Bhaarat ki boliyaaain

Bhaarat mein 'bhaarateeya janaganana 1961' (sanket chinh = jana0) ke anusaar 1652 maatrubhaashaaeain (boliyaaain) chaar bhaasha parivaaron mein vargeekrut ki gayi hain. neeche boliyon ke vivran mein aadhaar dau॰ griyrsan ka 'Bhaarat bhaasha sarvekshan' (sanket chinh = gri0) hai, kintu neevanatam shodh adhyayan sarvopari maane gaye hain. tulana ke liye jana0 ka ullekh kiya gaya hai. boliyon ke milnasthalon par matabhed asambhav naheen hai. koshthakon mein boliyon ke sthaan varnit hai.

sansaar ke bhaashaaparivaaron mein kai drushtiyon se mahatvapoorn bhaaropeeya bhaashaaparivaar ki darad shaakha ke darad varg ki shina bhaasha ki boli gilgiti (gilgit) aur Kashmiri bhaasha ki kishtavaari (kishtavaar kshetr), ponguli (Jammu), bhujavaali (doda jila), siraaji (Jammu Kashmir) visheshat: ullekhya hain.

yadyapi mool lahainga tatha sindhi kshetr Pakistan mein chala gaya hai, fir bhi visthaapiton ke roop mein lahainda ki 14 boliyon mein multaani tatha puchhi (Jammu) evam sindhi ki saat boliyon mein kachhi (kachh) pramukhat: pai gayi.

jana0 mein maraathi ki 65 boliyaaain hain. dakshin Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, mein (uttar) boli jaanevaali konkani vastut: svatantr bhaasha hai, maraathi ki boli, jaisa giyrsan ne kaha tha, naheen hai. konkani ki 16 boliyon mein chetti bhaasha konkani (Kerala) goaneej (goaa) evam kudabi pramukh hai. maraathi ke antargat halabi (bastar), kamaari (Raipur), katiya (chhindavaada, betul) katakaari (kolaaba) koshthi maraathi (koshthi jaati dvaara Andhra, ma0 pra0 pramukhat: Nagpur evam bhandaara mein prayukt), kshatriya maraathi (keval Mysore raajya), chhindavaada shioni thaakari (kolaaba) boliyaaain jana0 mein ullikhit hain. shesh karahandi, mirgaani, bhandaari prabhruti ullekhya hain.

udeesa ki 24 boliyon mein bhami (pramukhat: bastar), bhuiya (sundaragadh, dhenakanaal, keonjhar), relli (Andhra) paidi (Andhra) pramukh hain. Cuttack ki kataki, Andhra seema par ganjaami, sanbhalapur mein sanbhalapuri bhi ullekh hain.

bangaali ke antargat jana0 mein ullikhit 15 boliyon mein chakama (meejo pahaadiyaaain, tripura, asam,) kisnagaiainjiya (Bihar), raajavanshi (jalapaaigudi) pramukh hai. griyrsan ne saraki, khadiyaathaar, coach aadi bhi ginaai haiain. jana0 mein asam ki koi boli naheen varnit hai, kintu griyrsan ne kachhaar ke hinduon ki bishunapuriya ka ullekh kiya tha.

hindi kshetr mein bihaari varg mein 35 maatru boliya hain jinmein

• (1) Bhojpuri (poorvi faijaabaad, dakshini poorvi mirjaapur, varaanasi, poorvi jaunapur, Gazipur, baliya, basti ka poorvi bhaag, Gorakhpur, devariya, saaran, shaahaabaad)

• (2) maithili (tirhutiya) mithila pradesh (chanpaaran, mujaffarapur, munger, Bhaagalpur, darabhanga, poorniya, saharasa, maalta, tatha dinaajapur)

• (3) magahi (gaya, Patna, tatha santhaal paragana mein anshat:) pramukh boliyaaain hain.

