Bhaarat ki sanskruti

kathakakali kalaakaar Krishna ke roop mein nrutya karte hai

Bhaarat upamahaadveep ki kshetreeya saanskrutik seemaaon aur kshetron ki sthirta aur aitihaasik sthaayitv ko pradarshit karta hua maanachitr

Bhaarat ki sanskruti kai cheejon ko mila-julaakar banti hai jismein Bhaarat ka lamba itihaas, vilkshan bhoogol aur sindhu ghaati ki sabhyata ke dauraan bani aur aage chalakar vaidik yug mein viksit hui, bauddh dharm evam svarn yug ki shuruaat aur uske astagaman ke saath fali-fooli apni khud ki praacheen viraasat shaamil hain. iske saath hi padosi deshon ke rivaaj, paramparaaon aur vichaaron ka bhi ismein samaavesh hai. pichhli paaainch sahasraabdiyon se adhik samay se Bhaarat ke reeti-rivaaj, bhaashaaeain, prathaaeain aur paranparaaeain iske ek-doosare se paraspar sambandhon mein mahaan vividhtaaon ka ek adviteeya udaaharan deti hain. Bhaarat kai dhaarmik pranaaliyon (religious systems), jaise ki hindu dharm, jain dharm, bauddh dharm aur sikh dharm jaise dharmon ka janak hai. is mishran se Bhaarat mein utpann hue vibhinn dharm aur paramparaaon (traditions) ne vishv ke alag - alag hisson ko bhi kaafi prabhaavit kiya hai

bhaarateeya sanskruti vishv ke itihaas mein kai drushtiyon se vishesh mahattv rakhati hai.

• yeh sansaar ki praacheenatam sanskrutiyon mein se hai. mohanajodado ki khudaai ke baad se yeh misr, mesopotemiya ki sabse puraani sabhyataaon ke samakaaleen samajhi jaane lagi hai.

• praacheenata ke saath iski doosari visheshata amarata hai. cheeni sanskruti ke atirikt puraani duniya ki anya sabhi - mesopotemiya ki sumeriyn, aseeriyn, bebeeloniyn aur khaaldi prabhruti tatha misr Iran, yoonaan aur rom ki-sanskrutiyaaain kaal ke karaal gaal mein sama chuki hain, kuchh dhvansaavashesh hi unki gaurav-gaatha gaane ke liye bache hain; kintu bhaarateeya sanskruti kai hajaar varsh tak kaal ke kroor thapedon ko khaati hui aaj tak jeevit hai.

• usaki teesari visheshata usaka jagadguru hona hai. use is baat ka shreya praapt hai ki usane na keval mahaadveep-sareekhe bhaaratavarsh ko sabhyata ka paath padhaaya, apitu Bhaarat ke baahar bade hisse ki jangali jaatiyon ko sabhya banaaya, saaiberiya ke sinhal (Sri Lanka) tak aur maideegaaskar taapoo, Iran tatha Afghanistan se prashaant mahaasaagar ke borniyo, baali ke dveepon tak ke vishaal bhoo-khandon par apni amit prabhaav chhoda.

sanskruti

• sarvaangeenata, vishaalata, udaarata aur sahishnuta ki drushti se anya sanskrutiyon ki apeksha agrani sthaan rakhati hai.

Bhaarat mein boli jaane waali bhaashaaoain ki badi sankhya ne yahaaain ki sanskruti aur paaramparik vividhta ko badhaaya hai. 1000 (yadi aap praadeshik boliyon aur praadeshik shabdon ko ginein to, jabki yadi aap unhein naheen ginte hain to ye sankhya ghat kar 216 rah jaati hai) bhaashaaeain aisi hain jinhein 10,000 se jyaada logon ke samooh dvaara dvaara bola jaata hai, jabki kai aisi bhaashaaeain bhi hain jinhein 10,000 se kam log hi bolte hai. Bhaarat mein kul milaakar 415 bhaashaaen upayog mein hain bhaarateeya samvidhaan ne sangh sarkaar ke sanchaar ke liye hindi aur angreji, in do bhaashaaon ke istemaal ko aadhikaarik bhaasha (official language) ghoshit kiya hai vyaktigat raajyon ke unke apne aatanrik sanchaar ke liye unki apni raajya bhaasha (state's language) ka istemaal kiya jaata hai Bhaarat mein do pramukh bhaasha sambandhi parivaar hain - bhaarateeya-aarya bhaashaaen aur dravin bhaashaaeain, inmein se pehla bhaasha ke parivaar mukhyat: Bhaarat ke uttari (northern), pashchimi (western), madhya (central) aur poorvi (eastern) kshetron ke faila hua hai jabki doosra bhaasha parivaar Bhaarat ke dakshini bhaag mein.Bhaarat ka agala sabse bada bhaasha parivaar hai astro-Asiaee (Austro-Asiatic) bhaasha samooh, jismein shaamil hain Bhaarat ke madhya aur poorv mein boli jaane waali munda bhaashaaeain (Munda languages), uttarapoorv mein boi jaane waali khaasi bhaashaaeain (Khasian languages) aur nikobaar dweep (Nicobarese languages) mein boli jaane waali nikobaari bhaashaaeain (Nicobar Islands).Bhaarat ka chautha sabse bada bhaasha parivaar hai tibbati- barman bhaashaaoain (Tibeto-Burman languages) ka parivaar jo apne aap mein cheeni- tibbati bhaasha parivaar ka ek upasamooh hai.

abraahamik ke baad bhaarateeya dharm (Indian religions) vishv ke dharmon mein pramukh hai, jismein hindu dharm, bauddh dharm, sikh dharm, jain dharm, aadi jaise dharm shaamil hain aaj, hindu dharm aur bauddh dharm kramash: duniya mein teesare aur chauthe sabse bade dharm hain, jinmein lagbhag 1.4 billion anuyaayi saath hain

vishv bhar mein Bhaarat mein dharmon mein vibhinnata sabse jyaada hai, jinmein kuchh sabse kattar dhaarmik sansthaayein aur sanskrutiyaaain shaamil hain. aaj bhi dharm yahaaain ke zyaada-se-zyaada logon ke beech mukhya aur nishchit bhoomika nibhaata hai.

80.4% se jyaada logon ka dharm hindu dharm hai. kul bhaarateeya janasainkhya ka 13.4% hissa islaam dharm ko maanata hai^[1] sikh dharm, jain dharm aur khaaskar ke bauddh dharm ka keval Bhaarat mein naheen balki pure vishv bhar mein prabhaav hai isaai dharm, paarasi dharm, yahoodi aur bahaai dharm (Bahá'í Religion ) bhi prabhaavashaali hain, lekin unki sankhya kam hai. bhaarateeya jeevan mein dharm ki majboot bhoomika ke baavajood naastikta aur ajnyaeyavaadiyon (agnostic) ka bhi prabhaav dikhaai deta hai.

