Bhaarat

ripblik of indiya
Bhaarat ganaraajya
क्षैतिज तीन रंग का झण्डा जिसमें उपर से नीचे केसरीया (गहरा भगवा), सफेद और हरे रंगी की तीन क्षैतिज पटियाँ हैं। सफेद रंग की पट्टी के केन्द्र में गहरे-नीले रंग का एक चक्र बना हुआ है जिसमें २४ आरियां हैं। दायें, बायें और दर्शक की ओर देखते हुये तीन शेर दिखाई देते हैं। नीचे के भाग में चित्रवल्लरी के मध्य में २४-आरियों वाला एक चक्र है, जिसके बांए तरफ़ एक दौडता हुआ घौडा और दांए तरफ़ एक बैल है। सबसे नीचे एक आदर्श वाक्य "सत्यमेव जयते" लिखा है।
dhvaj prateek chinh
raashtravaakya: "satyamev jayate" (sanskrut)
"satya ki hi vijay hoti hai"
raashtragaan: jan gan man[1][2]
raashtra geet:
vande maataram
"maaain, main aapko naman karta hooain."[a][3][2]
भारत पर केन्द्रित ग्लोब चित्र जिसमें भारत पर प्रकाश डाला गया है।
Bhaarat dvaara niyantrit kshetr ko gahre hare rang mein dikhaaya gaya hai;
daavaakrut bhoobhaag jispar niyantran naheen hai use halke hare rang mein dikhaaya gaya hai.
rajdhani nai Delhi
28°a36.8′aN 77°a12.5′aE / 28.6133°aN 77.2083°aE / 28.6133; 77.2083
sabse bada nagar mumbai
raajabhaasha(eain)
maanyata praapt kshetriya bhaashaayein
raashtrabhaasha koi naheen[6]
nivaasi bhaarateeya
sarkaar sangheeya sansadeeya
samvaidhaanik ganaraajya[7]
- raashtrapati Pranab mukharji
- uparaashtrapati mohammad haamid Ansari
- pradhaan mantri Narendra Modi (bhaajapa)
- Loksabha adhyaksh sumitra mahaajan (bhaajapa)
- Bhaarat ke mukhya nyaayaadheesh ti yas thaakur[8]
vidhaan mandal bhaarateeya sansad
- uchch sadan Rajyasabha
- nimn sadan lok sabha
svatantrata United kingadam
- adhiraajya 15 August 1947
- ganaraajya 26 January 1950
kshetrafal
- kul 3,287,590 varg kilometer[b] (saatavaan)
1,269,346 varg meal
- jal (%) 9.6
janasankhya
- 2016 janaganana 1,27,0000000 (dviteeya)
sakal ghareloo utpaad (PPP) 2014 praakkalan
- kul $5.302 mahaashankh/(triliyn)[9] (teesara)
- prati vyakti $4,209[9] (133veen)
sakal ghareloo utpaad (saanketik) 2014 praakkalan
- kul $1.842 mahaashankh/(triliyn)[9] (10veen)
- prati vyakti $1,389[9] (148vaaain)
gini (2010) 33.9[10]
madhyam · 39vaaain
maanav vikaas soochakaank (2012) Green Arrow Up Darker.svg 0.554[11][12]
madhyam · 136vaaain (madhyam)
mudra bhaarateeya rupaya (भारतीय रुपया) (INR)
samay mandal bhaarateeya maanak samay (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+5:30)
- greeshmakaaleen (di॰ba॰asa॰) aparivrtaneeya (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+5:30)
dinaank praaroop dd-mm-yyyy (CE)
yaataayaat chaalan disha left
doorabhaash koot +91
Internet teeeladi dot in

Bhaarat aadhikaarik naam Bhaarat ganaraajya dakshin Asia mein sthit bhaarateeya upamahaadveep ka sabse bada desh hai. poorn roop se uttari golaardh mein sthit Bhaarat, bhaugolik drushti se vishv mein saatavaaain sabse bada aur janasankhya ke drushtikon se doosra sabse bada desh hai. Bhaarat ke pashchim mein Pakistan, uttar-poorv mein cheen, Nepal aur bhootaan, poorv mein Bangladesh aur myaanmaar aur uttar pashchim mein Afghanistan desh sthit hain. hind mahaasaagar mein iske dakshin pashchim mein maaladeev, dakshin mein Sri Lanka aur dakshin-poorv mein Indonesia se Bhaarat ki saamudrik seema lagti hai. iske uttar ki bhautik seema himaalaya parvat se aur dakshin mein hind mahaasaagar se lagi hui hai. poorv mein Bengal ki khaadi hai tatha pashchim mein arab saagar hain.

praacheen sindhu ghaati sabhyata, vyaapaar maargon aur bade-bade saamrajyon ka vikaas sthaan rahe bhaarateeya upamahaadveep ko iske saanskrutik aur aarthik safalta ke lambe itihaas ke liye jaana jaata raha hai. chaar pramukh sanpradaayon: hindutv, bauddh, jain aur sikh dharmon ka yahaan udaya hua, joro-estriyni, yahoodi, isaai, aur muslim dharm pratham sahasraabdi mein yahaan pahuche aur yahaan ki vividh sanskruti ko naya roop diya. kramik vijyon ke parinaamasvaroop british East indiya company ne 18veen aur 19veen sadi mein Bhaarat ke jyaadatar hisson ko apne raajya mein mila liya. 1857 ke vifal vidroh ke baad Bhaarat ke prashaasan ka bhaar british sarkaar ne apne oopar le liya. british Bhaarat ke roop mein british saamraajya ke pramukh ang Bhaarat ne 1947 mein mahaatma Gandhi ke netrutv mein ek lambe aur mukhya roop se ahinsak svatantrata sangraam ke baad aajaadi pai. 1950 mein laagoo hue naye samvidhaan mein ise saarvajanik vayask mataadhikaar ke aadhaar par sthaapit samvaidhaanik lokataantrik ganaraajya ghoshit kar diya gaya aur yunaaited kingadam ki tarj par vestaminstar shaili ki sansadeeya sarkaar sthaapit ki gayi. ek sangheeya raashtra, Bhaarat ko 29 raajyon aur 7 sangh shaasit pradeshon mein gathit kiya gaya hai. lambe samay tak samaajavaadi aarthik neetiyon ka paalan karne ke baad 1991 ke pashchaat Bhaarat ne udaareekaran aur vaishveekaran ki nayi neetiyon ke aadhaar par saarthak aarthik aur saamaajik pragati ki hai.

33 lakh varg kilometer kshetrafal ke saath Bhaarat bhaugolik kshetrafal ke aadhaar par vishv ka saatavaaain sabse bada raashtra hai. vartamaan mein bhaarateeya arthavyavastha kraya shakti samata ke aadhaar par vishv ki teesari[13] aur maanak moolyon ke aadhaar par vishv ki dasveen sabse badi arthavyavastha hai. 1991 ke baajaar-aadhaarit sudhaaron ke baad Bhaarat vishv ki sabse tej viksit hoti badi arth-vyavasthaaon mein se ek ho gaya hai aur ise ek nav-audyogikrut raashtra maana jaata hai. parantu Bhaarat ke saamane abhi bhi gareebi, bhrashtaachaar, kuposhan, aparyaapt saarvajanik svaasthya-seva aur aatankvaad ki chunautiyaan hain. aaj Bhaarat ek vividh, bahubhaashi, aur bahu-jaateeya samaaj hai aur bhaarateeya sena ek kshetreeya shakti hai.

anukram

naamotpatti

mukhya lekh : Bhaarat naam ki utpatti

Bhaarat ke do aadhikaarik naam hain- hindi mein Bhaarat aur angreji mein indiya (India). indiya naam ki utpatti sindhu nadi ke angreji naam "indas" se hui hai.[14] Bhaarat naam, ek praacheen hindu samraat bharat jo ki manu ke vanshaj rishabhadev ke sabse bade bete the aur jinki katha shreemadbhaagavat mahaapuraan mein hai, ke naam se liya gaya hai. Bhaarat (bha + rat) shabd ka matlab hai aantarik prakaash ya videk-roopi prakaash mein leen. ek teesara naam Hindustan bhi hai jiska arth hind (hindu) ki bhoomi, yeh naam visheshakar arab/Iran mein prachalit hua. iska samakaaleen upayog kam aur praay: uttari Bhaarat ke liye hota hai. iske atirikt bhaaratavarsh ko vaidik kaal se aaryaavart "jamboodveep" aur "ajanaabhadesh" ke naam se bhi jaana jaata raha hai. bahut pehle Bhaarat ka ek munhabola naam 'sone ki chidiya' bhi prachalit tha.[15]

raashtreeya prateek

भारत Bhaarat ke raashtreeya prateek
dhvaj tiranga
raashtreeya chinh ashok ki laat
raashtra-gaan jan gan man
raashtra-geet vande maataram
pashu baagh
jaleeya jeev ganga daalafin
pakshi mor
pushp kamal
vruksh bargad
fal aam
khel maidaani hockey
panyachaang
shak samvat
sandarbh "Bhaarat ke raashtreeya prateek"
bhaarateeya dootaavaas, landan
Retreived 03-09-2007

Bhaarat ka raashtreeya chinh saaranaath sthit ashok stambh ki anukruti hai jo saaranaath ke sangrahaalaya mein surakshit hai. Bhaarat sarkaar ne yeh chinh 26 January 1950 ko apnaaya. usamein keval teen Singh dikhaai padte hain, chautha Singh drushtigochar naheen hai. raashtreeya chinh ke neeche devanaagari lipi mein 'satyamev jayate' ankit hai.

