Akbar

jalaal-uddeen mohammad Akbar
جaaلaaاaaل اaaلaaدaaیaaن مaaحaaمaaد اaaکaaبaaر
Akbar
अकबर
raajakaal 27 January, 1556 - 29 October 1605[1][2] 1556–1605
raajyaabhishek 14 February 1556
janm 15 October 1542
umarakot kila, sindh
mrutyu 27 October 1605
fatehapur seekari, Agra
dafn bihistaabaad sikndara, Agra
poorvaadhikaari hemoo
uttaraadhikaari jahaaaingeer
patni/patniyaaain rukaaiyyaabegam begam sahiba, saleema sultaan begam sahiba aur maariyaam uj-jmaani begam sahiba
raajagharaana timur
vansh mugl
pita humaayooain
maata navaab hameeda baano begam saahiba

jalaal uddeen mohammad Akbar (urdoo: جaaلaaاaaل اaaلaaدaaیaaن مaaحaaمaaد اaaکaaبaaر) (15 October, 1542-27 October, 1605)[3] taimoori vanshaavali ke mugal vansh ka teesara shaasak tha.[4] Akbar ko Akbar-ai-aazam (arthaat Akbar mahaan), shahanshaah Akbar, mahaabali shahanshaah ke naam se bhi jaana jaata hai.[1][2][5] samraat Akbar mugal saamraajya ke sansthaapak jaheeruddeen muhammad baabar ka pautr aur naasiruddeen humaayoon evam hameeda baano ka putr tha. baabar ka vansh taimoor aur mangol neta changej Khan se sambandhit tha arthaat uske vanshaj taimoor lang ke khaanadaan se the aur maatrupaksh ka sambandh changej Khan se tha.[3] Akbar ke shaasan ke ant tak 1605 mein mugal saamraajya mein uttari aur madhya Bhaarat ke adhikaash bhaag sammilit the aur us samay ke sarvaadhik shaktishaali saamraajyon mein se ek tha.[6] baadashaahon mein Akbar hi ek aisa baadshah tha, jise hindu muslim donon vargon ka baraabar pyaar aur sammaan mila. usane hindu-muslim sanpradaayon ke beech ki dooriyaan kam karne ke liye deen-A-ilaahi naamak dharm ki sthaapana ki.[3] usaka darbaar sabke liye har samay khula rahata tha. uske darbaar mein muslim saradaaron ki apeksha hindu sardaar adhik the. Akbar ne hinduon par lagne wala jajiya hi naheen samaapt kiya, balki aise anek kaarya kiye jinke kaaran hindu aur muslim donon uske prashansak bane.[7] Akbar maatr terah varsh ki aayu mein apne pita naseeruddeen muhammad humaayun ki mrutyu uparaant Delhi ki raajagaddi par baitha tha.[8] apne shaasan kaal mein usane shaktishaali pashtoon vanshaj sherashaah soori ke aakraman bilkul band karva diye the, saath hi Panipat ke dviteeya yuddh mein navaghoshit hindu raaja hemoo ko paraajit kiya tha.[9][10] apne saamraajya ke gathan karne aur uttari aur madhya Bhaarat ke sabhi kshetron ko ekachhatr adhikaar mein laane mein Akbar ko do dashak lag gaye the. usaka prabhaav lagbhag poore bhaarateeya upamahaadveep par tha aur is kshetr ke ek bade bhoobhaag par samraat ke roop mein usane shaasan kiya. samraat ke roop mein Akbar ne shaktishaali aur bahul hindu rajput raajaaon se raajanayik sambandh banaaye aur unke yahaaain vivaah bhi kiye.[9][11]

Akbar ke shaasan ka prabhaav desh ki kala evam sanskruti par bhi pada.[12] usane chitrakaari aadi lalit kalaaon mein kaafi ruchi dikhaai aur uske praasaad ki bhittiyaaain sundar chitron va namoonon se bhari padi theen. mugal chitrakaari ka vikaas karne ke saath saath hi usane Europeeya shaili ka bhi svaagat kiya. use saahitya mein bhi ruchi thi aur usane anek sanskrut paandulipiyon va granthon ka faarasi mein tatha faarasi granthon ka sanskrut va hindi mein anuvaad bhi karavaaya tha. anek faarasi sanskruti se jude chitron ko apne darbaar ki deevaaron par bhi banavaaya.[12] apne aaranbhik shaasan kaal mein Akbar ki hinduon ke prati sahishnuta naheen thi, kintu samay ke saath-saath usane apne aap ko badla aur hinduon sahit anya dharmon mein bahut ruchi dikhaayi. usane hindu rajput raajakumaariyon se vaivaahik sambandh bhi banaaye.[13][14][15] Akbar ke darbaar mein anek hindu darabaari, sainya adhikaari va saamant the. usane dhaarmik charchaaon va vaad-vivaad kaaryakramon ki anokhi shrunkhala aarambh ki thi, jismein muslim aalim logon ki jain, sikh, hindu, chaarvaak, naastik, yahoodi, purtagaali evam Catholic isaai dharmashastriyon se charchaaen hua karti theen. uske man mein in dhaarmik netaaon ke prati aadar bhaav tha, jispar usaki niji dhaarmik bhaavanaaon ka kinchit bhi prabhaav naheen padta tha.[16] usane aage chalakar ek naye dharm deen-A-ilaahi ki bhi sthaapana ki, jismein vishv ke sabhi pradhaan dharmon ki neetiyon va shikshaaon ka samaavesh tha. durbhaagyavash ye dharm Akbar ki mrutyu ke saath hi samaapt hota chala gaya.[9][17]