sameeksha

yoojeen M. makar ke anusaar, bhaarateeya paaramparik sanskruti apekshaakrut kathor saamaajik padaanukram dvaara paribhaashit kiya gaya hai unhonne yeh bhi kaha ki bachchon ko chhoti umr mein hi unki bhoomikaaon aur samaaj mein unke sthaan ke baare mein bataate raha jaata hai^[2] unako is baat se aur bal milta hai ki aur iska matlab yeh hai ki bahut se log is baat ko maanate hain ki unki jeevan ko nirdhaaran karne mein devataaon aur aatmaaon ki hi poori bhoomika hoti hai^[2] dharm vibhaajit sanskruti jaise kai matabhed.^[2] jabki, inse kaheen jyaada shaktishaali vibhaajan hai hindu parampara mein maanya apradooshit aur pradooshit vyavasaayon ka.^[2] sakht saamaajik amaanya log in hajaaron logon ke samooh ko niyantrit karte hain^[2] haal ke varshon, khaaskar shaharon mein, inmein se kuchh shreni dhundhali pad gayi hain aur kuchh ghaayab ho gayi hain^[2] ekal parivaar (Nuclear family) bhaarateeya sanskruti ke liye keindreeya hai. mahatvapoorn paarivaarik sambandh utani door tak hote hain jahaaain tak samaan gotr (gotra) ke sadasya hain, gotr hindu dharman ke anusaar Patrick yaani pita ki or se mile kutunb ya panth ke anusaar nirdhaarit hota hai jo ki janm ke saath hi tay ho jaata hai.^[2] graameen kshetron mein, parivaar ke teen ya chaar peedhiyon ka ek hi chhat ke neeche rahana aam baat hai^[2]vansh ya dharm pradhaan (Patriarch) praay: parivaar ke muddon ko hal karta hai.^[2]

vikaasasheel deshon mein, Bhaarat apni nimn star ki bhaugolik aur vyaavasaayik gatisheelata ki vajah se vruhad roop se darshaneeya hai yahaaain ke log kuchh aise vyavasaaya ko chunate hain jo unke maata-pita pehle se karte aa rahe hain aur kabhi-kabhaar bhaugolik roop se vo apne samaaj se door jaate hain^[3]

jaati vyavastha

bhaarateeya paaramparik sanskruti apekshaakrut kathor saamaajik padaanukram dvaara paribhaashit kiya gaya hai^[2]bhaarateeya jaati pratha bhaarateeya upamahaadveep (Indian subcontinent) mein saamaajik vargeekaran (social stratification) aur saamaajik pratibandhon ka varnan karti hain, is pratha mein samaaj ke vibhinn varg hajaaron sajaateeya vivaah (endogamous) aur aanuvaashikeeya samoohon ke roop mein paaribhaashit kiye jaate hain jinhein praay: jaati (jāaati) S ya Caste (caste) ke naam se jaana jaata hai in jaatiyon ke beech vijaateeya samooh (exogamous group) bhi maujood hai, in samoohon ko gotr ke roop mein jaana jaata hai. gotr (gotras), kisi vyakti ko apne kutumbh dvaara mili ek vanshaavali (clan) ki pehchaan hai, yadyapi kuchh upajaatiyaan jaise ki shakaadvipi (Shakadvipi) aisi bhi hain jinke beech ek hi gotr mein vivaah sveekaarya hai, in upajaatiyon mein pratibandhit sajaateeya vivaah jaani ek jaati ke beech vivaah ko pratibanddhit karne ke liye kuchh anya tareekon ko apnaaya jaata hai (udaaharan ke liye - ek hi upanaam vaale vanshon ke beech vivaah par pratibndh lagaana)

bhale hi jaati vyavastha ko mukhyat: hindu dharm ke saath jodkar pahachaana jaata hai lekin bhaarateeya upamahaadveep mein anya kai dharm jaise ki musalmaan (Muslim) aur isaai (Christian) dharm ke kuchh samoohon mein bhi is tarah ki vyavastha dekhi gayi hai^[4] bhaarateeya samvidhaan ne samaajavaad, dharmanirpekshata (secular), lokatantr jaise siddhaanton ko dhyaan mein rakhate hue jaati ke oopar aadhaarit bhedabhaavon ko giarkaanooni ghoshit kar diya hai^[5] bade shaharon mein jyaadaatar in jaati bandhanon ko tod diya gaya hai,^[6] haalaaainki ye aaj bhi desh ke graameen kshetron mein vidyamaan hai fir bhi, aadhunik Bhaarat mein, jaati vyavastha, jaati ke aadhaar par baante waali raajaneeti aur alag - alag tareeke ki saamaajik dhaaranaaon jaise kai roop mein jeevit bhi hai aur prabal bhi hota ja raha hai^[7][8]

saamaanya shabdon mein, jaati ke aadhaar par paaainch pramukh vibhaajan hain:^[2]

• braahman - "vidvaan samudaaya," jinmein yaajak, vidvaan, vidhi visheshagya, mantri aur raajanayik shaamil hain.
• kshatriya - "uchch aur nimn maanyavar ya sardaar" jinmein raaja, uchchapad ke log, sainik aur prashaasak ko shaamil hai.
• vaishya - "vyaapaari aur kaareegar samudaaya" jinmein saudaagar, dukaanadaar, vyaapaari aur khet ke maalik shaamil hai.
• kshudr - "sevak ya seva pradaan karne waali prajaati" mein adhiktar gair-pradooshit kaaryo mein lage shaareerik aur krushak shramik shaamil hain.

isse pehle Bhaarat mein, vahaaain ek atirikt jaati ko 'achhoot' ke roop mein jaana jaata tha, haalaaainki is pranaali ko hindu dharm ke kaanoon ke anusaar ab gairkaanooni ghoshit kar diya gaya hai.

braahman varn swayam ko hindu dharm ke chaaron varnon (four varnas) mein sarvochch sthaan par kaabij hone ka daava karta hai^[9] dalit shabd un logon ke samooh ke liye ek svayanbhoo padanaam hai jinko achhoot (untouchables) ya neechi jaati (caste) ka maana jaata hai. svatantr Bhaarat mein jaativaad se prerit hinsa aur ghruna aparaadh (hate crime) ko bahut zyaada dekha gaya.

parivaar

koyambatoor

mein hone waali ek hindu vivaah samaaroh

bhaarateeya samaaj sadiyon se tayashuda shaadiyon (Arranged marriages) ki parampara rahi hai. aaj bhi bhaarateeya logon ka ek bada hissa apne maata-pita ya anya sammaananeeya paarivaarik sadasyon dvaara tay ki gayi shaadiyaaain hi karta hai, jismein doolha-dulhan ki sahamati bhi hoti hai^[10] tayashuda shaadiyaaain kai cheejon ka mel karaane ke aadhaar par unheen ko dhyaan mein rakhakar nirdhaarit ki jaati hain jaise ki umr, ooainchaai, vyaktigat moolya aur pasand, saath hi unke parivaaron ki prushthabhoomi (dhan, samaaj mein sthaan) aur unki jaati (caste) ke saath - saath yugal ki kundalineeya (horoscopes) anukoolata

Bhaarat mein shaadiyon ko jeevan bhar ke liye maana jaata hai^[11] aur yahaaain talaak ki dar sanyukt raashtra America ki 50% ki tulana mein maatr 1.1% hai^[12] . tayashuda shaadiyon mein talaak ki dar aur bhi kam hoti hai. haal ke varshon mein talaakadar mein kaafi vruddhi ho rahi hai:

is baat par alag alag rai hai ki iska matlab kya hai: paaramparik logon ke liye ye badhati hui sankhya samaaj ke vightan ko pradarshit karti hai, jabki aadhunik logon ke anusaar isse ye baat pata chalti hai ki samaaj mein mahilaaon ka ek naya aur svasth sashaktikran ho raha hai.^[13]

haalaaainki, baal vivaah (child marriage) ko 1860 mein hi gairkaanooni ghoshit kar diya gaya tha lekin Bhaarat ke kuchh hisson mein ye pratha aaj bhi jaari hai^[14] yoonisef dvaara sansaar ke bachchon ki dasha ke baare mein jaari report " state of the world children -2009" mein 47% graameen kshetron mein bhaarateeya mahilaaen jo ki 20-24 saal ki hongi unki shaadi ko vivaah ke liye vaidh 18 saal ki umr se pehle hi kar di jaati hain^[15] report yeh bhi dikhaati hai ki vishv mein 40% hone vaale baal vivaah akele Bhaarat mein hi hote hain^[16]

bhaarateeya naam (Indian name) bhinn prakaar ki pranaaliyon aur naamakaran pratha (naming conventions) par hoti hain, jo ki alag -alag shetron ke anusaar badalti rahati hain naam bhi dharm aur jaati se prabhaavit hoti hain aur vo dharm ya mahaakaavyon se liye ja sakte hain Bhaarat ki aabaadi anek prakaar ki bhaashaaen bolti hain