Bhaarat ke raashtreeya jhande mein teen samaantar aayataakaar pattiyaaain hain. oopar ki patti kesariya rang ki, madhya ki patti safed rang ki tatha neeche ki patti gahre hare rang ki hai. jhande ki lanbaai chaudaai ka anupaat 3:2 ka hai. safed patti par charkhe ki jagah saaranaath ke Singh stambh vaale dharmachakr ki anukruti hai jiska rang gahra neela hai. chakr ka vyaas lagbhag safed patti ke chaudaai jitna hai aur usamein 24 are hain.

kavi raveendranaath thaakur dvaara likhit 'jan-gan-man' ke pratham ansh ko Bhaarat ke raashtreeya gaan ke roop mein 24 January 1950 E. ko apnaaya gaya. saath-saath yeh bhi nirnaya kiya gaya ki bankimchandr chatarji dvaara likhit 'vande maataram' ko bhi 'jan-gan-man' ke samaan hi darja diya jaaega, kyonki svatantrata sangraam mein 'vande maataram' gaan janta ka preranaasrot tha.

Bhaarat sarkaar ne desh bhar ke liye raashtreeya panchaang ke roop mein shak sanvat ko apnaaya hai. iska pratham maas 'chait' hai aur varsh saamaanyat: 365 din ka hai. is panchaang ke din sthaayi roop se angreji panchaang ke maas dinon ke anuroop baithate hain. sarkaari kaaryo ke liye gregari calendar (angreji calendar) ke saath-saath raashtreeya panchaang ka bhi prayog kiya jaata hai.

itihaas

mukhya lekh : Bhaarat ka itihaas
teesari shataabdi mein samraat ashok dvaara banaaya gaya madhya pradesh mein saaainchi ka stoop

dhaarmik itihaas

praacheen hindu maanyataaon ke anusaar Bhaarat ko ek sanaatan raashtra maana jaata hai kyonki yeh maanav-sabhyata ka pehla raashtra tha. shreemadbhaagavat ke panyacham skandh mein Bhaarat raashtra ki sthaapana ka varnan aata hai. bhaarateeya darshan ke anusaar srushti utpatti ke pashchaat brahma ke maanas putr svayanbhoo manu ne vyavastha sambhaali. inke do putr, priyvrat aur uttaanapaad the. uttaanapaad bhakt dhruv ke pita the. inheen priyvrat ke das putr the. teen putr baalyakaal se hi virkt the. is kaaran priyvrat ne pruthvi ko saat bhaagon mein vibhkt kar ek-ek bhaag pratyek putr ko saunp diya. inheen mein se ek the aagneedhr jinhein jamboodveep ka shaasan kaarya saunpa gaya. vruddhaavastha mein aagneedhr ne apne nau putron ko jamboodveep ke vibhinn nau sthaanon ka shaasan daayitv saunpa. in nau putron mein sabse bade the naabhi jinhein himvarsh ka bhoo-bhaag mila. inhonne himvarsh ko swayam ke naam ajanaabh se jod kar ajanaabhavarsh prachaarit kiya. yeh himvarsh ya ajanaabhavarsh hi praacheen Bhaarat desh tha. raaja naabhi ke putr the rishabh. rishabhadev ke sau putron mein bharat jyeshth evam sabse gunavaan the. rishabhadev ne vaanaprasth lene par unhein raajapaat saunp diya. pehle bhaaratavarsh ka naam riashabhadev ke pita naabhiraaj ke naam par ajanaabhavarsh prasiddh tha. bharat ke naam se hi log ajanaabhakhand ko bhaaratavarsh kehne lage.

paashaan yug bheemabetaka madhya pradesh ki gufaaeain Bhaarat mein maanav jeevan ka praacheenatam pramaan hain. pratham sthaai bastiyon ne 9000 varsh poorv svarup liya. yahi aage chal kar sindhu ghaati sabhyata mein viksit hui, jo 2600 isa poorv aur 1900 isa poorv ke madhya apne charam par thi.[16] lagbhag 1600 isa poorv aarya Bhaarat aae aur unhonne uttar bhaarateeya kshetron mein vaidik sabhyata ka sootrapaat kiya. is sabhyata ke srot ved aur puraan hain. kintu aarya-aakraman-siddhaant abhi tak vivaadaspad hai. lokamaanya baal gangaadhar tilk sahit kuchh vidvaanon ki maanyata yeh hai ki aarya bhaaratavarsh ke hi sthaayi nivaasi rahe hain tatha vaidik itihaas kareeb 75,000 varsh praacheen hai.[17] isi samay dakshin Bhaarat mein Dravid sabhyata ka vikaas hota raha. donon jaatiyon ne ek doosare ki khoobiyon ko apnaate hue Bhaarat mein ek mishrit-sanskruti ka nirmaan kiya.

500 isavi poorv kॆ baad kai svatantr raajya ban gaye. Bhaarat ke praarambhik raajavanshon mein uttar Bhaarat ka maurya raajavansh ullekhaneeya hai jiske prataapi samraat ashok ka vishv itihaas mein vishesh sthaan hai.[18] 180 isavi ke aarambh se madhya Asia se kai aakraman hue, jinke parinaamasvaroop uttar bhaarateeya upamahaadveep mein yoonaani, shak, paarthi aur antat: kushaan raajavansh sthaapit hue. teesari shataabdi ke aage ka samay jab Bhaarat par gupt vansh ka shaasan tha, Bhaarat ka "svarnim kaal" kahalaaya."[19][20] dakshin Bhaarat mein bhinn-bhinn kaal-khandon mein kai raajavansh chaalukya, cher, chol, pallav tatha paandya rahe. isa ke aas-paas sangam-saahitya apne charam par tha, jismein tamil bhaasha ka parivrdhan hua. saatavaahanon aur chaalukyon ne madhya Bhaarat mein apna varchasv sthaapit kiya. vigyaan, kala, saahitya, ganit, khagolashaastr, praacheen praudyogiki, dharm, tatha darshan inheen raajaaon ke shaasanakaal mein fale-foole.

12veen shataabdi ke praarambh mein, Bhaarat par islaami aakramanon ke pashchaat, uttari va kendreeya Bhaarat ka adhikaansh bhaag Delhi saltanat ke shaasanaadheen ho gaya; aur baad mein, adhikaansh upamahaadveep mugal vansh ke adheen. dakshin Bhaarat mein vijyanagar saamraajya shaktishaali nikla. haalaaainki, visheshat: tulanaatmak roop se, sanrakshit dakshin mein anek raajya shesh rahe, athva astitv mein aaye. mugalon ke sankshipt adhikaar ke baad satrahaveen sadi mein dakshin aur madhya Bhaarat mein maraathon ka utkarsh hua. uttar pashchim mein sikkhon ki shakti mein vruddhi hui.

17veen shataabdi ke madhyakaal mein Portugal, dach, France, Britain sahit anek Europeeya deshon, jo Bhaarat se vyaapaar karne ke ichhuk the, unhonne desh ki aatanrik shaasakeeya araajakata ka faayda uthaaya angrej doosare deshon se vyaapaar ke ichhuk logon ko rokane mein safal rahe aur 1840 tak lagbhag sampoorn desh par shaasan karne mein safal hue. 1857 mein british East India company ke viruddh asafal vidroh, jo bhaarateeya svatantrata ke pratham sangraam se bhi jaana jaata hai, ke baad Bhaarat ka adhikaansh bhaag seedhe angreji shaasan ke prashaasanik niyantran mein aa gaya.[21]

konaark-chakr - 13veen shataabdi mein bane udeesa ke soorya mandir mein sthit, yeh duniya ke sab se prasidgh aitihaasik smaarakon mein se ek hai.

beesavi sadi ke praarambh mein aadhunik shiksha ke prasaar aur vishvapatal par badalti raajaneetik paristhitiyon ke chalte Bhaarat mein ek bauddhik aandolan ka sootrapaat hua jisne saamaajik aur raajaneetik staron par anek parivrtanon evam aandolanon ki neev rakhi. 1885 mein bhaarateeya raashtreeya Congress ki sthaapana ne svatantrata aandolan ko ek gatimaan svaroop diya. beesaveen shataabdi ke praarambh mein lambe samay tak svatantrata praapti ke liye vishaal ahinsaavaadi sangharsh chala, jiska netrut‍aav mahaatma Gandhi, jo aadhikaarik rup se aadhunik Bhaarat ke 'raashtrapita' ke roop mein sambodhit kiye jaate hain, ne kiya. iske saath-saath chandrashekhar aajaad, sardaar bhagat Singh, sukhadev, raajaguroo, netaaji subhaash chandr Bose, veer saavarakar aadi ke netrut‍aav me chale kraantikaari sangharsh ke falasvarup 15 August, 1947 Bhaarat ne angreji shaasan se poornat: svatantrata praapt ki. taduparaant 26 January, 1950 ko Bhaarat ek ganaraajya bana.

ek bahujaateeya tatha bahudhaarmik raashtra hone ke kaaran Bhaarat ko samay-samay par saampradaayik tatha jaateeya vidvesh ka shikaar hona pada hai. kshetreeya asantosh tatha vidroh bhi haalaaainki desh ke alag-alag hisson mein hote rahe hain, par iski dharmanirpekshata tatha janataantrikta, keval 1975-77 ko chhod, jab tatkaaleen pradhaanamantri indira Gandhi ne aapaatakaal ki ghoshana kar di thi, akshunn rahi hai.

Bhaarat ke padosi raashtron ke saath anasulajhe seema vivaad hain. iske kaaran ise chhote paimaanon par yuddh ka bhi saamana karna pada hai. 1962 mein cheen ke saath, tatha 1947, 1965, 1971 evam 1999 mein Pakistan ke saath ladaaiyaaain ho chuki hain.

Bhaarat gutanirpeksh aandolan tatha sanyukt raashtra sangh ke sansthaapak sadasya deshon mein se ek hai.