maithili ki upaboli siraajapuri poorniya mein boli jaati hai. poorvi hindi ki avadhi evam chhatteesagadhi pramukh boliyaaain hain. avadhi Lakhimpur, seetaapur, Lucknow, unnaav, fatehapur baharaaich, baaraabanki, raayabareli, gonda, faijaabaad, sulataanapur, prataapagadh jaunapur, mirjaapur jilon ki boli hai. ismein baaainda bhi gina ja sakta hai. badheli reeva satana shahadol ke atirikt gri0 ke anusaar damoh, jabalapur, maandala, baalaaghaat tak faili hai avadhi ki maraari poaali tatha paradeshi Maharashtra bhi boliyaaain hain. chhatteesagadhi Chhattisgarh, Raipur, raayagadh durg bilaasapur, saraguja, bastar mein (dau॰ udayanaaraayan ke anusaar) kaaker, kabardha chaaainda uttar poorv mein bhi boli jaati hai. saragujiya saraguja mein griyrsan ke anusaar Korea Udaipur mein bhi, gvaaro upaboli asam mein, tatha lariya udisa mein boli jaati hai.

pashchimi hindi

• (1) kauravi khadi boli (Rampur, muraadaabaad, bijnaur, Meerut, mujaffaranagar, sahaaranapur, deharaadoon-maidaani bhaag, Ambala, kalasiya, aadi),

• (2) baangaroo (da0 Punjab ke karanaal, Rohtak, hisaar, Patiala, ka kuchh bhaag, naabha, jeend),

• (3) brajabhaasha (griyrsan ke anusaar Mathura, Aligadh, Agra, eta, bulandashahar, mainapuri, badaayooain, bareli, gudgaaainv jila poorvi patti, bharatapur, dhaulapur, karauli, Jaipur poorv,) dau॰ dheereinndr varma ke anusaar

• (4) kannauji boli brajabhaasha ke antargat hai, at: peeleebheet, shaahajahaaainpur, farrukhaabaad, haradoi, itaava aur Kanpur bhi brajabhaasha mein gine ja sakte hain. naveenatam shodh ke anusaar

• (5) bundeli jhaaainsi, hameerapur, jaalaun, chhatarapur, chheekamagadh datiya, bhind, gvaaliyr, muraina, shivpuri, guna, saagar, panna, damoh, sivni, chhindavaada, narasinhapur, raayasen, vidisha, hoshangaabaad, tatha betool jilon mein boli jaati hai.

poore Rajasthan mein raajasthaani boli 71 maatru boliyon sahit faili hai. jana0 ke anusaar inmein baagari raajasthaani (gangaanagar, seekar,) banjaari (Maharashtra Mysore), dhughaari (Jaipur, seekar, savaai maadhopur, tonk), lamani (lanbadi) (Andhra), gojari (Jammu Kashmir), haadauti (booaindi, kota, jhaalaavaar) khaisari (boondi bheelavaara), maalava (maalava mein - mandasaur, ujjain, Indore, devaas, shaajapur, ratalaam, chittodgadh), maaraadi (maaravaad mein gangaanagar, Bikaner, chooroo, jhunjhunoo, seekar, Ajmer, jaisalamer, Jodhpur, naagaur, paali, baadmer, jaalor, sirohi), mevaadi (mevaad bheelavada, Udaipur, chitauragadh) shekhaavati (jhunjhunoo), pramukh boliyaaain hain. nimaadi dhaar tatha nimaad ki boli hain. gri0 mein bheeli tatha khaanadeshi mishrit boliyaaain bhaasha ke roop mein pruthak varnit hain. jana0 ke anusaar bheelo ki 36 upaboliyon mein baarel (chhota Udaipur state) (bhilaali bheelo, bheelodo) (baraar, khaanadesh, ma0 pra0 evam Maharashtra ka kuchh bhaag), gamati gavit (Gujarat), kokana (kunna) (Baroda, soorat, Nasik), baagadi (mevaad ke aaspaas), paavari (gri0 khaanadesh) pramukh hai Khan desh ki aheerani khaanadesh mein prayukt hai.