samaaj mein naari ki bhoomika aksar ghar ke kaam kaaj ko karne ki aur samudaayon ki ni: svaarth seva karne ka kaam hota hai^[2] mahilaaon aur mahilaaon ke muddon samaachaaron mein keval 7-14% hi dikhaai dete hain^[2] adhikaansh bhaarateeya parivaaron mein, mahilaaon ko unke naam par sampatti naheen milti hai aur unhein Patrick sampatti ka ek hissa bhi naheen milta hai.^[17] kaanoon ko laagoo karne me kamjori ke kaaran, mahillaaen aaj bhi jameen ke chhote se tukade aur bahut kam dhan me praapt hota hai^[18] kai parivaaron mein, vishesh roop se graameen logon me, ladkiyon aur mahilaaon ko parivaar ke bheetar poshan bhedabhaav ka saamana karna padta hai aur isi vajah se unamein khoon ki kami ki shikaayat rahati hai saath- saath vo kuposhit bhi hoti hain^[17]

rangoli (ya kolam) ek paramparaagat kala hai jo ki bhaarateeya mahilaaon mein bahut lokapriya hailokapriya mahila patrikaaen jinmein femina (Femina) gruhashobha (Grihshobha), vanita (vanita), voomenas era, aadi shaamil hain

pashu

gaaya ko chennai

mein sthit aalankrut goppuram mandir]] me ranga ya chitrit kiya jaata hai

inhein bhi dekhein: Animal husbandry in India evam Sacred cow

kai bhaarateeyon ke paas apne maveshi hote hain jaise ki gaaya-bail ya bhed

aaj bhi hindu bahusankhyak deshon jaise Bhaarat aur Nepal mein gaaya ke doodh ka dhaarmik rasmon mein mahatvapoorn sthaan hai. samaaj mein apne isi oonche sthaan ki vajah se gaayein Bhaarat ke bade bade shaharon jaise ki Delhi mein bhi vyast sadkon ke par khule aam ghoomti hain. kuchh jagahon par subah ke naashte ke pehle inhein ek bhog lagaana shubh ya saubhaagyavardhak maana jaata hai. jin jagahon par gohatya ek aparaadh hai vahaan kisi naagrik ko gaaya ko maar daalne ya use chot pahuainchaane ke liye jail bhi ho sakti hai.

gaaya ko khaane ke viruddh aadesh mein ek pranaali viksit hui jismein sirf ek jaatichyut manushya (pariah) ko mrut gaayon ko bhojan ke roop mein diya jaata tha aur sirf vahi unke chamade (leather) ko nikaal sakte the. sirf do raajyon :pashchim Bengal aur Kerala ke atirikt har praant mein gohatya nishiddh hai. haalaaainki gaaya ke vadh ke uddeshya se unhein in raajyon mein le jaana avaidh hai, lekin gaayon ko niyamit roop se jahaaj mein savaar kar in raajyon mein le jaaya jaata hai.^[19] "gaaya hamaari maata hai" aisa vibhinn jagah kaha jaata hai, khaas kar bundelakhand ki taraf.

parampara evam reeti

namaste ya namaskaar ya namaskaaram bhaarateeya upamahaadveep mein abhinndan ya abhivaadan karne ke saamaanya tareeke hain. yadyapi namaskaar ko namaste ki tulana mein jyaada aupachaarik maana jaata hai, donon hi gahre sammaan ke soochak shabd hain. aam taur par ise Bhaarat aur Nepal mein hindu, jain aur bauddh log prayog karte hain, kai log ise bhaarateeya upamahaadveep ke baahar bhi prayog karte hain. bhaarateeya aur nepaali sanskruti mein ye shabd likhit ya maukhik bolachaal ki shuruaat mein prayog kiya jaata hai. haalaaainki vida hote samay bhi haath jode hue yahi mudra bina kuchh kahe banaayi jaati hai. yog mein, yog guru aur yog shishyon dvaara bole jaane waali baat ke aadhaar par namaste ka matlab "mere bheetar ki roshani tumhaare andar ki roshani ka satkaar karti hai " hota hai

shaabdik arth mein, iska matlab hai "main aapko pranaam karta hooain" yeh shabd sanskrut shabd (namas): pranaam (bow), shraddha (obeisance), aajnyaaapaalan, vandan (salutation) aur aadar (respect) aur (te): "aapko" se liya gaya hai.

kisi aur vyakti se kahe jaate samay, saadhaaran roop se iske saath ek aisi mudra banaai jaati hai jismein seene ya vaksh ke saamane donon haathon ki hatheliyaaain ek doosare ko chhooti hui aur ungaliyaaain oopar ki or hoti hain. bina kuchh kahe bhi yahi mudra bankar yahi baat kahi ja sakti hai.

"deevaali, prakaash parv ya tyauhaar, poore Bhaarat mein hinduon dvaara deeye (diyas) jalaakar aur rangolibanaakar manaaya jaata hai.

tyauhaar

mukhya lekh : Festivals in India

Bhaarat ek bahu saanskrutik aur bahu dhaarmik samaaj hone ke kaaran vibhinn dharmon ke tyohaaron aur chhuttiyon ko manaata hai Bhaarat mein teen raashtreeya avakaash (national holidays in India) hai, svatantrata diwas, ganatantr diwas aur Gandhi jayanti (Gandhi Jayanti) aur in teeno ko harsho ullaas ke saath manaaya jaata hai iske alaava, kai raajyon aur kshetron mein vahaaain ke mukhya dharm aur bhaashaagat janasaankhyiki par aadhaarit sthaaneeya tyauhaar hain lokapriya dhaarmik tyauhaar mein shaamil hain hinduon ka divaali, ganesh chaturthi (Ganesh Chaturthi), holi, navaraatri, rakshaabandhan (Rakshabandhan) aur dashahara (Dussehra). kai kheti tyauhaar (harvest festival) jaise ki sankraanti (Sankranthi), pongal (Pongal) aur onam (Onam) bhi kaafi lokapriya tyauhaar hai kumbh ka mela (Kumb Mela) har 12 saal ke baad 4 alag -alag sthaanon par manaaya jaane wala ek bahut bada saamoohik teerth yaatra utsav hai jismein karondon hindu hissa lete hain Bhaarat mein kuchh tyohaaron kai dharmon dvaara manaaya jaata hai. iske ullekhaneeya udaaharan hain hinduon, sikhon aur jain samudaaya ke logon dvaara manaai jaane waali divaali aur bauddh dharm aur hindu dharm ke logon dvaara manaai jaane waali buddh poornima (Buddh Purnima) . islaami tyauhaar jaise ki Eid-ul-fitr, Eid -ul-adha (Eid al-Adha) aur ramajaan (Ramadan) bhi poore Bhaarat ke musalaamaanon dvaara manaaye jaate hain

bhojan

mukhya lekh : Cuisine of India

curry

aur sabji.

bhaateeya vyanjanon mein se jyaadaatar mein masaalon aur jadi bootiyon ka parishkrut aur teevr prayog hota hai in vyanjanon ke har prakaar mein pakavaanon ka ek achha-khaasa vinyaas aur pakaane ke kai tareekon ka prayog hota hai yadyapi paaramparik bhaariteeya bhojan ka mahatvapoorn hissa shaakaahaari hai lekin kai paramparaagat bhaarateeya pakavaanon mein murga (chicken), bakari (goat), bhed ka bachcha (lamb), machhali aur anya tarah ke maans (meat) bhi shaamil hain

bhojan bhaarateeya sanskruti ka ek mahatvapoorn hissa hai jo rojmarra ke saath -saath tyohaaron mein bhi ek mahatvapoorn bhoomika ada karta hai kai parivaaron mein, har roj ka mukhya bhojan do se teen daur mein, kai tarah ki chatani aur achaar ke saath, roti (roti) aur chaaval ke roop mein kaarbohaaidret ke bade ansh ke saath mishthaan (desserts) sahit liya jaata hai bhojan ek bhaarateeya parivaar ke liye sirf khaane ke taur par hi naheen balki kai parivaaron ke ek saath ekatrit hone saamaajik sansarg badhaane ke liye bhi mahatvapoorn hai