1974 mein Bhaarat ne apna pehla parmaanu pareekshan kiya tha jiske baad 1998 mein 5 aur pareekshan kiye gaye. 1990 ke dashak mein kiye gaye aarthik sudhaareekaran ki badaulat aaj desh sabse teji se vikaasasheel raashtron ki soochi mein aa gaya hai.

sarkaar

mukhya lekh : Bhaarat sarkaar

Bhaarat ka samvidhaan Bhaarat ko ek samprabhu, samaajavaadi, dharmanirpeksh, lokataantrik ganaraajya ghoshit karta hai. Bhaarat ek lokataantrik ganaraajya hai, jiski dvisdanaatmak sansad vestaminstar shaili ki sansadeeya pranaali dvaara sanchaalit hai. Bhaarat ka prashaasan sangheeya dhaanche ke antargat chalaaya jaata hai, jiske anusaar raashtreeya star par kendra sarkaar aur raajya star par raajya sarkaarein hain. kendra aur raajya sarkaaron ke beech shaktiyon ka bantavaara samvidhaan mein di gayi rooparekha ke aadhaar par hota hai. vartamaan mein Bhaarat mein 29 raajya aur 7 kendra-shaasit pradesh hain. kendra shaasit pradeshon mein, sthaaneeya prashaasan ko raajyon ki tulana mein kam shaktiyaan praapt hoti hain. Bhaarat ka sarkaari dhaaaincha, jismein kendra raajyon ki tulana mein zyaada sashakt hai, use aamtaur par ardh-sangheeya (semi-federal) kaha jaata raha hai, par 1990 ke dashak ke raajanaitik, aarthik aur saamaajik badlaavon ke kaaran iski rooparekha dheere-dheere aur adhik sangheeya (federal) hoti ja rahi hai.

iske shaasan mein teen mukhya ang hain: nyaayapaalika, kaaryapaalika aur vyavasthaapika.

vyavasthaapika sansad ko kehte hain, jiske do sadan hain - uchchasadan Rajyasabha, athva raajyaparishd aur nimnasadan Loksabha. Rajyasabha mein 245 sadasya hote hain jabki Loksabha mein 545. Rajyasabha ek sthaai sadan hai aur iske sadasyon ka chunaav, apratyaksh vidhi se 6 varshon ke liye hota hai. Rajyasabha ke jyaadaatar sadasyon ka chayan raajyon ki vidhaanasabhaaon ke sadasyon dvaara kiya jaata hai, aur har doosare saal raajya sabha ke ek tihaai sadasya padamukt ho jaate hain. Loksabha ke 543 sadasyon ka chunaav pratyaksh vidhi se, 5 varshon ki avadhi ke liye aam chunaavon ke maadhyam se kiya jaata hai jinmein 18 varsh se adhik umr ke sabhi bhaarateeya naagrik matadaan kar sakte hain. iske ilaava 2 sadasyon ko raashtrapati englo-indiyn samudaaya mein se naamit kar sakti hai, agar yeh samudaaya sansad mein paryaapt roop se pratinidhitv na pa saka ho.

kaaryapaalika ke teen ang hain - raashtrapati, uparaashtrapati aur mantrimandal. raashtrapati, jo raashtra ka pramukh hai, ki bhoomika adhiktar aanushthaanik hi hai. uske daayitvon mein samvidhaan ka abhivyaktikran, prastaavit kaanoonon (vidheyak) par apni sahamati dena aur adhyaadesh jaari karna pramukh hain. vah bhaarateeya senaaon ka mukhya senaapati bhi hai. raashtrapati aur uparaashtrapati ko ek apratyaksh matadaan vidhi dvaara 5 varshon ke liye chuna jaata hai. pradhaanamantri sarkaar ka pramukh hai aur kaaryapaalika ki saari shaktiyaaain usi ke paas hoti hain. iska chunaav raajanaitik paartiyon ya gathabandhan ke dvaara pratyaksh vidhi se sansad mein bahumat praapt karne par hota hai. bahumat bane rahane ki sthiti mein iska kaaryakaal 5 varshon ka hota hai. samvidhaan mein kisi up-pradhaanamantri ka praavadhaan naheen hai par samay-samay par ismein ferabadal hota raha hai. mantrimandal ka pramukh pradhaanamantri hota hai. mantrimandal ke pratyek mantri ko sansad ka sadasya hona anivaarya hai. kaaryapaalika sansad ko uttaradaayi hoti hai, aur pradhaanamantri aur unka mantrimndal lok sabha mein bahumat ke samarthan ke aadhaar par hi apne kaaryaalaya mein bane rah sakte hain.

Bhaarat ki svatantr nyaayapaalika ka dhaaaincha tristareeya hai, jismein sarvochch nyaayaalaya, jiske pradhaan pradhaan nyaayaadheesh hai; 24 uchch nyaayaalaya aur bahut saari nichli adaalatein hain. sarvochch nyaayaalaya ko apne mool nyaayaadhikaar (orijinl jyuridikshan), aur uchch nyaayaalayon ke oopar appealeeya nyaayaadhikaar ke maamalon, dono ko dekhne ka adhikaar hai. sarvochch nyaayaalaya ke mool nyayaadhikaar mein maulik adhikaaron ke hanan ke ilaava raajyon aur kendra, aur do ya do se adhik raajyon ke beech ke vivaad aate hain. sarvochch nyaayaalaya ko raajya aur keindreeya kaanoonon ko asamvaidhaanik thaharaane ke adhikaar hai. Bhaarat mein 24 uchch nyaayaalayon ke adhikaar aur uttaradaayitv sarvochch nyaayaalaya ki apeksha seemit hain. samvidhaan ne nyaayapaalika ko vistrut adhikaar diye hain, jinmein samvidhaan ki antim vyaakhya karne ka adhikaar bhi sammilit hai.

raajaneeti

mukhya lekh : Bhaarat ki raajaneeti
Bhaarat ka sansad bhavan.

Bhaarat vishv ka sabse bada lokatantr hai. bahudaleeya pranaali vaale is sansadeeya ganaraajya mein chh: maanyata-praapt raashtreeya paartiyaan, aur 40 se bhi zyaada kshetreeya paartiyaan hain. bhaarateeya janta party (bhaajapa), jiski neetiyon ko keindreeya-dakshinpanthi ya roodhivaadi maana jaata hai, ke netrutv mein kendra mein sarkaar hai jiske pradhaanamantri shri Narendra Modi hain. anya paartiyon mein sabse badi bhaarateeya raashtreeya kaungres (kaungres) hai, jise bhaarateeya raajaneeti mein kendra-vaamapanthi aur udaar maana jaata hai. 2004 se 2014 tak kendra mein Manmohan Singh ki gathabandhan sarkaar ka sabse bada hissa kaungres party ka tha. 1950 me ganaraajya ke ghoshit hone se 1980 ke dashak ke ant tak kaungres ka sansad mein nirantar bahumat raha. par tab se raajanaitik patal par bhaajapa aur kaungres ko anya paartiyon ke saath satta baantani padi hai. 1989 ke baad se kshetreeya paartiyon ke udaya ne kendra mein gathabandhan sarkaaron ke naye daur ki shuruaat ki hai.

ganaraajya ke pehle teen chunaavon (1951-52, 1957, 1962) mein javaaharalaal Nehru ke netrutv mein kaungres ne aasaan jeet pai. 1964 mein Nehru ki mrutyu ke baad laal bahaadur shaastri kuchh samay ke liye pradhaanamantri bane, aur 1966 mein unki khud ki maut ke baad indira Gandhi pradhaanamantri bani. 1967 aur 1971 ke chunaavon mein jeetne ke baad 1977 ke chunaavon mein unhein haar ka saamana karna pada. 1975 mein pradhaanamantri rahate hue unhonne raashtreeya aapaatkaal ki ghoshana kar di thi. is ghoshana aur isse upaji aam naaraajgi ke kaaran 1977 ke chunaavon mein navagathit janta party ne kaungres ko hara diya aur poorv mein kaungres ke sadasya aur neharu ke kebinet mein mantri rahe moraaraji Desai ke netrutv mein nai sarkaar bani. yeh sarkaar sirf teen saal chali, aur 1980 mein hue chunaavon mein jeetkar indira Gandhi fir se pradhaanamantri bani. 1984 mein indira Gandhi ki hatya ke baad unke bete Rajiv Gandhi kaungres ke neta aur pradhaanamantri bane. 1984 ke chunaavon mein zabardast jeet ke baad 1989 mein navagathit janta dal ke netrutv vaale raashtreeya morcha ne vaam morcha ke baahari samarthan se sarkaar banaai, jo keval do saal chali. 1991 ke chunaavon mein kisi party ko bahumat naheen mila, parantu kaungres sabse badi party bani, aur pi vi narasinha Rao ke netrutv mein alpamat sarkaar bani jo apna kaaryakaal poora karne mein safal rahi.

