatar vidyaalayon ke saath-saath nau vishvavidyaalaya aur uchch shiksha ke liye badi sankhya mein shikshan sansthaan hain. abhiyaantriki mahaavidyaalayon aur takaneeki vidyaalayon dvaara takaneeki shiksha upalabdh karaai jaati hai. shodh sansthaanon mein Ahmedabad mein fijikl research leboretari Ahmedabad teksataail indastreej research eshosiyeshan, seth bholaabhaai jesingabhaai instityoot of larning aind research, the Indian instityoot of management, the national instityoot of dijaain aur the sardaar Patel instityoot of economic aind social research, vadodara mein oriental instityoot tatha bhaavanagar mein central saalt aind maireen kemikl research instityoot shaamil hain.
bhaasha
gujaraati aur hindi raajya ki adhikrut bhaashaaen hain. donon mein gujaraati ka zyaada vyaapak istemaal hota hai, jo sanskrut ke alaava praacheen bhaarateeya mool bhaasha praakrut aur 10 veen shataabdi ke beech uttari aur pashchimi Bhaarat mein boli jaane waali apabhransh bhaasha se vyutpann ek bhaarateeya-aarya bhaasha hai. samudra maarg se Gujarat ke videshon se sampark ne faarasi, arabi, Turkey, purtagaali aur angreji shabdon se iska parichay karavaaya. gujaraati mein mahaatma Gandhi ki vilkshan rachanaaen apni saadagi aur oorjasvita ke liye prasiddh hain. in rachanaaon ne aadhunik gujaraati gadya par zabardast prabhaav daala hai. Gujarat mein raajabhaasha gujaraati bhaasha ke atirikt hindi, maraathi aur angreji ka prachalan hai. gujaraati bhaasha naveen bhaarateeya–aarya bhaashaaon ke dakshin–pashchimi samooh se sambandhit hai. itaalavi vidvaan tessitori ne praacheen gujaraati ko praacheen pashchimi raajasthaani bhi kaha, kyonki unke kaal mein is bhaasha ka upayog us kshetr mein bhi hota tha, jise ab Rajasthan raajya kaha jaata hai.
dharm
Gujarat mein adhikaansh janasankhya hindu dharm ko maanati hai, jabki kuchh sankhya islaam, jain aur paarasi dharm maanane vaalon ki bhi hai. 21veen sadi ki shuruaat mein yahaaain par badhte saampradaayik tanaav ke kaaran dange hue.[3]
sanskruti
Gujarat ki adhikaansh lok sanskruti aur lokageet hindu dhaarmik saahitya puraan mein varnit Bhagwan Krishna se judi kinvadantiyon se pratibinbit hoti hai. Krishna ke sammaan mein kiya jaane wala raasanrutya aur raasaleela prasiddh lokanrutya "garaba" ke roop mein ab bhi prachalit hai. yeh nrutya devi durga ke navaraatr parv mein kiya jaata hai. ek lok naatya bhavai bhi abhi astitv mein hai.
Gujarat mein shaivavaad ke saath-saath vaishnavavaad bhi lambe samay se falata-foolata raha hai, jinse bhakti mat ka udbhav hua. pramukh santon, kaviyon aur sangeetajnyaon mein 15veen sadi mein padon ke rachayita narasi Mehta, apne mahal ko tyaagane waali 16veen sadi ki rajput Rajkumari va bhajanon ki rachanaakaar meeraabaai, 18veen sadi ke kavi aur lekhak premaanand aur bhakti mat ko lokapriya banaane vaale geetkaar dayaaraam shaamil hain. Bhaarat mein anya jagahon ki tulana mein ahinsa aur shaakaahaar ki vishishtata vaale jain dharm ne Gujarat mein gahari jade jamaai. jrathustr ke anuyaayi paarasi 17veen sadi ke baad kisi samay faaras se bhaagakar sabse pehle Gujarat ke tat par hi base the.
is samudaaya ke adhikaansh log baad mein Mumbai (vartamaan Mumbai) chale gaye. Krishna, dayaanand sarasvati, mahaatma gaaaindhi, sardaar Patel tatha suprasiddh cricket khilaadi Ranji jaise vyaktitv ne pradesh ke samaaj ko gauravaanvit kiya. Gujarat ki sanskruti mein mukhyat: sheeshe ka kaam tatha 'garaba' evam 'raas' nrutya poore Bhaarat mein prasiddh hai. pradesh ka sarvapramukh lok nrutya garaba tatha daandiya hai. garaba nrutya mein striyaaain sir par chhidrayukt paatr lekar nrutya karti hain, jis ke bheetar deep jalata hai. daandiya mein aksar purush bhaag lete hain parantu kabhi-kabhi stri-purush donon milkar karte hain. pradesh ke rahan-sahan aur pahanaave par Rajasthan ka kaafi prabhaav dekha ja sakta hai. pradesh ka bhavai lokanaatya kaafi lokapriya hai. sthaapatya shilp ki drushti se pradesh kaafi samruddh hai. is drushti se rudr mahaalaya, siddhapur, maatrumoorti paavaagadh, shilpagaurav galateshvar, dvaarikaanaath ka mandir, shatrunjaya paaleetaana ke jain mandir, seedi Sayyed masjid ki jaaliyaaain, paatan ki kaashthakala ityaadi kaafi mahattvapoorn hain. hindi mein jo sthaan sooradaas ka hai gujaraati mein vahi sthaan narasi Mehta ka hai.