86 boliyon ke samooh vaale pahaadi varg ki pashchimi pahaadi ke antargat bhadravaahi (Jammu Kashmir) sirmauri, bharamaur, mandeaali, chameaalo, churahi (paaainchon himaanchal pradesh) jaunasaari (jaanasaar baabar), kului (kullu) upaboliyaaain hain. poorvi pahaadi me naipaali tatha madhya pahaadi mein kumaauni (almoda, naineetaal), gadhvaali (gadhvaal, masoori) pramukh hai. vastut: inmein praakrutik doori hai. jana0 mein gujaraati ka 27 boliyon mein dhisaadi (Andhra Maharashtra mein laahaaron dvaara prayukt) kolchi (sooratak mein kolva jaati dvaara prayukt), paarasi (Maharashtra Saurashtra (Madras), sauraashtri (Gujarat) pramukh varnit hain. iske atirikt gaamadiya, charotari, kaathiyaavaadi bhi ullekh hai.

punjabi ki 29 boliyon mein jana0 ke anusaar bilaasapuri (kalhari) (vilaasapur, mangal, hosheeyaarapur), dogari (Jammu evam Punjab ke kuchh bhaag), kaangari (kaangada) raathi jaalandhari, firojapuri, pattiyaani (Bikaner, firojapur) maaainjhi (amrutasar ke aaspaas) pramukh boliyaaain hain.

Bhaarat mein sankhya ki drushti se doosare bhaashaaparivaar Dravid mein jana0 mein 161 maatrubhaashaaeain ginaai gayi hai jinmein 104 ko sanvidhaanagat tamil, telugu, kannad malayalam chaar bhaashaaon ke sandarbh mein vivechit kiya ja sakta hai. tamil ki 22 boliyon mein yerukul Andhra mein, kaikaadi Maharashtra mein (gri0 ke anusaar dakshin mein) korava pehle Madras mein, pattaapu bhaasha Andhra mein pramukh boliyon ke roop mein boli jaati hai. gri0 ke anusaar saalevaari (chaaainda), beraadi (belagraam) bhi pradhaan boliyaaain hain. kannad ki 32 maatru boliyon mein pramukhatam badaga (neelagiri, Mysore) hai. holiya pramukhat- Maharashtra mein, gataar kannad ma0 pra0 mein, montaadeintyi Madras mein pai gayi hain. koracha boli korava ki paryaaya naheen hai, jaisa gri0 mein varnit hai, apit yeh Mysore mein boli jaanevaali, kannad ki pramukh boli hai. malayalam ki 14 boliyon mein yerav jaati ki yerav boli Mysore mein, paniya Madras tatha Kerala mein boli jaati hai. naagari malayalam trichoor jile ke sanskrutajnya braahmanon ki malayalam hai. shesh boliyaaain gaun hain. tuloo korgi (kodagoo) (kurg), toda, kota, (Madras) chaar bhaashaaon ki bhi kai boliyaaain hain. korga tuloo ki pradhaan boli hai. ye Madras, Mysore, Maharashtra mein bikhri hain.

iske atirikt uttar Dravid samooh ki kurukh (oraaainv) bhaasha mein vaaaingari naagesiyaaain (antim dono Bengal mein) tatha maalti bhaasha ki sauriya (ma0 pra0) pramukh hai. nai shodhon ke aadhaar par kaha ja sakta hai ki godi, kui (udisa mein koraapat), khond (kondh) (udisa), koya (Andhra), paarji (ma0 pra0), kolaami (aandhra0) konda bhaashaaeain siddh hui hai. gri0 mein ye boliyon ke roop mein varnit hain. gondi ki dotali, bhariya (ma0 pra0 Bihar, udisa ki seemaaeain) kui ki peingu (udisa), kolaami ki maane (aadhr mein adeelaabaad) evam naiki (dadara haveli) boliyaaain ullekh hain.