1996 ke chunaavon ke baad do saal tak raajanaitik uthal puthal ka vakt raha, jismein kai gathabandhan sarkaarein I aur gayi. 1996 mein bhaajapa ne keval 13 din ke liye sarkaar banaai, jo samarthan na milne ke kaaran gir gayi. uske baad do sanyukt morche ki sarkaarein I jo kuchh lambe vakt tak chali. ye sarkaarein kaungres ke baahari samarthan se bani theen. 1998 ke chunaavon ke baad bhaajapa ek safal gathabandhan banaane mein safal rahi. bhaajapa ke atal bihaari vajapeyi ke netrutv mein raashtreeya janataantrik gathabandhan (raajag, ya NDA) naam ke is gathabandhan ki sarkaar pehli aisi sarkaar bani jisne apna paaainch saal ka kaaryakaal poora kiya. 2004 ke chunaavon mein bhi kisi party ko bahumat naheen mila, par kauainngres sabse badi party banake ubhari, aur isne sanyukt pragatisheel gathabandhan (samprag, ya UPA) ke naam se naya gathabandhan banaaya. is gathabandhan ne vaamapanthi aur gair-bhaajapa saansadon ke sahayog se Manmohan siainh ke netrutv mein paaainch saal tak shaasan chalaaya. 2009 ke chunaavon mein UPA aur adhik seatein jeeta jiske kaaran yeh saamyavaadi (kaumyunist) dalon ke baahari sahayog ke bina hi sarkaar banaane mein kaamayaab raha. isi saal Manmohan siainh javaaharalaal Nehru ke baad aise pehle pradhaanamantri bane jinhe do lagaataar kaaryakaal ke liye pradhaanamantri banane ka avsar praapt hua. 2014 ke chunaavon mein 1984 ke baad pehli baar kisi raajanaitik party ko bahumat praapt hua, aur bhaajapa ne Gujarat ke poorv mukhyamantri Narendra Modi ke netrutv mein sarkaar banaai.

saini‍ak shakti

mukhya lekh : bhaarateeya sashas‍aatr senaaeain aur Bhaarat ke ardhasainik bal
bhaarateeya nausena ke vimaanavaahak pot - viraat evam vikramaaditya
H.A.L tejas Bhaarat dvaara viksit ek hal‍aaka suparasaunik ladaakoo vimaan hai.
yuddh abhyaas karte bhaarateeya tank
bhaarateeya prakshepaastr agni ki prahaarakshamata seema

lagbhag 13 lakh sakriya sainikon ke saath, bhaarateeya sena duniya mein teesari sabse badi hai. Bhaarat ki sashastr sena mein ek thalasena, nausena, vaayu sena aur arddhasainik bal, tatarakshak, jaise saamarik aur sahaayak bal vidyamaan hain. Bhaarat ke raashtrapati bhaarateeya sashastr balon ke sarvochch commander hai.

vitt varsh 2014-15 ke kendreeya antarim bajat mein raksha aavantan mein 10 pratishat badhot‍aatari karte hue 224,000 karod roopae aavantit kiye gaye. 2013-14 ke bajat mein yeh raashi 203,672 karod roopae thi.[22] 2012-13 mein raksha sevaaon ke liye 1,93,407 karod rupae[23] ka praavadhaan kiya gaya tha, jabki 2011-2012 mein yeh raashi 1,64,415 karoi[24] thi. saal 2011 mein bhaarateeya raksha bajat 36.03 arab amariki dollar raha (ya sakal ghareloo utpaad ka 1.83%). 2008 ke ek SIRPI report ke anusaar, Bhaarat kraya shakti ke maamale mein bhaarateeya sena ke sainya kharch 72.7 arab ameriki dollar raha. saal 2011 mein bhaarateeya raksha mantraalaya ke vaarshik raksha bajat mein 11.6 pratishat ki vruddhi hui, haalaaainki yeh paisa sarkaar ki anya shaakhaaon ke maadhyam se sainya ki or jaate hue paison mein shamil naheen hota hai. Bhaarat duniya ke sabse bade hathiyaar aayaatak ban gaya hai.

vitt varsh 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015
bajat (karod roopae) 96,000[24] 1,05,600[24] 1,41,703[24] 1,64,415[24] 1,93,407[23] 2,03,672[22] 2,24,000[22]

1947 mein apni svatantrata ke baad se, Bhaarat ne jyaadaatar deshon ke saath sauhaardapoorn sambandh banaae rakha hai. 1950 ke dashak mein, Bhaarat ne drudhta se Africa aur Asia mein Europeeya kaaloniyon ki svatantrata ka samarthan kiya aur gut nirpeksh aandolan mein ek agrani bhoomika nibhaai. 1980 ke dashak mein Bhaarat ne aamantran par do padosi deshon mein sankshipt sainya hastakshep kiya. maaladeev, Sri Lanka aur anya deshon mein operation kaiktas mein bhaarateeya shaanti sena ko bheja gaya. haalaaainki, Bhaarat ke padosi desh Pakistan ke saath ek tanaavapoorn sambandh bane rahe aur donon deshon mein chaar baar yudhd (1947, 1965, 1971 aur 1999 mein) hue hain. Kashmir vivaad in yuddhon ke pramukh kaaran tha, sivaaya 1971 ke, jo ki tatkaaleen poorvi Pakistan mein naagrik ashaanti ke liye kiya gaya tha. 1962 ke Bhaarat-cheen yuddh aur Pakistan ke saath 1965 ke yuddh ke baad Bhaarat ne apni sainya aur aarthik sthiti ka vikaas karne ka prayaas kiya. soviyt sangh ke saath achhe sambandhon ke kaaran san 1960 ke dashak se, soviyt sangh Bhaarat ka sabse bada hathiyaar aapoortikrta ke roop mein ubhara.

aaj roos ke saath saamarik sambandhon ko jaari rakhane ke alaava, Bhaarat vistrut ijaraayal aur France ke saath raksha sambandh rakha hai. haal ke varshon mein, Bhaarat mein kshetreeya sahayog aur vishv vyaapaar sangathan ke liye ek dakshin Asiaee association mein prabhaavashaali bhoomika nibhaai hai. 10,000 raashtra sainya aur police karmiyon ko chaar mahaadveepon bhar mein paintees sanyukt raashtra shaanti abhiyaanon mein seva pradaan ki hai. Bhaarat bhi vibhinn bahupaksheeya manchon, khaaskar poorvi Asia shikhar baithak aur ji-85 baithak mein ek sakriya bhaageedaar raha hai. aarthik kshetr mein Bhaarat dakshin America, Africa aur Asia ke vikaasasheel deshon ke saath ghanishth sambandh rakhate hai. ab Bhaarat ek "poorv ki or dekho neeti" mein bhi sanyog kiya hai. yeh "aasiyaan" deshon ke saath apni bhaageedaari ko majaboot banaane ke muddon ki ek vistrut shrrunkhala hai jisme Japan aur dakshin Korea ne bhi madad kiya hai. yeh vishesh roop se aarthik nivesh aur kshetreeya suraksha ka prayaas hai.

1974 mein Bhaarat apni pehle parmaanu hathiyaaron ka pareekshan kiya aur aage 1998 mein bhoomigat pareekshan kiya. jiske kaaran Bhaarat par kai tarah ke pratibndh bhi lagaaye gaye. Bhaarat ke paas ab tarah-tarah ke parmaanu hathiyaarein hai. Bhaarat abhi roos ke saath milkar paaainchaveen peedh ke vimaan bana rahe hai.

haal hi mein, Bhaarat ka sanyukt raashtre America aur Europeeya sangh ke saath aarthik, saamarik aur sainya sahayog badh gaya hai. 2008 mein, Bhaarat aur sanyukt raajya America ke beech asainik parmaanu samjhaute hastaakshar kiye gaye the. haalaaainki us samay Bhaarat ke paas parmaanu hathiyaar tha aur parmaanu aprasaar sandhi (enapeeti) ke paksh mein naheen tha yeh antararaashtreeya parmaanu oorja agency aur nyookliyr saplaayars group (enaesaji) se chhoot praapt hai, Bhaarat ki parmaanu praudyogiki aur vaanijya par pehle pratibandh samaapt . Bhaarat vishv ka chhatha vaastavik parmaanu hathiyaar raashtrat ban gaya hai. enaesaji chhoot ke baad Bhaarat bhi roos, France, United kingadam aur Canada sahit deshon ke saath asainik parmaanu oorja sahayog samjhaute par hastaakshar karne mein saksham hai.

raajya aur kendrashaasit pradesh

mukhya lekh : Bhaarat ke raajya

vartamaan mein Bhaarat 29 raajyon tatha 7 kendrashaasit pradeshon me bainta hua hai. raajyon ki chuni hui svatantr sarkaarein hain, jabki kendrashaasit pradeshon par kendra dvaara niyukt prabandhan shaasan karta hai, haalaaainki paundicheri aur Delhi ki lokataantrik sarkaar bhi hain.

antaarkatika aur dakshin gangotri aur maitri par bhi Bhaarat ke vaigyaanik-sthal hain, yadyapi abhi tak koi vaastavik aadhiptya sthaapit naheen kiya gaya hai.

raajyon ke naam nimnavat hain- (koshtak mein rajdhani ka naam)
हिन्द महासागर बंगाल की खाड़ी अंडमान सागर अरब सागर लक्षद्वीप सागर सियाचीन अण्डमान और निकोबार द्वीपसमूह चण्डीगढ़ दादरा और नगर हवेली दमन और दीव दिल्ली लक्षद्वीप पुदुच्चेरी पुदुच्चेरी पुदुच्चेरी आंध्र प्रदेश अरुणाचल प्रदेश असम बिहार छत्तीसगढ़ गोवा गुजरात हरियाणा हिमाचल प्रदेश जम्मू और कश्मीर झारखण्ड कर्णाटक केरल मध्य प्रदेश महाराष्ट्र मणिपुर मेघालय मेघालय नागालैण्ड ओड़िशा पंजाब राजस्थान सिक्किम तमिलनाडु त्रिपुरा उत्तर प्रदेश उत्तराखण्ड पश्चिम बंगाल अफ़्गानिस्तान बांग्लादेश भूटान म्यान्मार चीन नेपाल पाकिस्तान श्रीलंका ताजिकिस्तान दादरा और नगर हवेली दमन और दीव पुदुच्चेरी पुदुच्चेरी पुदुच्चेरी पुदुच्चेरी आंध्र प्रदेश तेलंगाना गोवा गुजरात जम्मू और कश्मीर कर्णाटक केरल मध्य प्रदेश महाराष्ट्र राजस्थान तमिलनाडु असम मेघालय अरुणाचल प्रदेश नागालैण्ड मणिपुर मिज़ोरम त्रिपुरा पश्चिम बंगाल सिक्किम भूटान बांग्लादेश बिहार झारखण्ड ओड़िशा छत्तीसगढ़ उत्तर प्रदेश उत्तराखण्ड नेपाल दिल्ली हरियाणा पंजाब हिमाचल प्रदेश चण्डीगढ़ Pakistan श्रीलंका श्रीलंका श्रीलंका श्रीलंका श्रीलंका श्रीलंका श्रीलंका श्रीलंका श्रीलंका
Bhaarat ke 29 raajyon aur 7 kendra shaasit pradeshon ke ek klik karne yogya naksha
kendrashaasit pradesh