tyohaar aur mele
Bhaarat ke pashchimi bhaag mein basa samruddhashaali raajya Gujarat apne tyohaaron aur saanskrutik utsavon ke liye vishv prasiddh hai.
bhaadrapadr (August-September) maas ke shukl paksh mein chaturthi, panchami aur shashthi ke din taranetar gaanv mein Bhagwan Shiv ki stuti mein taranetar mela lagta hai.
Bhagwan Krishna dvaara rukmani se vivaah ke upalakshya mein chaitr (March-April) ke shukl paksh ki navami ko porabandar ke paas maadhavapur mein maadhavaraaya mela lagta hai.
uttari Gujarat ke baansakaantha jile mein har varsh maan anba ko samarpit anba ji mela aayejit kiya jaata hain.
raajya ka sabse bada vaarshik mela dvaaraka aur daakor mein Bhagwan Krishna ke janmadivs janmaashtami ke avsar par bade harshollaas se aayojit hota hai. iske atirikt Gujarat mein makar sankraati, navaraatr, daangi darbaar, shaamala ji mele tatha bhaavanaath mele ka bhi aayojan kiya jaata hain.
kala
Gujarat ki vaastukala shaili apni poornata aur alankaarikta ke liye vikhyaat hai, jo somanaath, dvaaraka, modhera, thaan, ghumali, girnaar jaise mandiron aur smaarakon mein sanrakshit hai. muslim shaasan ke dauraan ek alag hi tareeke ki bhaarateeya-islaami shaili viksit hui. Gujarat apni kala va shilp ki vastuon ke liye bhi prasiddh hai. inmein jaamanagar ki baandhani (bandhaai aur rangaai ki takaneek), paatan ka utkrusht reshami vastr patola, idar ke khilaune, paalanapur ka itr konodar ka hastashilp ka kaam aur Ahmedabad va soorat ke laghu mandiron ka kaashthashilp tatha pauraanik moortiyaaain shaamil hain. raajya ke sarvaadhik sthaayi aur prabhaavashaali saanskrutik sansthaanon mein mahaajan ke roop mein prasiddh vyaapaar aur kala shilp sangh hai. aksar jaati vishesh mein antargathit aur svaayatt in sanghon ne ateet kai vivaadon ko sulajhaaya hai aur lokahit ke maadhyam ki bhoomika nibhaate hue kala va sanskruti ko protsaahan diya hai.
kaashth shilpakala
Gujarat raajya mein ki jaane waali vaastu shilpeeya nakkaashi kam se kam 15veen shataabdi se Gujarat Bhaarat mein lakdi ki nakkaashi ka mukhya kendra raha hai. nirmaan saamagri ke roop mein jis samay patthar ka istemaal adhik suvidhaajanak aur vishvasaneeya tha, is samay bhi Gujarat ke logon ne mandiron ke mandap tatha aavaaseeya bhavanon ke agrabhaagon, dvaaron, stambhon, jharokhon, deevaarageeron aur jaaleedaar khidkiyon ke nirmaan mein nirmaan mein bejhijhk lakdi ka prayog jaari rakha. mugl kaal (1556-1707) ke dauraan Gujarat ki lakdi nakkaashi mein deshi evam mugl shailiyon ka sundar sanyojan dikhaai deta hai. 16veen sadi ke uttaraarddh evam 17veen sadi ke jain kaashth mandapon par jain pauraanik kathaaeain evam samakaaleen jeevan ke drushya tatha kaalpanik bail-boote, pashu-pakshi evam jyaamiteeya aakrutiyaaain utkeern ki gayi hain; aakruti moortikla atyant jeevant evam layaatmak hai. lakdi par gaadhe laal raugn ka prayog aam tha. 19veen sadi ke kai bhavya kaashth purobhaag sanrakshit hain, lekin unka alankaran pehle ki nirmitiyon jaisa lalit aur gatyaatmak naheen hai.
inhein bhi dekhein
sandarbh
- ↑ Ramesh Chandra Majumdar; Achut Dattatrya Pusalker, A. K. Majumdar, Dilip Kumar Ghose, Vishvanath Govind Dighe, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (1977). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pa॰ 153.
- ↑ Devadatta Ramakrishna Bhandarkar (1989). Some aspects of ancient Indian culture. Asian Educational Services. pa॰ 64. ISBN 81-206-0457-1, ISBN 978-81-206-0457-5. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=gUAvuYu-otEC&pg=PA64&dq.
- ↑ "itihaas ke pannon mein 27 fravari". BBC hindi. 27 fravari 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/news/2012/02/120226_history_february27_sy.shtml. abhigman tithi: 19 March 2013.