itne bade samraat ki mrutyu hone par usaki antyeshti bina kisi sanskaar ke jaldi hi kar di gayi. paramparaanusaar durg mein deevaar todkar ek maarg banavaaya gaya tatha usaka shav chupachaap sikandara ke makabare mein dafna diya gaya.[18][19]

    anukram

    jeevan parichay

    Akbar ka chitr

    naam

    Akbar ka janm poornima ke din hua tha isliye unka naam badaruddeen mohammad Akbar rakha gaya tha. badr ka arth hota hai poorn chandrama aur Akbar unke naana shekh Ali Akbar jaami ke naam se liya gaya tha. kaha jaata hai ki Kabul par vijay milne ke baad unke pita humaayooain ne buri nazar se bachane ke liye Akbar ki janm tithi evam naam badal diye the.[20] kivdanti yeh bhi hai ki Bhaarat ki janta ne unke safal evam kushal shaasan ke liye Akbar naam se sammaanit kiya tha. arabi bhaasha me Akbar shabd ka arth "mahaan" ya bada hota hai.

    aaranbhik jeevan

    Akbar ka janm rajput shaasak raana amarasaal ke mahal umerakot, sindh (vartamaan Pakistan) mein 23 November, 1542 (hijri anusaar rajjab, 949 ke chauthe din) hua tha. yahaan baadshah humaayun apni haal ki vivaahita begam hameeda baano begam ke saath sharan liye hue the. is putr ka naam humaayun ne ek baar svapn mein sunaai diye ke anusaar jalaaluddeen mohammad rakha.[2][21] baabar ka vansh taimoor aur mangol neta changej Khan se tha yaani uske vanshaj taimoor lang ke khaanadaan se the aur maatrupaksh ka sambandh changej Khan se tha. is prakaar Akbar ki dhamaniyon mein Asia ki do prasiddh jaatiyon, turk aur mangol ke rakt ka sammishran tha.[3]

    ladkapan mein Akbar

    humaayooain ko pashtoon neta sherashaah soori ke kaaran faaras mein ajnyaaatavaas bitaana pad raha tha.[22] kintu Akbar ko vah apne sang naheen le gaya varan reevaan (vartamaan madhya pradesh) ke raajya ke ek gram mukundapur mein chhod diya tha. Akbar ki vahaan ke Rajkumar Ram Singh pratham se, jo aage chalakar reevaan ka raaja bana, ke sang gahari mitrata ho gayi thi. ye ek saath hi pale aur badhe aur aajeevan mitr rahe. kaalaantar mein Akbar safaavi saamraajya (vartamaan afgaanistaan ka bhaag) mein apne ek chaacha mirja askaari ke yahaan rahane laga. pehle vah kuchh dinon kandhaar mein aur fir 1545 se Kabul mein raha. humaayooain ki apne chhote bhaaiyon se baraabar thani hi rahi isaliye chaacha logon ke yahaaain Akbar ki sthiti bandi se kuchh hi achhi thi. yadyapi sabhi uske saath achha vyavahaar karte the aur shaayad dulaar pyaar kuchh zyaada hi hota tha. kintu Akbar padh likh naheen saka vah keval sainya shiksha le saka. usaka kaafi samay aakhet, daud va dvandv, kushti aadi mein beeta, tatha shiksha mein usaki ruchi naheen rahi. jab tak Akbar aath varsh ka hua, janm se lekar ab tak uske sabhi varsh bhaari asthirta mein nikle the jiske kaaran usaki shiksha-deeksha ka sahi prabandh naheen ho paaya tha. ab humaayoon ka dhyaan is or bhi gaya. lagbhag November, +--9-9 mein usane Akbar ki shiksha praarambh karne ke liye Kabul mein ek aayojan kiya. kintu ain mauke par Akbar ke kho jaane par vah samaaroh doosare din sampann hua. mulla jaada mulla asamuddeen abraaheem ko Akbar ka shikshak niyukt kiya gaya. magar mulla asamuddeen aksham siddh hue. tab yeh kaarya pehle maulaana baamajeed ko saunpa gaya, magar jab unhein bhi safalta naheen mili to maulaana abdul kaadir ko yeh kaam saunpa gaya. magar koi bhi shikshak Akbar ko shikshit karne mein safal na hua. asal mein, padhne-likhne mein Akbar ki ruchi naheen thi, usaki ruchi kabootar baaji, ghudsavaari aur kutte paalne mein adhik thi.[3] kintu jnyaaanopaarjan mein usaki ruchi sada se hi thi. kaha jaata hai, ki jab vah sone jaata tha, ek vyakti use kuchh padh kar sunaata rahta tha.[23] samay ke saath Akbar ek paripakva aur samajhdaar shaasak ke roop mein ubhara, jise kala, sthaapatya, sangeet aur saahitya mein gahari ruchi raheen.