vividhta Bhaarat ke bhoogol, sanskruti aur bhojan ki ek paaribhaashik visheshata hai bhaarateeya vyanjan alag-alag kshetr ke saath badalate hain aur is upamahaadveep (subcontinent) ki vibhinn tarah ki janasaankhyiki (varied demographics) aur vishishth sanskruti ko pratibinbit karte hain aam taur par, bhaarateeya vyanjan chaar shreniyon mein baate ja sakte hain : uttar, dakshin, poorab aur pashchim bhaarateeya vyanjan is vividhta ke baavajood unhein ekeekrut karne vaale kuchh sootr bhi maujood hain masaalon ka vividh prayog bhojan taiyaar karne ka ek abhinn ang hai, ye masaale vyanjan ka svaad badhaane aur use ek khaas svaad aur sugandh dene ke liye prayog kiye jaate hain itihaas mein Bhaarat aane vaale alag-alag saanskrutik samoohon jaise ki paarasi (Persians), mugl aur Europeeya shaktiyon ne bhi Bhaarat ke vyanjan ko kaafi prabhaavit kiya hai

tripura ki ki ladakiyaan paaramparik nrutya mahotsav mein bhaag lete samay ek bindi (bindi) lagaati hain

mahilaaon ke liye paaramparik bhaarateeya kapadon mein shaamil hain, saadi, salavaar kameej (salwar kameez) aur ghaaghara choli (lahanga)dhoti, lungi (Lungi), aur kurta purushon (men) ke paaramparik vastr hain Bombay, jise Mumbai ke naam se bhi jaana jaata hai Bhaarat ki fashion rajdhani hai Bhaarat ke kuchh graameen hisson mein jyaadaatar paaramparik kapade hi pahane jaate hain Delhi, Mumbai,chennai, Ahmedabad aur Pune aisi jagahein hain jahaan khareedaari karne ke shaukeen log ja sakte hain dakshin Bhaarat ke purush safed rang ka lamba chaadar numa vastr pahanate hain jise angreji mein dhoti aur tamil mein veshti kaha jaata hai dhoti ke oopar, purush shart, ti shart ya aur kuchh bhi pahanate hain jabki mahilaaen saadi pahanati hain jo ki rang birange kapadon aur namoonon wala ek chaadaranuma vastr hain yeh ek saadhaaran ya fainsi blaauj ke oopar pahani jaati hai yeh yuva ladkiyon aur mahilaaon dvaara pahana jaata hai. chhoti ladkiyaan pavaada pahanati hain pavaada ek lambi skart hai jise blaauj ke neeche pahana jaata hai. donon mein aksar khusnooma namoone bane hote hain bindi (Bindi) mahilaaon ke shrrungaar ka hissa hai. paramparaagat roop se, laal bindi (ya sindoor) keval shaadeeshuda hindu mahilaaon dvaara hi lagaain jaati hai, lekin ab yeh mahilaaon ke fashion ka hissa ban gayi hai.^[20] bhaarateeya aur pashchimi pahanaava (Indo-western clothing), pashchimi (Western) aur upamahaadveepeeya (Subcontinental) fashion (fashion) ka ek mila jula svaroop hain anya kapadon mein shaamil hain - choodeedaar (Churidar), dupatta (Dupatta), gamachha (Gamchha), kurata, mundum neriyaathum (Mundum Neriyathum), sheravaani .

itihaas

raveendranaath taigoraeshiya ke pehle Nobel vijeta (Nobel laureate).^[21]

bhaarateeya saahitya ki sabse puraani ya praarambhik krutiyaaain maukhik (orally) roop se preshit theen.sanskrut saahitya ki shuruaat hoti hai 5500 se 5200 isa poorv ke beech sankalit rigved se jo ki pavitra bhajanon ka ek sankalan hai. sanskrut ke mahaakaavya raamaayan aur mahaabhaarat pehli sahasraabdi isa poorv ke ant mein aaye.pehli sahasraabdi isa poorv ki pehli kuchh sadiyon ke dauraan shaastreeya sanskrut (Classical Sanskrit) khoob fali-fooli, tamil (Tamil) sangam saahitya aur paali kenon (Pāali Canon) ne bhi is samay kaafi pragati ki.

madhyayugeen kaal mein, kramash: 9 veen aur 11 veen shataabdi mein kannad aur telugu (Telugu) saahitya ki shuruaat hui,^[22] iske baad 12 veen shataabdi mein malayalam saahitya ki pehli rachana hui.baad mein, maraathi, bangaali, hindi ki vibhinn boliyon, paarasi (Persian) aur urdoo ke saahitya bhi ujaagar hone shuroo ho gaye

british raaj ke dauraan, raveendranaath Tagore ke kaaryon dvaara aadhunik saahitya ka pratinidhitv kiya gaya hai, raamadhaari Singh dinkar (Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'), subramaniya bhaarati, Rahul saankrutyaayan (Rahul Sankrityayan), kuvempu (Kuvempu), bankimchandr chattopaadhyaaya, Michael madhusoodan datt, munshi premachand, muhammad Iqbal, devaki nandan khatri (Devaki Nandan Khatri) praseeddh ho gaye hain samakaaleen Bhaarat mein, jin lekhakon ko aalochakon ke beech prashansa mili vo hain : Girish karnaad, ajnyaeya, nirmal varma, kamaleshvar, vaikom muhammad basheer (Vaikom Muhammad Basheer), indira Goswami (Indira Goswami), mahaashveta devi, amruta preetam, maasti veinkatesh ayeingar, kuratuliyn haidar aur thaakaaji sivaasankara pillai (Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai) aur kuchh anya lekhakon ne aalochakon ki prashansa praapt ki samakaaleen bhaarateeya saahitya mein, do pramukh saahityik puraskaar hain, ye hain saahitya academy failoship (Sahitya Akademi Fellowship) aur jnyaaanapeeth puraskaarhindi aur kannad mein saat, malayalam aur maraathi mein chaar urdoo mein teen jnyaaanapeeth puraskaar diye gaye hain^[23]

kaavya

kurukshetr ke yuddh (Battle of Kurukshetra) ka drushtaant 74,000 se jyaada chhandon, lambe gadya anuchhedon aur 1.8 karod shabdon wala mahaabhaarat duniya ki sabse lambe mahaakaavyon mein se ek hai

Bhaarat mein rigved ke samay se kavita ke saath-saath gadya rachanaaon ki majaboot parampara hai kavita praay: sangeet ki paramparaaon se sambaddh hoti hai aur kavitaaon ka ek bada bhaag dhaarmik aandolanon par aadhaarit hota hai ya unase juda hota hai lekhak aur daarshanik aksar kushal kavi bhi hote the aadhunik samay mein, bhaarateeya svatantrata aandolan ke dauraan raashtra vaad aur ahinsa ko protsaahit karne ke liye kavita ne ek mahatvapoorn hathiyaar ki bhoomika nibhaai hai is parampara udaaharan aadhunik kaal mein raveendranaath Tagore aur ke S narasimhaasvaami (K. S. Narasimhaswamy) ki kavitaaon, madhya kaal mein baasav (Basava) (vachan (vachana)), kabeer aur purandaradaas (pad aur devaarnaamas) aur praacheen kaal mein mahaakaavyon ke roop mein milta hai tagor ki geetaanjali kavita se do udaaharan Bhaarat aur Bangladesh ke raashtragaan ke roop mein sveekaar kiye gaye hain

mahaakaavya

raamaayan aur mahaabhaarat praacheenatam sanrakshit aur aaj bhi Bhaarat ke jaane maane maahaakaavya hai ; unke kuchh aur sanskaran dakshin poorv Asiaee deshon jaise ki Thailand Malaysia aur Indonesia mein apanaae gaye hain iske alaava, shaastreeya tamil bhaasha mein paanch mahaakaavya hain - silaappadhikaaraam (Silappadhikaram), nimegaalaai (Manimegalai), jeevaaga chintaamani (Jeevaga-chintamani), valaiyaapati aur kundalakesi inke anya kshetreeya roop aur asambaddh mahaakaavyon mein shaamil hain tamil kanb raamaayan, kannad mein aadikvi pampa (Adikavi Pampa) dvaara pampa bhaarata, Kumar vaalmeeki dvaara torave raamaayan, Kumar vyaas (Kumaravyasa) dvaara karnaat bhaarata katha manjari, hindi raamacharitmaanas, malayalam adhyaatmaraamaayanam (Adhyathmaramayanam)