† Chandigarh ek keindrashaasit pradesh aur Punjab aur Haryana donon raajyon ki rajdhani hai.

yeh bhi dekhein: Bhaarat ke shahar

bhaashaaeain

bhaashaaon ke maamale mein bhaaratavarsh vishv ke samruddhatam deshon mein se hai. samvidhaan ke anusaar hindi Bhaarat ki raajabhaasha hai, aur angreji ko sahaayak raajaabhaasha ka sthaan diya gaya hai. 1947-1950 ke samvidhaan ke nirmaan ke samay devanaagari lipi mein likhi hindi bhaasha aur hindi-arabi ankon ke antarraashtreeya svaroop ko sangh (kendra) sarkaar ki kaamkaaj ki bhaasha banaaya gaya tha, aur gair-hindi bhaashi raajyon mein hindi ke prachalan ko badhaakar unhein hindi-bhaashi raajyon ke samaan star tak aane tak ke liye 15 varshon tak aङagreji ke istemaal ki ijaajt dete hue ise sahaayak raajabhaasha ka darja diya gaya tha.samvidhaan ke anusaar yeh vyavastha 1950 me samaapt ho jaane waali thi, lekin Tamil Nadu raajya ke hindi bhaasha virodhi aandolan aur hindi bhaashi raajyon raajanaitik virodh ke parinaamasvaroop, sansad ne is vyavastha ki samaapti ko anishchit kaal tak sthagit kar diya hai. is vajah se vartamaan samay mein keindreeya sarkaar mein kaam hindi aur angreji bhaashaaon mein hota hai aur raajyon mein hindi athva apne-apne kshetreeya bhaashaaon mein kaam hota hai.kendra aur raajyon aur antar-raajyeeya patra-vyavahaar ke liye, yadi koi raajya aisi maang kare, to hindi aur angreji donon bhaashaaon ka hona aavashyak hai. bhaarateeya samvidhaan ek raashtrabhaasha ka varnan naheen karta.

hindi aur angreji ke ilaava samvidhaan ki aathaveen anusoochi mein 20 anya bhaashaaon ka varnan hai jinhein Bhaarat mein aadhikaarik kaamkaaj mein istemaal kiya ja sakta hai. samvidhaan ke anusaar sarkaar in bhaashaaon ke vikaas ke liye prayaas karegi, aur adhikrut raajabhaasha (hindi) ko aur adhik samruddh banaane ke liye in bhaashaaon ka upayog karegi. aathaveen anusoochi mein darj bhaashaane ye hain:

raajyavaar bhaashaaon ki aadhikaarik sthiti is prakaar hai:

number. raajya aadhikaarik bhaasha(en) anya maanyata praapt bhaashaaen
1. arunaachal pradesh angreji[25]:65
2. asam asamiya, angreji[26] baangla Barack ghaati ke teen jilon mein;[27] bodo bodolaind kshetreeya parishd ke jilon mein.[28]
3. Andhra pradesh telugu[29] urdoo in jilon mein doosari aadhikaarik bhaasha hai: kurnool, kadapa, anantapur, guntoor, chittoor aur nellor jahaan 12% se adhik janasankhya urdoo ko praathamik bhaasha ke taur par bolti hai.[30]
4. uttar pradesh hindi urdoo[31]
5. uttaraakhand hindi sanskrut[32]
6. Orissa odiya
7. Karnataka kannad
8. Kerala malayalam angreji[33]
9. Gujarat gujaraati[25]:28
10. goaa konkani[34] maraathi,[25]:27 [35] English[36]
11. chhatteesagadh hindi[25]:pg 29 [37] chhatteesagadhi[38]
12. Jammu aur Kashmir urdoo angreji[39]
13. jhaarakhand hindi santhaali, odiya aur baangla[25]
14. tamil naadu tamil angreji[25]
15. telangaana telugu urdoo in jilon mein doosari aadhikaarik bhaasha hai: Hyderabad, ranga Reddy, medak, nijaamaabaad, mahaboobanagar, adeelaabaad aur Warangal [30]
16. tripura baangla aur kokroborok[40][41]
17. naagaalaind angreji[25]
18. Punjab punjabi
19. pashchimi Bengal baangla angreji aur nepaali[25]
20. Bihar hindi[42] urdoo (kuchh kshetron aur kaamon ke liye)[43]
21. manipur manipuri(meitei, ya meiteilaun bhi kaha jaata hai)[44] angreji[25]
22. madhya pradesh hindi[45]
23. Maharashtra maraathi
24. mijoram mijo
25. meghaalaya angreji[46] khaasi bhaasha aur gaaro bhaasha[47]
26. Rajasthan hindi
27. sikkim nepaali[48] 11 anya bhaashaaon ko aadhikaarik bhaasha ka darja praapt hai, lekin sirf sanskruti aur parampara ke sanrakshan ke najriye se [49]
28. Haryana hindi[50] punjabi[51]
29. Himachal pradesh hindi[52] angreji[25]:13

bhoogol aur jalavaayu

mukhya lekh : Bhaarat ka bhoogol

bhoo-aakrutik visheshataayein

himaalaya uttar mein Jammu aur Kashmir se lekar poorv mein arunaanchal pradesh tak Bhaarat ki adhiktar poorvi seema banaata hai
raathong shikhar, kanchanajangha ke sameep sthit, jemaathaang gleshiyr ke paas se liya gaya chitr

Bhaarat poori taur par bhaarateeya plate ke oopar sthit hai jo bhaarateeya Australiaee plate (Indo-Australian Plate) ka upakhand hai. praacheen kaal mein yeh plate gondavaanaalaind ka hissa thi aur Africa aur antaarkatika ke saath judi hui thi. takareeban 9 karod varsh pehle kreeteshiys kaal mein bhaarateeya plate 15 semi./varsh ki gati se uttar ki or badhne lagi aur ioseen peeriyd mein yooreshiyn plate se takaraai. bhaarateeya plate aur yooreshiyn plate ke madhya sthit tetheej bhoosannati ke avasaadon ke vaalan dvaara oopar uthane se Tibet pathaar aur himaalaya parvat ka nirmaan hua. saamane ki droni mein baad mein avasaad jama ho jaane se sindhu-ganga maidaan bana. bhaarateeya plate abhi bhi lagbhag 5 semi./varsh ki gati se uttar ki or gatisheel hai aur himaalaya ki oonchaai mein abhi bhi 2 mimi./varsh ki gati se utthaan ho raha hai.

Bhaarat ke uttar mein himaalaya ki parvatamaala nae aur moddaar pahaadon se bani hai. yeh parvatashreni Kashmir se arunaachal tak lagbhag 1,500 meal tak faili hui hai. iski chaudaai 150 se 200 meal tak hai. yeh sansaar ki sabse ooainchi parvatamaala hai aur ismein anek chotiyaaain 24,000 foot se adhik ooainchi hain. himaalaya ki sabse ooainchi choti mount evarest hai jiski ooainchaai 29,028 foot hai jo Nepal mein sthit hai.

himaalaya ke dakshin sindhu-ganga maidaan hai jo sindhu, ganga tatha brahmaputr aur unki sahaayak nadiyon dvaara bana hai. himaalaya (shivaalik) ki talahati mein jahaaain nadiyaaain parvateeya kshetr ko chhodkar maidaan mein pravesh karti hain, ek sankeern peti mein kankad patthar mishrit nikshep paaya jaata hai jismein nadiyaaain antardhaan ho jaati hain. is dhaluvaaain kshetr ko bhaabar kehte hain. bhaabar ke dakshin mein taraai pradesh hai, jahaaain vilupt nadiyaaain pun: prakat ho jaati hain. yeh kshetr daladalon aur jangalon se bhara hai. taraai ke dakshin mein jalodh maidaan paaya jaata hai. maidaan mein jalodh do kism ke hain, puraana jalodh aur naveen jalodh. puraane jalodh ko baaaingar kehte hain. yeh apekshaakrut ooainchi bhoomi mein paaya jaata hai, jahaaain nadiyon ki baadh ka jal naheen pahuainch paata. ismein kaheen kaheen choone ke kankad milte hain. naveen jalodh ko khaadar kehte hain. yeh nadiyon ki baadh ke maidaan tatha delta pradesh mein paaya jaata hai jahaaain nadiyaaain prati varsh nai talachhat jama karti hain.

uttari Bhaarat ke maidaan ke dakshin ka poora bhaag ek vistrut pathaar hai jo duniya ke sabse puraane sthal khand ka avashesh hai aur mukhyat: kadi tatha daanedaar kaayaantarit chattaanon se bana hai. pathaar teen or pahaadi shreniyon se ghira hai. uttar mein vindhyaachal tatha satapuda ki pahaadiyaaain hain, jinke beech narmada nadi pashchim ki or bahti hai. narmada ghaati ke uttar vindhyaachal prapaati dhaal banaata hai. satapuda ki parvatashreni uttar Bhaarat ko dakshin Bhaarat se alag karti hai aur poorv ki or mahaadev pahaadi tatha maikaal pahaadi ke naam se jaani jaati hai. satapuda ke dakshin ajanta ki pahaadiyaaain hain. praayadveep ke pashchimi kinaare par pashchimi ghaat aur poorvi kinaare par poorvi ghaat naamak pahaadiyaaain hain.

kai mahatvapoorn aur badi nadiyaaain jaise ganga, brahmaputr, yamuna, godaavari aur Krishna Bhaarat se hokar bahti hain.