Tibet-cheeni parivaar ki bhaashaaeain Laddakh se lekar asam se poorv tak uttung himaani shikharon, beehad jangalo, ghaatiyon mein door tak faili hui hai. jana0 mein 226 maatrubhaashaaeain (boliyaaain) ginaai gayi hain. (1) Tibet bhotiya varg mein 33 maatru boliyaaain hain jinmein bhotiya, baalti, bhootaani, laahuli, speeti, kaageti pramukh hain. kai ek ka naamakaran sthaanavishesh ke aadhaar par hua hai. (2) himaalaya varg ki 24 maatru boliyon mein malaani pramukh boleeyut kansi, kanauri (5 boliyaaain) raai taamang, locha pramukh bhaasha (boliyaaain) Himachal pradesh mein boli jaati hai. asam shaakha ke nefa varg mein 24 maatrubhaashaaeain (boliyaaain) hain jinmein aaka, haaso, dafka (do boliyaaain) abor (miyong pramukh boli sahit kul 14), meeri, (pramukh boli meeshiyaang) tatha mishmi pramukh maatrubhaashaaeain (boliyaaain) hain. asam-barmi shaakha ke (1) bodo varg mein 40 maatrubhaashaaeain (boliyaaain) hain, jinmein bodo sahit chaar boliyaaain kachaari, dimaasa, gaaro (achik daaloo, pramukh), tripuri (jayantiya pramukh boli) mikeer, raabbha (raingadaniyaaain pramukh boli), ullekhaneeya hain aur jo asam mein bikhri hui hain. (2) naana varg ki kul 47 maatrubhaashaaon (boliyaaain) mein keenyaak (teen boliyaaain), aao (moksen pramukh), angaami (chakoo pramukh), sema, taaaingakhul aadi naagaalaind tatha nefa mein boli jaati hain. (3) kooki-chinvarg ki 61 maatrubhaashaaon (boliyon) mein pramukh bhaasha maneepuri (methei) ki vishunapariya boli tripura tatha kachhaar mein boli jaati hai. iske atirikt vaisein, khongajai, haalam kooki anishchit bhaashaaeain (boliyaaain) asam tatha naaga pahaadiyon mein hai. (4) barma varg ki arkaneej bhaasha k modh pramukh boli tripura mein boli jaati hai.

aastrik bhaasha parivaar ki maun khmer shaakha mein saat tatha munda shaakha mein 58, kul milaakar 65 maatrubhaashaaeain jana0 mein varnit hain. khaasi bhaasha ki jayantiya tatha pnaar boliyaaain khaasi tatha jayantiya pahaadiyon mein boli jaati hai. kheravaari bhaasha ke antargat santhaali (Bengal, Bihar udisa ki seemaaeain), mundaari, ho, kurukh, korkoo (koorkoo) (satapuda pahaad, mahaadev pahaadiyaaain), bhoomij (sinhabhoomi, maanabhoomi), gadaba (Madras ki uttari poorvi pahaadiyaaain) boliyaaain ginaai gayi hain. vastut: inhein bhaashaaeain kehna, jaisa jana0 mein hai, adhik upayukt hoga, kyonki bodhagamyata ke siddhaant ke aadhaar par unamein atyadhik doori aa gayi hai. munda shaakha ki shesh boliyaaain hain - makaari (Maharashtra ma0 pra0), koda (kora) sambandhit mirdha (pan0 Bengal), bairi, lodhaajo khariya se sambandhit hain, (pa0 Bengal), nikobaari (andamaan nikobaar), tatha kol bhaashaaeain.

• hindi ki vibhinn boliyaaain aur unka saahitya
• Bhaarat ki bhaashaaeain
• Bhaarat ke bhaasha parivaar