sangeet

bhaarateeya sangeet ka praarambh vaidik kaal se bhi poorv ka hai. pandit shaarangadev krut "sangeet ratnaakar" granth me bhaarateeya sangeet ki paribhaasha "geetam,vaadayam tatha nrutyan trayam sangeet muchyate" kaha gaya hai! gaayan, vaadya vaadan evam nrutya; teenon kalaaon ka samaavesh sangeet shabd mein maana gaya hai! teeno svatantr kala hote hue bhi ek doosare ki poorak hai! bhaarateeya sangeet ki do prakaar prachalit hai; pratham Karnataka sangeet, jo dakshin bhaarateeya raajyon mein prachalit hai aur hindustaani sangeet shesh Bhaarat mein lokapriya hai! bhaaratavarsh ki saari sabhyataaon mein sangeet ka bada mahatva raha hai! dhaarmik evam saamaajik paranparaaon mein sangeet ka prachalan praacheen kaal se raha hai! is roop mein, sangeet bhaarateeya sanskruti ki aatma maani jaati hai! vaidik kaal mein adhyaatmik sangeet ko maargi tatha lok sangeet ko deshi kaha jaata tha! kaalaantar mein yahi shaastreeya aur lok sangeet ke roop mein dikhta hai!(sangeetesh)

panchaavaadyam Kerala mein ek sangeet mandir hai.

bhaarateeya sangeet mein vibhinn prakaar ke dhaarmik, lok (folk), lokapriya (popular), paup (pop) aur shaastreeya sangeet shaamil hain bhaarateeya sangeet ka sabse puraana sanrakshit udaaharan hai saamaved ki kuchh dhunein jo aaj bhi nishchit vaidik shrota (Shrauta) balidaan mein gaai jaati hai bhaarateeya shaastreeya sangeet ki parampara hindu granthon se kaafi prabhaavit hai. ismein Karnataka aur hindustaani sangeet aur kai raag shaamil hain . ye kai yugon ke dauraan viksit hua aur iska itihaas ek sahasraabdi tak faila hua hai. yeh hamesha se dhaarmik prerana, saanskrutik abhivyakti aur shuddh manoranjan ka saadhan raha hai vishishth upamahaadveep roopon ke saath hi ismein anya prakaar ke oriental sangeet se bhi kuchh samaanataaen hain'

purandaradaas ko karnaatak sangeet ka pita maana jaata hai (Karnataka sangeeta pitaamah ).^[24][25][26] unhonne apne geeton ka samaapan Bhagwan purandar vittal ke vandan ke saath kiya aur maana jaat hai ki unhonne kannad bhaasha mein 475000^[27] geet rache haalaaainki, keval 1000 ke baare mein aaj jaana jaata hai.^[24][28]

nrutya

bhaarateeya nrutya (Indian dance) mein bhi lok aur shaastreeya roopon mein kai vividhtaaen hai jaane maane lok nrutyon (folk dances) mein shaamil hain Punjab (Punjab) ka bhaangada, asam ka bihoo (bihu), Jharkhand aur udeesa ka chhaaoo (chhau), Rajasthan ka ghoomar (ghoomar), Gujarat ka daandiya (dandiya) aur garaba (garba), Karnataka ja yakshagaan (Yakshagana), Maharashtra ka laavani (lavani) aur Goa ka dekhnani (Dekhnni). Bhaarat ki sangeet, nrutya aur naatak ki raashtreeya academy dvaara aath nrutya roopon, kai katha roopon aur pauraanik (mythological) tatv vaale kai rooponko shaastreeya nrutya ka darja (classical dance status) diya gaya hai. ye hain: Tamil Nadu ka bharatanaatyam, uttar pradesh ka kathak, Kerala ka kathakakali (kathakali) aur mohineeattam, Andhra pradesh ka kuchcheepudi (kuchipudi), manipur ka manipuri (manipuri), udeesa ka odisi aur asam ka sattriya (sattriya).^[29]

sankshipt roop se kahein to kalaarippayaattoo (Kalarippayattu) ya kalaari (Kalari) ko duniya ka sabse puraana maarshal Art (martial art) maana jaata hai. yeh mallapuraan jaise granthon ke roop mein sanrakshit hai. kalaari aur uske saath saath uske beed aaye maarshal Art ke kuchh roopon ke baare mein ye bhi maana jaata hai ki bauddh dharm ki tarah ye bhi cheen tak pahuainch chooka hai aur antat: isi se kung-fu ka vikaas hua. baad mein aane waali maarshal Arts hain- gataka, pahalavaani (Pehlwani) aur mall-yuddh (Malla-yuddha) bhaarateeya maarshal Arts ko kai mahaan logon ne apnaaya tha jinmein shaamil hain bodhidhrma jo bhaarateeya maarshal Arts ko cheen tak le gaye.

naatak aur rangamanch

bhaarateeya naatya ki ekamaatr jeevit parampara hai (sanskrut) kuteeyattam (Kutiyattam), jo ki Kerala mein sanrakshit hai. bhaasa ke naatak Abhishek naatak mein raavan ki bhoomika mein guru naatyaachaarya mani maadhav chakayaar (Māani Māadhava Chāakyāar).

bhaarateeya sangeet aur nrutya ke saath saath bhaarateeya naatak aur theatre ka bhi apne lamba itihaas hai.kaalidaas ke naatak shakuntala (Shakuntala) aur meghadoot kuchh puraane naatak hain, jinke baad bhaasa ke naatak aaye.2000 saal puraani Kerala ki kutiyttam (Kutiyattam) vishv ki sabse puraani jeevit theatre paramparaaon mein se ek hai. yeh sakhti se naatya shaastr ka paalan karti hai^[30] kala ke is roop mein bhaasa ke naatak bahut prasidd hain.naatyaachaarya (svargeeya) padm shri mani maadhav chakayaar (Māani Māadhava Chāakyāar) - avivaadit roop se kala ke is roop aur abhinay (Abhinaya) ke aachaarya - ne is puraani naatya parampara ko lupt hone se bachaaya aur ise punarjeevit kiya. vo ras abhinay (Rasa Abhinaya) mein apni mahaarat ke liye jaane jaate the. unhonne kaalidaas ke naatak abhigyaan shakuntala (Abhijñaāanaśaāakuntala), vikramorvasiya (Vikramorvaśaīaya) aur maalavikaagnimitr (Māalavikāagnimitra) ; bhaasa ke svapnavaasavadatta (Swapnavāasavadatta) aur pancharaatr (Pancharāatra) ; harsh ke naganaanda (Nagananda) aadi naatakon ko kutiyttam roop mein prardashit karna shuroo kiya^[31][32]

lok theatre ki parampara Bhaarat ke adhikaaainsh bhaashaai kshetron mein lokapriya hai iske alaava, graameen Bhaarat mein kathaputali theatre ki samruddh parampara hai jiski shuruaat kam se kam doosari shataabdi isa poorv hui thi iska paanini par patanjali ke varnan) mein ullekh kiya gaya hai samooh theatre bhi shaharon mein panap raha hai, jiski shuruaat gabbi veerannna (Gubbi Veeranna)^[33], utpal datt (Utpal Dutt), khvaaja Ahmad Abbas (Khwaja Ahmad Abbas), ke vi subanna (K. V. Subbanna) jaise logon dvaara ki gayi aur jo aaj bhi nandikr (Nandikar), ninaasam (Ninasam) aur pruthvi theatre (Prithvi Theatre) jaise samoohon dvaara barkaraar raakhi gayi hai

chitrakaari

ajanta ki gufaaon se jataka (Jataka tales) ki kahaaniyaan

bhaarateeya chitrakala ki sabse shurooaati krutiyaaain poorv aitihaasik (pre-historic) kaal mein rock peinting ke roop mein thi. bhimbedka jaisi jagahon paaye gaye petroglif (petroglyph) - jinmein se kuchh prastar yug mein bane the - iska udaarahan hai praacheen granthon mein darraagh ke siddhaant aur upaakhyaanon ke jriye ye bataaya gaya hai ki darvaajon aur ghar ke bheetari kamron, jahaaain mehmaan thaharaae jaate the, unhein peint karna ek aam baat thi.