    raajatilk

    sherashaah soori ke putr islaam shaah ke uttaraadhikaar ke vivaadon se utpann araajakata ka laabh utha kar humaayooain ne 1555 mein Delhi par pun: adhikaar kar liya. ismein usaki sena mein ek achha bhaag faarasi sahayogi taahamasp pratham ka raha. iske kuchh maah baad hi 48 varsh ki aayu mein hi humaayooain ka aakasmik nidhan apne pustakaalaya ki seedhi se bhaari nashe ki haalaat mein girne ke kaaran ho gaya.[24][25] tab Akbar ke sanrakshak bairam Khan ne saamraajya ke hit mein is mrutyu ko kuchh samay ke liye chhupaaye rakha aur Akbar ko uttaraadhikaar hetu taiyaar kiya. 14 fravari, 1556 ko Akbar ka raajatilk hua. ye sab mugal saamraajya se Delhi ki gaddi par adhikaar ki vaapasi ke liye sikandar shaah soori se chal rahe yuddh ke dauraan hi hua. 13 varsheeya Akbar ka kalanaur, Punjab mein sunahare vastr tatha ek gahre rang ki pagadi mein ek navanirmit manch par raajatilk hua. ye manch aaj bhi bana hua hai.[26][27] use faarasi bhaasha mein samraat ke liye shabd shahanshaah se pukaara gaya. vayask hone tak usaka raajya bairam Khan ke sanrakshan mein chala.[28][29]

    raajya ka vistaar

    khoye hue raajya ko pun: praapt karne ke liye Akbar ke pita humaayooain ke anvarat prayatn antat: safal hue aur vah san‌ 1555 mein Hindustan pahuainch saka kintu agale hi varsh san‌ 1556 mein rajdhani Delhi mein usaki mrutyu ho gayi aur guradaasapur ke kalanaur naamak sthaan par 14 varsh ki aayu mein Akbar ka raajatilk hua. Akbar ka sanrakshak bairaam Khan ko niyukt kiya gaya jiska prabhaav us par 1560 tak raha. tatkaaleen mugal raajya keval Kabul se Delhi tak hi faila hua tha. iske saath hi anek samasyaaen bhi sir uthaaye khadi theen. 1563 mein shamsuddeen ataka Khan ki hatya par ubhara jan aakrosh, 1564-65 ke beech ujbek vidroh aur 1566-67 mein mirja bhaaiyon ka vidroh bhi tha, kintu Akbar ne badi kushalata se in samasyaaon ko hal kar liya. apni kalpanaasheelata se usane apne saamanton ki sankhya badhaai.[30] isi beech 1566 mein mahaam anka naamak usaki dhaaya ke banavaaye madarase (vartamaan puraane kile parisar mein) se shahar lautate hue Akbar par teer se ek jaanleva hamla hua, jise Akbar ne apni furti se bacha liya, haalaanki usaki baanh mein gahra ghaav hua. is ghatna ke baad Akbar ki prashasan shaili mein kuchh badlaav aaya jiske tahat usane shaasan ki poorn baagdor apne haath mein le li. iske fauran baad hi hemu ke netrutv mein Afghan sena pun: sangathit hokar uske sammukh chunauti bankar khadi thi. apne shaasan ke aaranbhik kaal mein hi Akbar yeh samajh gaya ki soori vansh ko samaapt kiye bina vah chain se shaasan naheen kar sakega. isliye vah soori vansh ke sabse shaktishaali shaasak sikandar shaah soori par aakraman karne Punjab chal pada.

    Delhi ki satta-badal
    Akbar ke samay mugl saamraajya

    Delhi ka shaasan usane mugl senaapati taaradi bag Khan ko saunp diya. sikandar shaah soori Akbar ke liye bahut bada pratirodh saabit nahi hua. kuchh pradesho me to Akbar ke pahunchane se pehle hi usaki sena peechhe hat jaati thi. Akbar ki anupasthiti me hemoo vikramaaditya ne Delhi aur Agra par aakraman kar vijay praapt ki. 6 October 1556 ko hemu ne swayam ko Bhaarat ka mahaaraaja ghoshit kar diya. isi ke saath Delhi me hindu raajya ki pun: sthaapana hui.