jalavaayu

kopen ke vargeekaran mein Bhaarat mein chhah prakaar ki jalavaayu ka niroopan hai kintu yahaaain yeh bhi dhyaatavya hai ki bhoo-aakruti ke prabhaav mein chhote aur sthaaneeya star par bhi jalavaayu mein bahut vividhta aur vishishtata milti hai. Bhaarat ki jalavaayu dakshin mein ushnakatibandheeya hai aur himaalayi kshetron mein adhik ooainchaai ke kaaran alpaain (dhruveeya jaisi), ek or yeh purvottar Bhaarat mein ushn katibandheeya nam prakaar ki hai to pashchimi bhaagon mein shushk prakaar ki.

kopen ke vargeekaran ke anusaar Bhaarat mein nimnalikhit chhah prakaar ke jalavaayu pradesh paae jaate hain:

paramparaagat roop se Bhaarat mein chhah ritueain maani jaati raheen hain parantu bhaarateeya mausam vigyaan vibhaag chaar rituon ka varnan karta hai jinhein ham unke paramparaagat naamon se tulanaatmak roop mein nimnavat likh sakte hain:

sheet ritu (Winters)- December se March tak, jismein December aur January sabse thandhe maheene hote hain; uttari Bhaarat mein ausat taapamaan 10 se 15 degree celcius hota hai.

greeshm ritu (Summers or Pre-monsoon) - April se June tak jismein May sabse garm maheena hota hai, ausat taapamaan 32 se 40 degree celcius hota hai.

varsha ritu (Monsoon or Rainy) - July se sitmbar tak, jismein saarvaadhik varsha August maheene mein hoti hai, vastut: monsoon ka aagaman aur pratyaavartan (lautana) donon kramik roop se hote hain aur alag alag sthaanon par inka samay alag alag hota hai. saamaanyat: 1 June ko Kerala tat par monsoon ke aagaman taareekh hoti hai iske theek baad yeh poorvottar Bhaarat mein pahuainchata hai aur kramash: poorv se pashchim tatha uttar se dakshin ki or gatisheel hota hai Allahabad mein monsoon ke pahuainchane ki tithi 18 June maani jaati hai aur Delhi mein 29 June.

sharad ritu (Post-monsoon ot Autumn)- uttari Bhaarat mein October aur November maah mein mausam saaf aur shaant rahata hai aur October mein monsoon lautana shuroo ho jaata hai jisse Tamil Nadu ke tat par lautate monsoon se varsha hoti hai.

Bhaarat ke mukhya shahar hain - Delhi, mumbai, Kolkata, chennai, bangalor (Bengaluru) |

ye bhi deinkhe - Bhaarat ke shahar

arthavyavastha

mukhya lekh : Bhaarat ki arthavyavastha
Bhaarat

ke raajya aur sangh kshetr
Flag of India.svg
kshetrafal | vaahan ghanatv | lingaanupaat
janasankhya | raajadhaaniyaaain | raashtreeya mahaamaarg
uchchatam bindu | baal poshaahaar | berojgaari dar
GDP | aparaadh dar | aarthik mukti
kar raajasv | gruh svaamitv | Loksabha seatein
sankshipt naam | sansthaagat prasav | maanav taskari
praakrutik janm dar | jeevan pratyaasha | matadaata sankhya
teekaakaran | poojaasthal sankhya | nirdhanata dar
saaksharata dar | balaatkaar dar | danga dar
bijli | peyajal upalabdhata | vidyaalaya naamaankan dar
raajadhaaniyaaain | mahila suraksha | echa॰aaaai॰aavi jaagarukata
media ki pahuainch | naam ki vyutpatti | parivaar ka aakaar
alpabhaar janasankhya | TV svaamitv | oorja utpaadan kshamata
is sandook ko: dekhein • samvaad • sanpaadan
soochana prodyogiki (IT) Bhaarat ke sabse adhik vikaasasheel udyogon mein se ek hai, vaarshik aay 2850 karod dollar, infosis, Bhaarat ki sabse badi IT companyon mein se ek

mudra sthaanaantaran ki dar se Bhaarat ki arthavyavastha vishv mein dasvein aur krayashakti ke anusaar teesare sthaan par hai. varsh 2003 mein Bhaarat mein lagbhag 8% ki dar se aarthik vruddhi hui hai jo ki vishv ki sabse teevr badhati hui arthavyavasthaon mein se ek hai. parantu Bhaarat ki atyadhik janasankhya ke kaaran prativyakti aay krayashakti ki dar se maatr 3,262 American dollar hai jo ki vishv bank ke anusaar 125vein sthaan par hai. Bhaarat ka videshi mudra bhandaar 265 (March 2009) arab ameriki dollar hai. mumbai Bhaarat ki aarthik rajdhani hai aur bhaarateeya reserve bank aur Bombay stock exchange ka mukhyaalaya bhi. yadyapi ek chauthaai bhaarateeya abhi bhi nirdhanata rekha se neeche hain, teevrata se badhti hui soochana praudyogiki companiyon ke kaaran madhyamavarg mein vruddhi hui hai. 1991 ke baad Bhaarat mein aarthik sudhaar ki neeti ne Bhaarat ke sarvangeen vikaas me badi bhoomika nibhaai hai.

1991 ke baad Bhaarat mein hue aarthik sudhaaroain ne Bhaarat ke sarvaangeen vikaas me badi bhoomika nibhaai. bhaarateeya arthavyavastha ne krushi par apni aitihaasik nirbharata kam ki hai aur krushi ab bhaarateeya sakal ghareloo utpaad (GDP) ka keval 25% hai. doosare pramukh udyog hain utkhanan, petrolium, bahumoolya ratn, chalachitr, vastr, soochana praudyogiki sevaaen, tatha sajaavati vastuain. Bhaarat ke adhiktar audyogik kshetr uske pramukh mahaanagaron ke aaspaas sthit hain. haal hi ke varshon mein $1720 karod Amreeki dollar vaarshik aay 2004-2005 ke saath Bhaarat sauftaveyar aur BPO sevaaon ka sabse bada kendra ban kar ubhara hai. iske saath hi kai laghu star ke udyog bhi hain joki chhote bhaarateeya gaaainv aur bhaarateeya nagaron ke kai naagrikon ko jeevika pradaan karte hain. pichhle varshon mein Bhaarat mein vitteeya sansthaanon ne vikaas mein badi bhoomika nibhaai hai.

keval tees lakh videshi paryatakon ke prativrsh aane ke baad bhi bhaarateeya paryatan raashtreeya aay ka ek ati aavashyak, parantu kam viksit srot hai. paryatan udyog Bhaarat ke GDP ka kul 5.3% hai. paryatan 10% bhaarateeya kaamagaaron ko aajeevika deta hai. vaastavik sankhya 4.2 karod hai. aarthik roop se dekha jaae to paryatan bhaarateeya arthavyavastha ko lagbhag $400 karod dollar pradaan karta hai. Bhaarat ke pramukh vyaapaar sahayogi hain amareeka, Japan, cheen aur sanyukt arab ameeraat.

Bhaarat ke niryaaton mein krushi utpaad, chai, kapda, bahumoolya ratn va aabhooshan, saaftaveyar sevaayein, engineering saamaan, rasaayan tatha chamada utpaad pramukh hain jabki uske aayaaton mein kachcha tel, machinery, bahumoolya ratn, urvarak (frtilaaijr) tatha rasaayan pramukh hain. varsh 2004 ke liye Bhaarat ke kul niryaat $6918 karod dollar ke the jabki uske aayaat $8933 karod dollar ke the.

dism‍aabar 2013 ke ant mein Bhaarat ka kul videshi karj 426.0 arab Amreeki dollar tha, jismein ki deerghakaalik karj 333.3 arab (78.2%) tatha al‍aapakaalik karj 92.7 arab Amreeki dollar (21.8%) tha. kul videshi karj mein sarkaar ka videshi karj 76.4 arab Amreeki dollar (kul videshi karj ka 17.9 pratishat) tha, baaki mein v‍aayaavasaayik udhaar, enaaaraaai jama aur bahuuddesh‍aayeeya karj aadi hain.[53]

janasaankhyiki

mukhya lekh : Bhaarat ke log
Bhaarat mein dhaarmik samooh
dhaarmik samooh pratishat[54]
hindu
 
 80.5%
muslim
 
 13.4%
isaai
 
 2.33%
sikh
 
 1.84%
bauddh
 
 0.76%
jain
 
 0.40%
anya
 
 0.77%
hindu dharm Bhaarat ka sabse badaa dharm hai - is chitr mein goaa ka ek mandir darshaaya gaya hai

Bhaarat cheen ke baad vishv ka doosra sabse adhik janasankhya wala desh hai. Bhaarat ki vibhinnataaon se bhari janta mein bhaasha, jaati aur dharm, saamaajik aur raajaneetik sauhaardr aur samarasata ke mukhya shatru hain.

Bhaarat mein 64.8 pratishat saaksharata hai jis mein se 75.3 % purush aur 53.7% striyaaain saakshar hain. ling anupaat ki drushti se Bhaarat mein pratyek 1000 purushon ke peechhe maatr 940 mahilaayein hain. kaarya bhaageedaari dar (kul janasankhya me kaarya karne vaalon ka bhaag) 39.1% hai. purushon ke liye yeh dar 51.7% aur striyon ke liye 25.6% hai. Bhaarat ki 1000 janasankhya mein 22.32 janmon ke saath badhti janasankhya ke aadhe log 22.66 varsh se kam aayu ke hain.

yadyapi Bhaarat ki 80.5 pratishat janasankhya hindu hai, 13.4 pratishat janasankhya ke saath Bhaarat vishv mein musalmaanon ki sankhya mein bhi Indonesia aur Pakistan ke baad teesare sthaan par hai. anya dharmaavalambiyon mein isaai (2.33 %), sikh (1.84 %), bauddh (0.76 %), jain (0.40 %), ayyaavali (0.12 %), yahoodi, paarasi, ahamadi aur bahaai aadi sammilit hain.