ajanta, baagh (Bagh) elora aur sittanavaasal (Sittanavasal) ke gufa chitr aur mandiron mein bane chitr prakruti se prem ko pramaanit karte hain. sabse pehli aur madhyakaaleen kala, hindu, bauddh ya jain hai. range hue aate se bani ek taaja design (rangoli) aaj bhi kai bhaarateeya gharon (mukhyaatak dakshin bhaarateeya gharon) ke daravaaje par aam taur par bani hui dekhi ja sakti hai.

madhubani chitrakala (Madhubani painting), Mysore chitrakala (Mysore painting), rajput chitrakala (Rajput painting), tanjaur chitrakala (Tanjore painting) aur mugal chitrakala (Mughal painting), bhaarateeya kala ki kuchh ullekhaneeya vidhaaen hain, jabki raaja ravi varma, nandalaal Bose, geeta vadhera (Geeta Vadhera), jaamini Roy (Jamini Roy) aur bi veinkatappa^[33] kuchh aadhunik chitrakaar hain. vartamaan samay ke kalaakaaron mein atul dodiya, Bose krushnamaknaahari, devajyoti rai aur shiboo natesan, bhaarateeya kala ke us nae yug ke pratinidhi hain jismein vaishvik kala ka bhaarateeya shaastreeya shaili ke saath milaap hota hai. haal ke in kalaakaaron ne antarraashtreeya sammaan arjit kiya hai. devajyoti rai ke chitr kyooba ke raashtriya kala sangrahaalaya mein rakhe gaye hai aur isi tarah nai peedhi ke kuchh anya kalaakaaron ki krutiyaaain aur shodh bhi notice kiye gaye hai, inmein sumita alang jaise khyaat kalaakaar bhi hainLol

Mumbai ki jahaaaingeer Art gailari (Jehangir Art Gallery) aur Mysore pailes (Mysore Palace) mein kai achhe bhaarateeya chitr pradarshan ke liye rakhe gaye hai.

moortikla

madhya pradesh ke prasidv khajuraaho mandir ki hindu moortikla.

Bhaarat ki pehli moortikla (sculpture) ke namoone sindhu ghaati sabhyata ke jmaane ke hain jahaaain patthar aur peetal ki aakrutiyon ki khoj ki gayi. baad mein, jab hindu dharm, bauddh dharm aur jain dharm ka aur vikaas hua, Bhaarat ke mandiron mein evam peetal ki kuchh bahad jatil nakkaashi ke namoone bane.kuchh vishaalakaaya mandir jaise ki elora aise bhi the jinhein shilaakhandon se naheen balki ek vishaalakaaya chattaan ko kaat kar banaaya gaya .

uttar pashchim mein sangamaramar (stucco) ke choone, ek prakaar ki sheest (schist), ya mitti (clay) se utpaadit murtikla mein bhaarateeya aur shaastreeya helenistik (Hellenistic) ya sambhaavit roop se greek-roman (Greco-Roman) prabhaav ka bhaari mishran dekhne ko milta hai. lagbhag isi ke saath hi Mathura ki gulaabi balue pattharon (sandstone) ki moortikla bhi viksit hui.is dauraan gupt ke shaasanakaal mein (6 veen se 4 thi shataabdi tak) moortikla, shreshth nishpaadan aur modelling ki baareeki mein ek bahut hi uchch star par pahunch gayi thi. ye aur iske saath hi Bhaarat ke anya kshetron mein viksit hui shaastreeya bhaarateeya kala ne samooche dakshin poorvi kendra aur poorv Asia mein hindu aur bauddh moortikla ke vikaas mein apna yogadaan diya.

vaastukala

Rajasthan sthit umaid bhavan pailes ka maaravaad hall

bhaarateeya vaastukala mein shaamil hai- samay aur sthaan ke saath saath lagaataar nae vichaaron ko apanaati hui abhivyakti ka baahulya.iske parinaamasvaroop aise vaastushilp ka utpaadan hua jo itihaas ke dauraan nishchit roop se ek nirantarata rakhata hai. iske kuchh behad shurooaati udahaaran milte hain shindhu ghati sabhyata (2600-1900 isa poorv) mein jismein suniyojit shahar aur ghar paae jaate the. in shaharon ka khaaka tay karne mein dharm aur raaja dvaara sanchaalan ki koi mahatvapoorn bhoomika rahi, aisa prateet naheen hota.

maurya aur gupt saamraajya aur unke uttaraadhikaariyon ke shaasanakaal mein, kai bauddh vaastushilp parisar, jaise ki ajanta aur elora aur smaarakeeya saanchistoop (Stupa) banaaya gaya. baad mein, dakshin Bhaarat mein kai hindu mandiron ka nirmaan hua jaise kibeloor (Belur) ka chennaakesava mandir (Chennakesava Temple), haalebidu (Halebidu) ka hoyaselsavar mandir (Hoysaleswara Temple) aur somaanaathapoora (Somanathapura) ka kesav mandir (Kesava Temple), thanjaavur (Thanjavur) ka brihdeesvar mandir, konaark (Konark) ka soorya mandir (Sun Temple), shreerangam (Srirangam) ka shri ranganaathasvaami mandir (Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple) aur bhatteeproloo (Bhattiprolu) ka buddh stoop (stupa) (chinna laanja dibba aur vikramaarka kota dibba) mein.angakoravat, borobudur aur anya bauddh aur hindu mandir jo ki paramparik bhaarateeya dhaarmik bhavanon ki shaili mein bane hain, is baat ka sanket dete hain ki dakshin poorv Asiaee vaastukala par bhaarateeya prabhaav kaafi jyaada hai.

[[chitr:Vadtaltemple.jpg|thumb| [[shri svaameenaaraayan mandir, vadataal| vadataal (Vadtal), Gujarat mein shri svaameenaaraayan mandir]] ]] pashchim se islaamik prabhaav ke aagaman ke saath hi, bhaarateeya vaastukala mein bhi nae dharm ki paramparaaon ko apanaana shuroo ke gaya. is yug mein bani kuchh imaaratein hain- fatehapur seekari, taaj mahal, gol gumbad (Gol Gumbaz), kutub meenaar Delhi ka laal kila aadi, ye imaaratein aksar Bhaarat ke aparivrtaneeya prateek ke roop mein upayog ki jaati hain. british saamraajya ke aupaniveshik shaasan ke dauraan hind-arabi (Indo-Saracenic) aur bhaarateeya shaili ke saath kai anya Europeeya shailiyon jaise gothik ke mishran ko viksit hote hue dekha gaya, .Victoria memoriyl (Victoria Memorial) ya Victoria tarmins (Victoria Terminus) iske ullekhaneeya udaaharan hain.kamal mandir (Lotus Temple) aur Bhaarat ki kai aadhunik shahari imaaratein inmein ullekhaneeya hain.

vaastushaastr (Vaastu Shastra) ki paaramparik pranaali feing shui (Feng Shui) ke bhaarateeya pratiroop ki tarah hai, jo ki shahar ki yojana, vaastukala aur argonomiks (yaani kaarya ki jagah ko tanaav kam karne ke liye aur prabhaavashaali banaane ke liye prayog hone wala vigyaan) ko prabhaavit karta hai. ye aspasht hai ki inmein se kaun si pranaali puraani hai, lekin donon mein kuchh nishchit samaanataaen zaroor hain. tulanaatmak roop se dekhein to feing shui (Feng Shui) ka prayog poore vishv mein jyaada hota hai. yadyapi vaastu sankalpana ke aadhaar par feing shui (Feng Shui) ke samaan hai, in donon mein ghar ke andar oorja ke pravaah ko santulit karne ki koshish ki jaati hai, (isko sanskrut mein praan-shakti ya praan (Prana) kaha jaata hai aur cheeni bhaasha aur Japani bhaasha mein ise chi (Chi) / ki (Ki) kaha jaata hai) lekin inke vistrut roop ek dusare se kaafi alag hain, jaise ki vo nishchit dishaaen jinmein vibhinn vastuon, kamron, saamaanon aadi ko rakhana chaahiye.