    satta ki vaapasi

    Delhi ki paraajaya ka samaachaar jab Akbar ko mila to usane turant hi bairam Khan se paraamarsh kar ke Delhi ki taraf kooch karne ka iraada bana liya. Akbar ke salaahakaaro ne use Kabul ki sharan mein jaane ki salaah di. Akbar aur hemu ki sena ke beech Panipat me yuddh hua. yeh yuddh Panipat ka dviteeya yuddh ke naam se prasiddh hai. sankhya mein kam hote hue bhi Akbar ne is yuddh me vijay praapt ki. is vijay se Akbar ko 1500 haathi mile jo manakot ke hamle mein sikandar shaah soori ke viruddh kaam aae. sikandar shaah soori ne aatmasamarpan kar diya aur Akbar ne use praanadaan de diya.

    chahuainor vistaar

    Delhi par pun: adhikaar jamaane ke baad Akbar ne apne raajya ka vistaar karna shuroo kiya aur maalava ko 1562 mein, Gujarat ko 1572 mein, Bengal ko 1574 mein, Kabul ko 1581 mein, Kashmir ko 1586 mein aur khaanadesh ko 1601 mein mugl saamraajya ke adheen kar liya. Akbar ne in raajyon mein ek ek raajyapaal niyukt kiya. Akbar yeh nahi chaahata tha ki mugl saamraajya ka kendra Delhi jaise doorasth shahar mein ho; isliye usane yeh nirnaya liya ki mugl rajdhani ko fatehapur seekari le jaaya jaae jo saamraajya ke madhya mein thi. kuchh hi samay ke baad Akbar ko rajdhani fatehapur seekari se hataani padi. kaha jaata hai ki paani ki kami iska pramukh kaaran tha. fatehapur seekari ke baad Akbar ne ek chalit darbaar banaaya jo ki saamraajya bhar mein ghoomta rahata tha is prakaar saamraajya ke sabhi kono par uchit dhyaan dena sambhav hua. san 1585 mein uttar pashchimi raajya ke suchaaroo raaj paalan ke liye Akbar ne Lahore ko rajdhani banaaya. apni mrutyu ke poorv Akbar ne san 1599 mein vaapas Agra ko rajdhani banaaya aur ant tak yaheen se shaasan sambhaala.

    prashaasan

    mugal dhvaj

    san‌ 1560 mein Akbar ne swayam satta sanbhaal li aur apne sanrakshak bairam Khan ko nikaal baahar kiya. ab Akbar ke apne haathon mein satta thi lekin anek kathinaaiyaaain bhi theen. jaise - shamsuddeen ataka Khan ki hatya par ubhara jan aakrosh (1563), ujbek vidroh (1564-65) aur mirja bhaaiyon ka vidroh (1566-67) kintu Akbar ne badi kushalata se in samasyaaon ko hal kar liya. apni kalpanaasheelata se usane apne saamanton ki sankhya badhaai. san‌ 1562 mein aamer ke shaasak se usane samjhauta kiya - is prakaar rajput raaja bhi usaki or ho gaye. isi prakaar usane Iran se aane vaalon ko bhi badi sahaayata di. bhaarateeya musalmaanon ko bhi usane apne kushal vyavahaar se apni or kar liya. dhaarmik sahishnuta ka usane anokha parichay diya - hindu teerth sthaanon par laga kar jajiya hata liya gaya (san‌ 1563). isse poore raajyavaasiyon ko anubhav ho gaya ki vah ek parivrtit neeti apnaane mein saksham hai. iske atirikt usane jabardasti yuddhabandiyo ka dharm badalavaana bhi band karva diya.

    mudra

    tatkaaleen chaaaindi ki mudra

    Akbar ne apne shaasanakaal mein taaainbein, chaaaindi evam sonein ki mudraaeain prachalit ki. in mudraaon ke prushth bhaag mein sundar islaamik chhapaai hua karti thi. Akbar ne apne kaal ki mudraao mein kai badlaav kiye. usane ek khuli takasaal vyavastha ki shuruaat ki jiske andar koi bhi vyakti agar takasaal shulk dene me saksham tha to vah kisi doosari mudra athva sone se Akbar ki mudra ko parivrtit kar sakta tha. Akbar chaahata tha ki uske poore saamraajya mein samaan mudra chale.[31]