Bhaarat do mukhya bhaasha-sootron : aarya aur Dravid bhaashaaoain ka srot bhi hai. Bhaarat ka samvidhaan kul 23 bhaashaaon ko maanyata deta hai. hindi aur angreji kendreeya sarkaar dvaara sarkaari kaamkaaj ke liye upayog ki jaati hain. sanskrut aur tamil jaisi ati praacheen bhaashaaen Bhaarat mein hi janmi hain. sanskrut, sansaar ki sarvaadhik praacheen bhaashaaoain mein se ek hai, jiska vikaas pathyaasvasti naam ki ati praacheen bhaasha/ boli se hua tha. tamil ke alaava saari bhaarateeya bhaashaaeain sanskrut se hi viksit hui hain, haalaaainki sanskrut aur tamil mein kai shabd samaan hain ! kul mila kar Bhaarat mein 1652 se bhi adhik bhaashaaen evam boliyaaain boli jaateen hain.

sanskruti

mukhya lekh : bhaarateeya sanskruti
Tajmahal vishv ke sabse prasiddh paryatak sthalon mein gina jaata hai.

Bhaarat ki saanskrutik dharohar bahut sampann hai. yahaaain ki sanskruti anokhi hai aur varshon se iske kai avayav ab tak akshunya hain. aakramanakaariyon tatha pravaasiyon se vibhinn cheejon ko samet kar yeh ek mishrit sanskruti ban gayi hai. aadhunik Bhaarat ka samaaj, bhaashaaen, reeti-rivaaj ityaadi iska pramaan hain. Tajmahal aur anya udaaharan, islaam prabhaavit sthaapatya kala ke utkrusht namoone hain.

gumpa nrutya ek tibbati bauddh samaaj ka sikkim mein chhipa nrutya hai. yeh bauddh nav varsh par kiya jaata hai.

bhaarateeya samaaj bahudharmik, bahubhaashi tatha mishr-saanskrutik hai. paaramparik bhaarateeya paarivaarik moolyon ko kaafi aadar ki drushti se dekha jaata hai.

vibhinn dharmon ke is bhoobhaag par kai manabhaavan parv tyauhaar manaae jaate hain - divaali, holi, dashahara. pongal tatha onam . Eid ul-fitr, Eid-ul-juha, muharram, christmas, istar aadi bhi kaafi lokapriya hain.

haalaaainki hockey desh ka raashtreeya khel hai, cricket sabse adhik lokapriya hai. vartamaan mein football, hockey tatha tennis mein bhi bahut bhaarateeyon ki abhiruchi hai. desh ki raashtreeya cricket team 1983 aur 2011 mein do baar vishv cup aur 2007 ka 20-20 vishv-cup jeet chuki hai. iske atirikt varsh 2003 mein vah vishv cup ke final tak pahuainchi thi. 1930 tatha 40 ke dashak mein hockey Bhaarat mein apne charam par thi. major dhyaanachand ne hockey mein Bhaarat ko bahut prasiddhi dilaai aur ek samay Bhaarat ne amareeka ko 24-0 se haraaya tha jo ab tak vishv keertimaan hai. shataranj ke janak desh Bhaarat ke khilaadi vishvanaath aanand ne achha pradarshan kiya hai.

bhaarateeya khaanapaan bahut hi samruddh hai. shaakaahaari tatha maansaahaari donon hi tarah ka khaana pasand kiya jaata hai. bhaarateeya vyanjan videshon mein bhi bahut pasand kiye jaate hain. Bhaarat mein sangeet tatha nrutya ki apni shailiyaan bhi viksit huin, jo bahut hi lokapriya hain. bharatanaatyam, odisi, kathak prasiddh bhaarateeya nrutya shaili hai. hindustaani sangeet tatha Karnataka sangeet bhaarateeya paramparaagat sangeet ki do mukhya dhaaraaen hain.

vaishveekaran ke is yug mein shesh vishv ki tarah bhaarateeya samaaj par bhi angreji tatha Europeeya prabhaav pad raha hai. baahari logon ki khoobiyon ko apnaane ki bhaarateeya parampara ka naya daur kai bhaarateeyon ki drushti mein uchit naheen hai. ek khule samaaj ke jeevan ka yatn kar rahe logon ko madhyamavargeeya tatha varishth naagrikon ki upeksha ka shikaar hona padta hai. kuchh log ise bhaarateeya paaramparik moolyon ka hanan bhi maanate hain. vigyaan tatha saahitya mein adhik pragati na kar paane ki vajah se bhaarateeya samaaj Europeeya logon par nirbhar hota ja raha hai. aise samay mein log videshi avishkaaron ka Bhaarat mein prayog anuchit bhi samajhte hain.

videsh-sambandh

mukhya lekh : Bhaarat ke vaideshik sambandh
chitr:Dmitry Medvedev at the 34th G8 Summit 7-9 July 2008-61.jpg
Bhaarat ke pradhaanamantri Manmohan Singh ke saath roosi raashtrapati, 34vaaain ji-8 shikhar sammelan

1947 mein apni svatantrata ke baad, Bhaarat ke adhikaansh deshon ke saath sauhaardapoorn sambandh banaae rakha hai. 1950 ke dashak mein, Bhaarat ne purajor roop se Africa aur Asia mein Europeeya upaniveshon ki svatantrata ka samarthan kiya aur gut nirpeksh aandolan mein ek agrani ki bhoomika nibhaai.[55] 1980 ke dashak mein Bhaarat do padosi deshon ke nimantran par, sena ke dvaara sankshipt sainya hastakshep kiya, ek Sri Lanka me aur dusara maaladeev mein. Bhaarat ke padosi Pakistan ke saath ek tanaav bhara sambandh hai aur donon deshon ke beech chaar baar yuddh hua hai, 1947, 1965, 1971 aur 1999mein. Kashmir vivaad in yuddhon ka pramukh kaaran tha.[56] 1962 ke Bhaarat - cheen yuddh aur Pakistan ke saath 1965 ke yuddh ke baad Bhaarat aur soviyt sangh ke saath sainya sambandhon me॑ kaafi badhotri hui. 1960 ke dashak ke ant mein soviyt sangh Bhaarat ka sabse bada hathiyaar aapoortikrta ke roop mein ubhari thi.[57]

roos ke saath saamarik sambandhon ke alaava, Bhaarat ka ijaraayal aur France ke saath vistrut raksha sambandh hain. haal ke varshon mein, Bhaarat ne kshetreeya sahayog aur vishv vyaapaar sangathan ke liye ek dakshin Asiaee association mein prabhaavashaali bhoomika nibhaai hai. [58] Bhaarat ne 100,000 sainya aur police karmiyon ko chaar mahaadveepon bhar mein sanyukt raashtra ke paintees shaanti abhiyaanon mein seva pradaan ki hai.[59] Bhaarat ne vibhinn bahupaksheeya manchon, sabse khaaskar poorvi Asia ke shikhar baithak aur ji-8 5 mein ek sakriya bhaageedaari nibhaai hai. aarthik kshetr mein Bhaarat ka dakshin America, Asia, aur Africa ke vikaasasheel deshon ke saath ghanishth sambandh hai.[60] [61]