bauddh dharm ke prasaar ke kaaran bhaarateeya vaastukala ne poorvi aur dakshin Asia ko prabhaavit kiya hai. bhaarateeya sthaapatya kala ke kuchh mahatvapoorn lakshan jaise ki mandir teela ya stoop (stupa), mandir sheersh ya shikhar (sikhara), mandir tauvar ya pagoda (pagoda) aur mandir dwaar ya toran (torana) Asiaee sanskruti ka prasiddh prateek ban gaye hain aur inka prayog poorv Asia (East Asia) aur dakshin poorv Asia mein bade paimaane par kiya jaata hai. kendreeya sheersh ko kabheekabhi vimaanam (vimanam) bhi kaha jaata hai. mandir ka dakshini dwaar gopuram apni goodhta aur aishvarya ke liye jaana jaata hai.

vaarshik sarp naav daud (snake boat race) ka pradarshan pathaanaamathitta (Pathanamthitta) ke najdeek aranamula (Aranmula) par pamba nadi (Pamba River) mein onam (Onam) utsav ke dauraan kiya jaata hai.

manoranjan aur khel ke kshetr mein Bhaarat mein khelon ki ek badi sankhya viksit ki gayi thi. aadhunik poorvi maarshal kala Bhaarat mein ek praacheen khel ke roop mein shuroo hui aur kuchh logon dvaara aisa maana jaata hai ki yahi khel videshon mein preshit kiye gaye aur baad mein unhi khelon ka anukoolan aur aadhunikeekaran kiya gaya.british shaasan ke dauraan Bhaarat mein aaye kuchh khel yahaaain kaafi lokapriya ho gaye jaise field hockey, football (saukar) aur khaaskar cricket.

haalaanki field hockey Bhaarat ka raashtreeya khel hai, mukhya roop se cricket Bhaarat ka sabse lokapriya khel hai, balki na keval Bhaarat balki poore upamahaadveep (subcontinent) mein ye khel manoranjan aur peshevar taur par fal fool raha hai. yahaaain tak ki haal hi mein cricket ko Bhaarat aur Pakistan ke beech raajanayik sambandhon ke liye ek manch ke roop mein upayog kiya ja chuka hai. donon deshon ne cricket teemon saalaana ek dusare ke aamne saamane hoti hain aur aisi pratiyogita donon desho ke liye kaafi josh bhari hoti hai. paaramparik svadeshi khelon mein shaamil hain kabaddi aur gilli-danda, jo desh ke adhikaansh bhaagon mein khela jaata hai. indor (ghar ke bheetar khele jaane vaale) aur aautador (ghar ke baahar khele jaane vaale) khel jaise ki shataranj (Chess), saanp aur seedhi (Snakes and Ladders), taash (Playing cards), polo (Polo), kairam (Carrom), badminton (Badminton) bhi lokapriya hain. shataranj ka aavishkaar Bhaarat mein kiya gaya tha.

Bhaarat mein taakat aur gati ke khelon bahut samruddh hain. praacheen Bhaarat mein vajn, kanche ya paas ke roop mein patthar ka proyog kiya jaata tha. praacheen Bhaarat mein rath daud, teerandaaji, ghudsavaari, sainya rananeeti, kushti, bhaarottolan, shikaar, tairaaki aur daud pratiyogitaaen hoti theen.

television

bhaarateeya telivijn ki shuruaat 1959 mein shiksha kaaryakramon ke prasaaran ke pareekshan ke saath hui.^[34] bhaarateeya chhote parade ke kaaryakram 1970 ke madhya mein shuroo kiye gaye. us samay vahaan keval ek raashtreeya channel dooradarshan tha, jo ki sarkaar dvaara adhikrut tha, 1982 mein Bhaarat mein nai Delhi Asiaee khelon ke saath ti vi prograaming mein kraanti I, usi varsh Bhaarat mein pehli baar rangeen ti vi aaye.raamaayan aur mahaabhaarat kuchh lokapriya television shrrunkhalaaon mein se the. 1980 ke dashak ke antim hisse tak adhik se adhik logon ke paas apne TV set ho gaye the. haalaanki channel ek hi tha, TV prograaming santrupti par pahuaincha chuki thi. isliye sarkaar ne ek anya channel khol diya jismein kuchh bhaag raashtreeya prograaming aur kuchh bhaag kshetreeya prograaming ka tha. is channel ko deedi 2 aur baad mein deedi metro ke roop mein jaana jaata tha. donon channelon pruthvi se prasaarit the.

1991 mein, sarkaar ne apne baajaar khole aur kebal television ki shuruaat hui.tab se upalabdh channelon ki sankhya mein ek bada uchhaal kar aaya hai. aaj, bhaarateeya silver screen apne aap mein ek bahut bada udyog hai aur ismein Bhaarat ke sabhi raajyon ke hajaaron kaaryakram hai. chhote parade ne kai silebriti yaani mashahoor hastiyon ko janm diya hai aur unamein se kuchh aaj apne liye raashtreeya khyaati arjit kar chuke hain. kaamkaaji mahilaaon aur yahaaain tak ki sabhi prakaar ke purushon mein bhi ti vi dhaaraavaahik behad lokapriya hain. chhote parade par kaam karne vaale kuchh abhinetaaon ne Bollywood mein bhi achhi jagah banaai hai. bhaarateeya TV, pashchimi TV ki tarah hi viksit ho chooka hai aur yahaaain bhi kaartoon network, nikelodiyn, emateevi India jaise station aate hain.

inhein bhi dekhein: List of Indian television stations

cinema

ek Bollywood dance number ki shooting

Bollywood, mumbai sthit Bhaarat ke lokapriya film udyog ka anaupachaarik naam hai. Bollywood aur anya pramukh sinemaai kendron (bangaali, kannad, malayalam, maraathi, tamil, telugu (Telugu)) ko milaakar vyaapak bhaarateeya film udyog ka gathan hota hai. sabse jyaada sankhya mein filmon ke nirmaan aur beche gaye tikton ki sabse badi sankhya ke aadhaar par iska utpaadan duniya mein sabse jyaada maana jaata hai.

vyaavasaayik filmon ke alaava, Bhaarat mein bhi sameekshakon dvaara bahuprashansit cinema ka nirmaan hua hai. jaise ki satyajeet re, ritvik ghatak (Ritwik Ghatak), guru datt (Guru Dutt), ke.H. vishvanaath (K. Vishwanath), adoor gopaalakrushnan (Adoor Gopalakrishnan), Girish kaasaravalli (Girish Kasaravalli), shekhar Kapoor (Shekhar Kapoor), rishikesh mukharji, shankar naag (Shankar Nag), Girish karnaad, ji vi ayyar (G. V. Iyer) jaise nirmaataaon dvaara banaai gayi filmein.bhaarateeya film nirdeshak (Indian film directors), dekhein) daraasal, haal ke varshon mein arthavyavastha ke khulne aur vishv cinema ki jhalak milne se darshakon ki pasand badal gayi hai. iske alaava, adhikaansh shaharon mein malteepleks ke teji se badhe hai jisse, raajasv ka svaroop bhi badalne laga hai.

radio

Mumbai mein fauksahant par apraveen radio oparetar.