    rajdhani sthaanaantaran

    Panipat ka dviteeya yuddh hone ke baad hemoo ko maarkar Delhi par Akbar ne pun: adhikaar kiya. iske baad usane apne raajya ka vistaar karna shuroo kiya aur maalava ko 1562 mein, Gujarat ko 1572 mein, Bengal ko 1574 mein, Kabul ko 1581 mein, Kashmir ko 1586 mein aur khaanadesh(vartamaan budhhaanapur, Maharashtra ka bhaag) ko 1601 mein mugl saamraajya ke adheen kar liya. Akbar ne in raajyon mein prashaasan sambhaalne hetu ek-ek raajyapaal niyukt kiya. use raaj sambhaalne ke liye Delhi kai sthaanon se door laga aur ye prateet hua ki isse prashaasan mein samasya aa sakti hai, at: usane nirnaya liya ki mugl rajdhani ko Agra ke nikat fatehapur seekari le jaaya jaae[32] jo saamraajya ke lagbhag madhya mein thi. ek puraane base gram seekari par Akbar ne naya shahar banavaaya jise apni jeet yaani fatah ki khushi mein fatehaabaad ya fatehapur naam diya gaya. jaldi hi ise poore vartamaan naam fatehapur seekari se bulaaya jaane laga. yahaan ke adhikaansh nirmaan un 14 varshon ke hi hain, jinmein Akbar ne yahaan nivaas kiya. shahar mein shaahi udyaan, aaraamagaahein, saamanton va darabaariyon ke liye aavaas tatha bachchon ke liye madarase banavaaye gaye. bleyar aur bloom ke anusaar shahar ke andar imaaratein do pramukh prakaar ki hain- seva imaaratein, jaise kaaravaanseri, takasaal, nirmaaniyaan, bada baajaar (chahar sook) jahaan dakshin-pashchim/uttar poorv aksh ke lambavat nirmaan hue hain aur doosra shaahi bhaag, jismein Bhaarat ki sabse badi saamoohik masjid hai, saath hi aavaaseeya tatha prashaasakeeya imaarate hain jise daulatakhaana kehte hain. ye pahaadi se kuchh kon par sthit hain tatha kibla ke saath ek kon banaati hain.[33]

    kintu ye nirnaya sahi siddh naheen hua aur kuchh hi samay ke baad Akbar ko rajdhani fatehapur seekari se hataani padi. iske peechhe paani ki kami pramukh kaaran tha. fatehapur seekari ke baad Akbar ne ek chalit darbaar ki rachana ki jo poore saamraajya mein ghoomta rahata tha aur is prakaar saamraajya ke sabhi sthaanon par uchit dhyaan dena sambhav hua. baad mein usane san 1585 mein uttar pashchimi bhaag ke liye Lahore ko rajdhani banaaya. mrutyu ke poorv Akbar ne san 1599 mein rajdhani vaapas Agra banaayi aur ant tak yaheen se shaasan sambhaala.[30]

    amar Singh dwaar, Agra ka kila

    Agra shahar ka naya naam diya gaya akabaraabaad jo saamraajya ki sabse bada shahar bana. shahar ka mukhya bhaag yamuna nadi ke pashchimi tat par basa tha. yahaan barasaat ke paani ki nikaasi ki achhi naaliyaan-naalon se paripoorn vayavastha banaayi gayi. lodhi saamraajya dvaara banavaayi gayi gaare-mitti se bani nagar ki puraani chahaaradeevaari ko todkar 1565 mein nayi baluaa patthar ki deevaar banavaayi gayi. angrej itihaasakaar yugal bleyar evam bloom ke anusaar is laal deevaar ke kaaran hi iska naam laal kila pada. ve aage likhte hain ki yeh kila pichhle kile ke nakshe par hi kuchh ardhavruttaakaar bana tha. shahar ki or se ise ek dohari suraksha deevaar ghere hai, jiske baahar gahari khaai bani hai. is dohari deevaar mein uttar mein Delhi gate va dakshin mein amar Singh dwaar bane hain. ye donon dwaar apne dhanushaakaar meharaab-roopi aalon va burjon tatha laal va safed sangamarmar par neeli glejd taailon dvaara alankaran se hi pahachaane jaate hain. vartamaan kila Akbar ke pautr shaahajahaan dvaara banavaaya hua hai. ismein dakshini or jahaangeeri mahal aur Akbar mahal hain.[33]