sandarbh

  1. ↑ Wolpert 2003, pa॰ 1.
  2. ↑ a aa "National Symbols | National Portal of India [raashtreeya chinh | Bhaarat ka raashtreeya praveshadvaar]" (angreji mein). India portal. http://india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols. abhigman tithi: 13 May 2014.
  3. ↑ a aa National Informatics Centre 2005.
  4. ↑ "Profile | National Portal of India". India portal. http://india.gov.in/india-glance/profile. abhigman tithi: 13 May 2014.
  5. ↑ "Eighth Schedule". http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/EIGHTH-SCHEDULE.pdf. abhigman tithi: 1 July 2013.
  6. ↑ http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/gujarat/ahmedabad/-/articleshow/5498466.cms
  7. ↑ raashtreeya soochana vigyaan kendra 2005.
  8. ↑ "Justice h l dattu sworn in as 42st chief justice of Supreme Court [nyaayaadheesh ti yas thaakur ne sarvochchya nyaayaalaye ke pramukh nyaayaadheesh pad ki shapath li]" (angreji mein). IANS. news bihaaraprabha. http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/justice-r-m-lodha-sworn-in-as-41st-chief-justice-of-supreme-court/. abhigman tithi: 13 May 2014.
  9. ↑ a aa i E "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects [chune hue desh aur vishyon ke liye rapat]" (angreji mein). vishv aarthik outlook daataabes, antarraashtreeya mudra kosh. 27 October 2013. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=66&pr.y=7&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=534&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=. abhigman tithi: 13 May 2014.
  10. ↑ "Gini Index". World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/. abhigman tithi: 2 March 2011.
  11. ↑ United Nations 2012.
  12. ↑ Human Development Reports
  13. ↑ "Bhaarat bana duniya ki teesari sabse badi ikaunami". navabhaarat taaims. 30 April 2014. http://hindi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/business/business-news/india-displaces-japan-to-become-third-largest-world-economy-in-terms-of-ppp-world-bank/businessarticleshow/34389534.cms. abhigman tithi: 30 April 2014.
  14. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary.
  15. ↑ "Hindustan". britainika vishvakosh, Inc.. 2007. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040520/Hindustan. abhigman tithi: 2007-06-18.
  16. ↑ "Introduction to the Ancient Indus Valley". Harappa. 1996. http://www.harappa.com/indus/indus1.html. abhigman tithi: 2007-06-18.
  17. ↑ "How ancient are the Vedas". Yahoo Answers. 2009. http://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090815020908AAi7JHQ. abhigman tithi: 2009-11-30.
  18. ↑ Jona Lendering. "Maurya dynasty". http://www.livius.org/man-md/mauryas/mauryas.html. abhigman tithi: 2007-06-17.
  19. ↑ "Gupta period has been described as the Golden Age of Indian history". National Informatics Centre (NIC). http://india.gov.in/knowindia/ancient_history4.php. abhigman tithi: 2007-10-03.
  20. ↑ Heitzman, James. (2007). "Gupta Dynasty," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2007
  21. ↑ "History : Indian Freedom Struggle (1857-1947)". National Informatics Centre (NIC). http://india.gov.in/knowindia/history_freedom_struggle.php. abhigman tithi: 2007-10-03. "And by 1856, the British conquest and its authority were firmly established."
  22. ↑ a aa i "raksha aavantan 10 pratishat badhaaya gaya". patra soochana kaaryaalaya, Bhaarat sarkaar. 17 fravari 2014. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/hindirelease.aspx?relid=26921. abhigman tithi: 18 fravari 2014.
  23. ↑ a aa "raksha sevaaon ke liye praavadhaan". patra soochana kaaryaalaya, Bhaarat sarkaar. 16 March 2012. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/hindirelease.aspx?relid=14218. abhigman tithi: 18 fravari 2014.
  24. ↑ a aa i E u "Defence Budget". patra soochana kaaryaalaya, Bhaarat sarkaar. 7 March 2011. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=70604. abhigman tithi: 18 fravari 2014.
  25. ↑ a aa i E u oo A ai O au "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013)". Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf. abhigman tithi: 26 December 2014.
  26. ↑ "The Assam Official Language Act, 1960". 19 December 1960. http://www.neportal.org/northeastfiles/Assam/ActsOrdinances/Assam_Official_Language_Act_1968.asp. abhigman tithi: 25 December 2014.
  27. ↑ ANI (10 September 2014). "Assam government withdraws Assamese as official language in Barak Valley, restores Bengali". http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-assam-government-withdraws-assamese-as-official-language-in-barak-valley-restores-bengali-2017504. abhigman tithi: 25 December 2014.
  28. ↑ "Memorandum of Settlement on Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC)". 10 February 2003. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/documents/papers/memorandum_feb02.htm. abhigman tithi: 25 December 2014.
  29. ↑ "Languages". 2002. http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/languages.html. abhigman tithi: 25 December 2014.
  30. ↑ a aa "Official status of Urdu in Andhra Pradesh". http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/01102001/18.htm. abhigman tithi: 25 December 2014.
  31. ↑ Hindi is the official language, and Urdu is used for seven specific purposes, similar to those for which it is used in Bihar. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pa॰ paras 6.1–6.2, http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, abhigman tithi: 2007-07-16 [mrut kadiyaaain]
  32. ↑ Sanskrit to be promoted with priority: Nishank Nishank, Sanskrit made official language, http://www.garhwalpost.com/index.php?mod=article&cat=Uttarakhand&article=5051, abhigman tithi: 2009-12-28 [mrut kadiyaaain]
  33. ↑ "Malayalam, How to Arrest its Withering Away?", M. K. Chand Raj, Ph.D. on Language in India (Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore), http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2005/malayalamdevelopmentchandraj1.html, abhigman tithi: 2007-07-16
  34. ↑ "The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987". 19 December 1987. http://www.daman.nic.in/acts-rules%5CHindi-department%5Cdocuments/Official%20Language%20Act.pdf. abhigman tithi: 26 December 2014.
  35. ↑ Kurzon, Dennis (2004). "3. The Konkani-Marathi Controversy : 2000-01 version". Where East Looks West: Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast. Multilingual Matters. pp. 42–58. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-1-85359-673-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=p5iK3CmIW6EC&pg=PA48. abhigman tithi: 26 December 2014. Dated, but gives a good overview of the controversy to give Marathi full "official status".
  36. ↑ "Directorate of Official Language". http://www.dol.goa.gov.in/. abhigman tithi: 26 December 2014.
  37. ↑ The National Commission for Linguistic Minorities, 1950 (ibid) makes no mention of Chhattisgarhi as an additional state language, despite the 2007 notification of the State Govt, presumably because Chhattisgarhi is considered as a dialect of Hindi.
  38. ↑ The Chhattisgarh Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2007 added "Chattisgarhi" as an official language of the state, in addition to Hindi."The Chhattisgarh Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2007". Government of India. http://www.lawsofindia.org/statelaw/2885/TheChhattisgarhOfficialLanguageAmendmentAct2007.html. abhigman tithi: 26 December 2014.
  39. ↑ Article 145 of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir makes Urdu the official language of the state, but provides for the continued use of English for all official purposes.
  40. ↑ "Bengali and Kokborok are the state/official language, English, Hindi, Manipuri and Chakma are other languages". Tripura Official government website. https://tripura.gov.in/knowtripura. abhigman tithi: 29 June 2013.
  41. ↑ Tripura Official Language Act, 1964
  42. ↑ "The Bihar Official Language Act, 1950". 29 November 1950. http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf. abhigman tithi: 26 December 2014.
  43. ↑ Benedikter, Thomas (2009). Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India. LIT Verlag Müanster. pa॰ 89. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-3-643-10231-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89.
  44. ↑ Section 2(f) of the Manipur Official Language Act, 1979 states that the official language of Manipur is the Manipuri language (an older English name for the Meitei language) written in the Bengali script. The Sangai Express, Mayek body threatens to stall proceeding, http://www.e-pao.net/epRelatedNews.asp?heading=9&src=290703, abhigman tithi: 2007-07-16
  45. ↑ "Language and Literature", Official website of Government of Madhya Pradesh (Government of Madhya Pradesh), http://www.mpgovt.nic.in/culture/language.htm, abhigman tithi: 2007-07-16
  46. ↑ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, pa॰ para 25.5, archived from the original on 2007-10-08, http://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm, abhigman tithi: 2007-07-16 [mrut kadiyaaain]
  47. ↑ The 43rd report of the National Commission of Linguistic Minorities reports that, from a date to be determined, Khasi will have the status of an associate official language in the districts of the East Khasi Hills, West Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills and Ri Bhoi. Garo will have a similar status in the districts of the East Garo Hills, West Garo Hills and South Garo Hills. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pa॰ para 25.1, http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, abhigman tithi: 2007-07-16 [mrut kadiyaaain]. On 21 March 2006, the Chief Minister of Meghalaya stated in the State Assembly that a notification to this effect had been issued. Meghalaya Legislative Assembly, Budget session: Starred Questions and Answers - Tuesday, the 21st March 2006., http://megassembly.gov.in/questions/2006/21-03-2006s.htm, abhigman tithi: 2007-07-16
  48. ↑ Government of Sikkim, Introduction to Sikkim, http://disa/sikkim.nic.in/sws/home_int.htm, abhigman tithi: 2007-07-16
  49. ↑ Eleven other languages — Bhutia, Lepcha, Limboo, Newari, Gurung, Mangar, Mukhia, Rai, Sherpa and Tamang - are termed "official", but only for the purposes of the preservation of culture and tradition. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pa॰ paras 27.3–27.4, http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, abhigman tithi: 2007-07-16 [mrut kadiyaaain]. See also Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 41st report: July 2002 - June 2003, pa॰ paras 28.4, 28.9, archived from the original on 2007-02-24, http://web.archive.org/web/20070224124226/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/23.htm, abhigman tithi: 2007-07-16
  50. ↑ "The Haryana Official Language Act, 1969". 15 March 1969. http://acts.gov.in/HR/964.pdf. abhigman tithi: 27 December 2014.
  51. ↑ "Punjabi edges out Tamil in Haryana". 7 March 2010. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-punjabi-edges-out-tamil-in-haryana-1356124. abhigman tithi: 27 December 2014.
  52. ↑ "The Himachal Pradesh Official Language Act, 1975". 21 Feb 1975. http://hp.gov.in/LAC/bhasha/Adhiniyam/THE%20HIMACHAL%20PRADESH%20OFFICIAL%20LANGUAGE%20ACT,%201975.pdf. abhigman tithi: 27 December 2014.
  53. ↑ "dism‍aabar 2013 ke ant mein Bhaarat ka videshi karj 426.0 arab Amreeki dollar, March 2013 ke ant ke s‍aatar par 21.1 arab (5.2 pratishat) ki badhotri". patra soochana kaaryaalaya, Bhaarat sarkaar. 28 March 2014. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/hindirelease.aspx?relid=27502. abhigman tithi: 7 May 2014.
  54. ↑ 2001 ki janaganana ke aadhaar par
  55. ↑ "The Non-Aligned Movement: Description and History", nam.gov.za (The Non-Aligned Movement), 21 September 2001, http://www.nam.gov.za/background/history.htm, abhigman tithi: 23 August 2007
  56. ↑ Gilbert, Martin (17 December 2002), A History of the Twentieth Century: The Concise Edition of the Acclaimed World History, HarperCollins, pa॰ 486–487, aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 9780060505943, http://books.google.com/books?id=jhwY1j8Ao3kC&pg=PA486, abhigman tithi: 22 July 2011
  57. ↑ http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/genf/50205.pdf
  58. ↑ (PDF) India's negotiation positions at the WTO, November 2005, http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/genf/50205.pdf, abhigman tithi: 23 August 2010
  59. ↑ http://www.un.int/india/india_and_the_un_pkeeping.html
  60. ↑ Analysts Say India'S Power Aided Entry Into East Asia Summit. | Goliath Business News, Goliath.ecnext.com, 29 July 2005, http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4519133/ANALYSTS-SAY-INDIA-S-POWER.html, abhigman tithi: 21 November 2009
  61. ↑ http://naidunia.jagran.com/world-s-jaishankar-will-be-the-new-foriegn-secretary-296665

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