Bhaarat mein radio prasaaran 1927 mein, niji svaamitv ke do traansameetaron (transmitter) dvaara Bombay aur Kolkata mein shuroo hua. 1930 mein inka raashtreeyakaaran kiya gaya aur 1936 tak inhone "bhaarateeya prasaaran seva" naam se kaam kiya. 1936 mein inka naam badal kar, all India radio (AIR) kar diya gaya. yadyapi 1957 mein aadhikaarik taur par iska naam badal kar aakaashavaani kar diya gaya lekin aaj bhi yeh all India radio ke naam se lokapriya hai. all India radio prasaar bhaarati (braudakaasting kaurporeshan of India) ka ek ang hai. jo ki soochana aur prasaaran mantraalaya, Bhaarat sarkaar ki ek svaayatt sanstha hai. yeh prasaar bhaarati ke raashtreeya television prasaaranakarta dooradarshan ki ek sahayogi sanstha hai. 20 veen shataabdi ke ant ke baad se Bhaarat mein radio aavruttiyon ef em aur A em band ko niji kshetr ke prasaaranakartaaon ke liye khola diya gaya hai lekin aisi seva jyaadaatar mahaanagareeya kshetron tak hi seemit hai. Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, chennai, Hyderabad, bangalaur jaise shaharon mein kai eni niji ef em channel lokapriya hindi aur angreji sangeet prasaarit karte hain, haalaaainki un aakaashavaani ki tarah samaachaar prasaarit karne ka adhikaar naheen hai. haal hi mein world space (World Space) ne desh ki pehli upagrah radio seva ka shubhaaranbh kiya.

inhein bhi dekhein: All India Radio

svaami vivekaanand 19 veen sadi ke sabse prasiddh aur prabhaavashaali samaaj sudhaarakon mein se ek the.

vibhinn yugon ke dauraan bhaarateeya darshan ka poore vishv visheshakar poorv mein kaafi prabhaav pada hai.vaidik kaal ke baad, pichhle 2500 saalon mein darshan ke kai vibhinn anuyaayi varg jaise ki bauddh dharm aur hindu dharm ke kai sampradaaya viksit hue hain. haalaanki, Bhaarat ne bhi tarkavaad, buddhivaad (rationalism), vigyaan, ganit, bhautikvaad (materialism), naastikta, ajnyaeyavaad (agnosticism) aadi ki kuchh sabse puraani aur sabse prabhaavashaali dharmanirpeksh paramparaaon ko janm diya hai jo kai baar is vajah se anadekhi kar di jaati hai kyonki Bhaarat ke baare mein ek lokapriya dhaarana ye hai ki Bhaarat ek rahe hain aur ek 'rahasyamaya' desh hai.

kai jatil vaigyaanik aur ganiteeya avadhaaranaaon jaise ki shoonya ka vichaar, arab (Arab) ki madhyasthata mein Europe tak pahuncha.karvaaka (Cāarvāaka), Bhaarat mein naastikta ka sabse prasidd anuyaayi varg hai, ise kuchh logon dvaara vishv ka sabse puraana bhautikvaadi anuyaayi varg bhi maana jaata hai. ye usi samay ban jab bauddh dharm aur jain dharm ke praarabhik darshan ka nirmaan ho raha tha. 500 varsh isa poorv ke paas ki avadhi mein bhaarateeya aur vaishvik darshan mein ek teevr parivartan aaya tha. aur usi samay samakaaleen yoonaani (Greek) school bhi ubhar kar saamane aaye the. kuchh logon ka maanana hai ki kuchh bhaarateeya darshan ki avadhaaranaaon se yoonaan ko parichit karaaya gaya jabki anya paarasi saamraajya ke maadhyam se Bhaarat mein aaye; sikandar mahaan ke abhiyaan kaje baad aise paarasparik aadaan pradaan mein vruddhi hui .

praacheen kaal se hi Bhaarat mein darshan ko diye jaane vaale mahattv ke atirikt, aadhunik Bhaarat ne bhi kuchh prabhaavashaali daarshanikon ko janm diya hai, jinhonne raashtreeya bhaasha ke saath saath praay: angreji mein bhi likha hai. Bhaarat ke britishon dvaara upanivesh banaaye jaane ke dauraan, Bhaarat ke kuchh dhaarmik vichaarakon ne vishv bhar mein utani hi khyaati arjit ki jitni ki praacheen bhaarateeya granthon ne. unamein se kuchh ke kaarya ko angreji, jarman aur anya bhaashaaoain mein anuvaadit bhi kiya gaya. svaami vivekaanand America gaye aur vahaan unhonne vishv dharm sansad (World Parliament of Religions) mein hissa liya, unhonne dharati hila dene vaale ya kahiye atyant prabhaavashaali vaktavya se sabko prabhaavit kiya, vahan aaye jyaadaatar pratinidhiyon ke liye ye hindu darshan se pehla saakshaatkaar tha.

kai dhaarmik vichaarak jaise ki mahaatma gaaaindhi, raveendranaath Tagore aur bhaarateeya svatantrata aandolan ke anya sadasyon ne raajaneetik darshan ke nae roop ko janm diya jisne aadhunik bhaarateeya lokatantr, dharmanirpekshata aur udaaravaad ke aadhaar ko banaaya.aaj, Asia ka pehla aarthik vigyaan mein Nobel memoriyl puraskaar (Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences) jeetne vaale amartya sen jaise arthashaastri Bhaarat ko duniya ke vichaaron mein mahatvapoorn yogadaan dene vaale ek desh ke roop mein pratishthit kar rahe hai.

luaa truti package.lua mein pankti 80 par: module 'Module:Portal/images/i' not found.

• sanskruti - saanskrutik vichaaron aur abhivyaktiyon ki pratinidhi patrika, sanskruti mantraalaya, Bhaarat sarkaar dvaara prakaashit
• bhaarateeyata ki pehchaan (Google pustak ; lekhak - vidyaanivaas mishr)
• sanskruti mantraalaya, Bhaarat sarkaar
• paandulipiyon ke sanrakshan aur unhein upalabdh banaane ke liye samarpit Bhaarat sarkaar ki site
• angreji, fraanseesi, speni, itaalavi, jarman aur romaani mein bhaarateeya paranparaaon aur vishv sanskruti par nibandh, vaad vivaad, malteemeediya varnan aadi
• sanskruti saamaanya gyaan
• bhaarateeya raashtreeya saanskrutik adhyayanapeeth
• bhaarateeya sanskruti ka sankshipt itihaas
• i-sanskruti (angreji mein)

lekh

• vishvavyaapi bhaarateeya sanskruti (raghoottam shukl)
• shaashvat hai bhaarateeya sanskruti aur iski viraasat !! (ke0 ke0 Yadav)
• bhaarateeya sanskruti aur uske maayane (the thard I)
• "nathing tu go back tu- the fet of the vido of vrundaavan, India" dabalyoo N N - vimen news network November 3, 2007
• trejr house of India's Art end kalchar ya bhaarateeya kala aur sanskruti ka khajaana.
• indiynakalcharaonalaain dot com - Indian kalchar fotoj (bhaarateeya sanskruti se judi tasaveerein tatha vistrut jaankaari)
• sanskruti kshetr
• bhaarateeya sanskruti ka ek parichay
• sanskruti ka vistaar (akhil vishv gaayatri parivaar)

pustakein

• Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-19-560686-8.
• Narasimhacharya, R (1988) [1988]. History of Kannada Literature. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 81-206-0303-6.
• Rice, B.L. (2001) [1897]. Mysore Gazatteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 81-206-0977-8.
• Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980]. A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. OCLC 7796041. LCCN 809-5179.
• pavan ke.varmabeeing Indian: inasaaid the real India.(I S bi N 0-434-01391-9)
• mark talli (Tully, Mark) Bhaarat mein poorn rok naheen hai (I S bi N 0-14-010480-1)
• vi S naaipaul (Naipaul, V.S) India: A Million Mutinies Now(I S bi N 0-7493-9920-1)
• nikki, grihault India- kalchar smart!: a kvik guide tu kastams end etiket I S bi N 1-85733-305-5)
• manjari uil, bhaarateeya sanskruti par videshi prabhaav (c.600 E.poo. 320 isvi tak), (aaiऍsabeeऍn 81-88629-60-ex)

patrika