    neetiyaan

    vivaah sambandh

    mahaaraana prataap

    aanber ke kachhavaaha rajput raaj bhaaramal ne Akbar ke darbaar mein apne raajya sambhaalne ke kuchh samay baad hi pravesh paaya tha. inhonne apni Rajkumari harakha baai ka vivaah Akbar se karavaana sveekaar kiya.[34][35] jodhaabaai vivaahoparaant muslim bani aur mariym-uj-jmaani kahalaayi. use rajput parivaar ne sada ke liye tyaag diya aur vivaah ke baad vo kabhi aamer vaapas naheen gayi. use vivaah ke baad Agra ya Delhi mein koi mahattvapoorn sthaan bhi naheen mila tha, balki bharatapur jile ka ek chhota sa gaanv mila tha.[36] usaki mrutyu 1623 mein hui thi. uske putr jahaangeer dvaara uske sammaan mein Lahore mein ek masjid banavaayi gayi thi.[37] bhaaramal ko Akbar ke darbaar mein ooncha sthaan mila tha aur uske baad uske putr bhagavant das aur pautr Mansingh bhi darbaar ke oonche saamant bane rahe.[38] hindu raajakumaariyon ko muslim raajaaon se vivaah mein sambandh banaane ke prakaran Akbar ke samay se poorv kaafi hue the, kintu adhikaansh vivaahon ke baad donon parivaaron ke aapasi sambandh achhe naheen rahe aur na hi raajakumaariyaan kabhi vaapas laut kar ghar aayeen.[38][39] haalaanki Akbar ne is maamale ko pichhle prakaranon se alag roop diya, jahaan un raaniyon ke bhaaiyon ya pitaaon ko putriyon ya bahanon ke vivaahoparaant Akbar ke muslim sasuraal vaalon jaisa hi sammaan mila karta tha, sivaaya unke sang khaana khaane aur praarthana karne ke. un raajapooton ko Akbar ke darbaar mein achhe sthaan mile the. sabhi ne unhein vaise hi apnaaya tha sivaaya kuchh roodhivaadi parivaaron ko chhodkar, jinhonne ise apamaan ke roop mein dekha tha.[39] anya raajapoor rajavaadon ne bhi Akbar ke sang vaivaahik sambandh banaaye the, kintu vivaah sambandh banaane ki koi shart naheen thi. do pramukh rajput vansh, mevaadh ke shishodiya aur ranathanbhor ke haadha vansh in sambandhon se sada hi hatate rahe. Akbar ke ek prasiddh darabaari raaja Mansingh ne Akbar ki or se ek haadha raaja surjan haadha ke paas ek sambandh prastaav bhi lekar gaye, jise surjan Singh ne is shart par sveekaarya kiya ki ve apni kisi putri ka vivaah Akbar ke sang naheen kareinge. antat: koi vaivaahik sambandh naheen hue kintu surjan ko gadh-katang ka adhibhaar saunp kar sammaanit kiya gaya.[38] anya kai rajput saamanton ko bhi apne raajaaon ka putriyon ko mugalon ko vivaah ke naam par dena achha naheen lagta tha. gadh sivaan ke Rathore kalyaanadaas ne mota raaja Rao udayasinh aur jahaangeer ko maarane ki dhamaki bhi di thi, kyonki udayasinh ne apni putri jodhaabaai ka vivaah Akbar ke putr jahaangeer se karne ka nishchaya kiya tha. Akbar ne ye gyaan hone par shaahi faujon ko kalyaanadaas par aakraman hetu bhej diya. kalyaanadaas us sena ke sang yuddh mein kaam aaya aur usaki striyon ne jauhar kar liya.[40] in sambandhon ka raajaneetik prabhaav mahattvapoorn tha. haalaanki kuchh rajput striyon ne Akbar ke haram mein pravesh lene par islaam sveekaar kiya, fir bhi unhein poorn dhaarmik svatantrata thi, saath hi unke sage-sanbandhiyon ko jo hindu hi the; darbaar mein uchch-sthaan bhi mile the. inke dvaara janasaadhaaran ki dhvani Akbar ke darbaar tak pahuncha karti thi.[38] darbaar ke hindu aur muslim darabaariyon ke beech sampark badhne se aapasi vichaaron ka aadaan-pradaan hua aur donon dharmon mein sanbhaav ki pragati hui. isse agali peedhi mein donon rakton ka sangam tha jisne donon sanpradaayon ke beech sauhaard ko bhi badhaava diya. parinaamasvaroop rajput mugalon ke sarvaadhik shaktishaali sahaayak bane, rajput sainyaadhikaariyon ne mugal sena mein rahakar anek yuddh kiye tatha jeete. inmein Gujarat ka 1572 ka abhiyaan bhi tha.[41] Akbar ki dhaarmik sahishnuta ki neeti ne shaahi prashaasan mein sabhi ke liye naukariyon aur rojagaar ke avsar khol diye the. iske kaaran prashaasan aur bhi drudh hota chala gaya.[42]

    kaamukata

    tatkaaleen samaaj mein veshyaavruti ko samraat ka sanrakshan pradaan tha. usaki ek bahut badi haram thi jisme bahut si striyaaain theen. inmein adhikaansh striyon ko balapoorvak apahrut karva kar vahaan rakha hua tha. us samay mein sati pratha bhi joron par thi. tab kaha jaata hai ki Akbar ke kuchh log jis sundar stri ko sati hote dekhte the, balapoorvak jaakar sati hone se rok dete va use samraat ki aajnyaa bataate tatha us stri ko haram mein daal diya jaata tha. haalaanki is prakaran ko darabaari itihaasakaaron ne kuchh is dhang se kaha hai ki is prakaar baadshah salaamat ne sati pratha ka virodh kiya va un abala striyon ko sanrakshan diya. apni jeevani mein Akbar ne swayam likha hai– yadi mujhe pehle hi yeh budhimtta jaagrut ho jaati to main apni saltanat ki kisi bhi stri ka apaharan kar apne haram mein naheen laata.[43] is baat se yeh to spasht hi ho jaata hai ki vah sundariyon ka apaharan karavaata tha. iske alaava apaharan na karavaane waali baat ki nirrthakata bhi is tathya se gyaat hoti hai ki na to Akbar ke samay mein aur na hi uske utaraadhikaariyo ke samay mein haram band hui thi.

    aaine akabari ke anusaar abdul kaadir badaayoonni kehte hain ki begamein, kuleen, darabaariyo ki patniyaan athva anya striyaan jab kabhi baadshah ki seva mein pesh hone ki ichha karti hain to unhein pehle apne ichha ki soochana dekar uttar ki prateeksha karni padti hai; jinhein yadi yogya samjha jaata hai to haram mein pravesh ki anumati di jaati hai.[44][45] Akbar apni praja ko baadhya kiya karta tha ki vah apne ghar ki striyon ka nagn pradarshan saamoohik roop se aayojit kare jise Akbar ne khudaaroj (pramod diwas) naam diya hua tha. is utsav ke peechhe Akbar ka ekamaatr udeshya sundariyon ko apne haram ke liye chunana tha.[46]. gondavaana ki raani durgaavati par bhi Akbar ki kudrushti thi. usane raani ko praapt karne ke liye uske raajya par aakraman kar diya. yuddh ke dauraan veeraangana ne anubhav kiya ki use maarane ki naheen varan bandi banaane ka prayaas kiya ja raha hai, to usane vaheen aatmahatya kar li.[45] tab Akbar ne usaki bahan aur putrabadhoo ko balapoorvak apne haram mein daal diya. Akbar ne yeh pratha bhi chalaai thi ki uske paraajit shatru apne parivaar evam parichaarika varg mein se chuni hui mahilaayein uske haram mein bheje.[45]

    purtagaaliyon se sambandh

    1556 mein Akbar ke gaddi lene ke samay, purtagaaliyon ne mahaadveep ke pashchimi tat par bahut se durg va nirmaaniyaaain (faiktriyaaain) laga li theen aur bade star par us kshetr mein nauvahan aur saagareeya vyaapaar niyantrit karne lage the. is upaniveshavaad ke chalte anya sabhi vyaapaari sansthaaon ko purtagaaliyon ki sharton ke adheen hi rahana padhta tha, jis par us samay ke shaasakon va vyaapaariyon ko aapatti hone lageen theen.[47] mugal saamraajya ne Akbar ke raajatilk ke baad pehla nishaana Gujarat ko banaaya aur saagar tat par pratham vijay paayi 1572 mein, kintu purtagaaliyon ki shakti ko dhyaan mein rakhate hue pehle kuchh varshon tak unase maatr faaras ki khaadi kshetr mein yaatra karne hetu kartaaj naamak paas liye jaate rahe.[48] 1572 mein soorat ke adhigrahan ke samay mugalon aur purtagaaliyon ki pratham bheint hui aur purtagaaliyon ko mugalon ki asli shakti ka anumaan hua aur falat: unhonne yuddh ke bajaay neeti se kaam lena uchit samjha va purtagaali raajyapaal ne Akbar ke nirdesh par use ek raajadoot ke dvaara sandhi prastaav bheja. Akbar ne us kshetr se apne haram ke va anya muslim logon dvaara makka ko haj ki yaatra ko surakshit karne ki drushti se prastaav sveekaar kar liya.[49] 1573 mein Akbar ne apne Gujarat ke prashaasanik adhikaariyon ko ek farmaan jaari kiya, jismein niktavartti daman mein purtagaaliyon ko shaanti se rahane diye jaane ka aadesh diya tha. iske badle mein purtagaaliyon ne Akbar ke parivaar ke liye haj ko jaane hetu paas jaari kiye the.[50]

    turkon se sambandh

    hejaaj

    1576 mein mein Akbar ne yaahya saleh ke netrutv mein apne haram ke anek sadasyon sahit haajiyon ka ek bada jattha haj ko bheja. ye jattha do poton mein soorat se jeddaah bandargaah par 1577 mein pahuncha aur makka aur madeena ko agrasar hua.[51] 1577 se 1580 ke beech chaar aur kaaravaan haj ko ravaana hua, jinke saath makka va madeena ke logon ke liye bheintein va gareebon ke liye sadake the. ye yaatri samaaj ke aarthik roop se nichle varg ke the aur inke jaane se un shaharon par aarthik bhaar badha.[52][53] tab turk prashaasan ne inse ghar laut jaane ka nivedan kiya, jis par haram ki striyaan taiyaar na huin. kaafi vivaad ke baad unhein vivsh hokar lautana padha. adan ke raajyapaal ko 1580 mein aaye yaatriyon ki badi sankhya dekhkar badha rosh hua aur usane lautate hue mugalon ka yathaasanbhav apamaan bhi kiya.[krupaya uddharan jodein] in prakaranon ke kaaran Akbar ko haajiyon ki yaatraaon par rok lagaani padi. 1584 ke baad Akbar ne yaman ke saamraajya ke adheenasth adan ke bandargaah par purtagaaliyon ki madad se chadhaai karne ki yojana banaayi.[krupaya uddharan jodein] purtagaaliyon se is baare mein yojana banaane hetu ek mugal doot goaa mein October 1584 se sthaayi roop se tainaat kiya gaya. 1587 mein ek purtagaali tukadi ne yaman par aakraman bhi kiya kintu turk nausena dvaara haar ka saamana karna pada. iske baad mugal-purtagaali gathabandhan ko bhi dhakka pahuncha kyonki mugal jaageeradaaron dvaara janjeera mein purtagaaliyon par lagaataar dabaav daala ja raha tha.[54]

    dharm

    Akbar ek musalmaan tha, par doosare dharm evam sanpradaayon ke liye bhi uske man mein aadar tha. jaise-jaise Akbar ki aayu badati gayi vaise-vaise usaki dharm ke prati ruchi badhne lagi. use visheshakar hindu dharm ke prati apne lagaav ke liye jaana jaata hain. usane apne poorvajo se vipreet kai hindu raajakumaariyon se shaadi ki. iske alaava Akbar ne apne raajya mein hinduo ko vibhinn raajasi padon par bhi aaseen kiya jo ki kisi bhi bhootapoorv muslim shaasak ne nahi kiya tha. vah yeh jaan gaya tha ki Bhaarat mein lambe samay tak raaj karne ke liye use yahaaain ke mool nivaasiyon ko uchit evam baraabari ka sthaan dena chaahiye.

    hindu dharm par prabhaav

    Akbar ibaadat-khaane mein isaai dharmaaprachaarakon ke saath, 1605 isvi

    hinduon par lage jajiya 1562 mein Akbar ne hata diya, kintu 1575 mein muslim netaaon ke virodh ke kaaran vaapas lagaana pada,[55] haalaanki usane baad mein neetipoorvak vaapas hata liya. jajiya kar gareeb hinduon ko gareebi se vivsh hokar islaam ki sharan lene ke liye lagaaya jaata tha. yeh muslim logon par naheen lagaaya jaata tha.[56] is kar ke kaaran bahut si gareeb hindu janasankhya par bojh padta tha, jisse vivsh ho kar ve islaam kabool kar liya karte the. firoj shaah tugalak ne bataaya hai, ki kaise jajiya dvaara islaam ka prasaar hua tha.[57]

    Akbar dvaara jajiya aur hindu teerthon par lage kar hataane ke saamayik nirnayon ka hinduon par kuchh khaas prabhaav naheen pada, kyonki isse unhein kuchh khaas laabh naheen hua, kyonki ye kuchh antaraal baad vaapas laga diye gaye.[58] Akbar ne bahut se hinduon ko unki ichha ke viruddh bhi islaam grahan karavaaya tha[59] iske alaava usane bahut se hindu teerth sthaanon ke naam bhi islaami kiye, jaise 1583 mein prayaag ko Allahabad[60] kiya gaya.[61] Akbar ke shaasanakaal mein hi uske ek siphasaalaar husain Khan tukriya ne hinduon ko balapoorvak bhedabhaav darshak bille[62] unke kandhon aur baanhon par lagaane ko vivsh kiya tha.[63]

    jvaalaamukhi mandir ke sambandh mein ek katha kaafi prachalit hai. yeh 1542 se 1605 ke madhya ka hi hoga tabhi Akbar Delhi ka raaja tha. dhyaanubhakt maata jotaavaali ka param bhakt tha. ek baar devi ke darshan ke liye vah apne gaanvavaasiyo ke saath jvaalaaji ke liye nikla. jab usaka kaafila Delhi se gujara to mugal baadshah Akbar ke sipaahiyon ne use rok liya aur raaja Akbar ke darbaar mein pesh kiya. Akbar ne jab dhyaanu se poochha ki vah apne gaanvavaasiyon ke saath kahaan ja raha hai to uttar mein dhyaanu ne kaha vah jotaavaali ke darshano ke liye ja rahe hai. Akbar ne kaha teri maan mein kya shakti hai ? aur vah kya-kya kar sakti hai ? tab dhyaanu ne kaha vah to poore sansaar ki raksha karne waali hain. aisa koi bhi kaarya nahi hai jo vah naheen kar sakti hai. Akbar ne dhyaanu ke ghode ka sar katava diya aur kaha ki agar teri maan mein shakti hai to ghode ke sar ko jodkar use jeevit kar dein. yeh vachan sunakar dhyaanu devi ki stuti karne laga aur apna sir kaat kar maata ko bhet ke roop mein pradaan kiya. maata ki shakti se ghode ka sar jud gaya. is prakaar Akbar ko devi ki shakti ka ehsaas hua. baadshah Akbar ne devi ke mandir mein sone ka chhatr bhi chadhaaya. kintu uske man me abhimaan ho gaya ki vo sone ka chhatr chadhaane laaya hai, to maata ne uske haath se chhatr ko girva diya aur use ek ajeeb (nai) dhaatu ka bana diya jo aaj tak ek rahasya hai. yeh chhatr aaj bhi mandir mein maujood hai.

    itihaasakaar dasharath sharma bataate hain, ki ham Akbar ko uske darbaar ke itihaas aur varnanon jaise akabaranaama, aadi ke anusaar mahaan kehte hain.[64] yadi koi anya ullekhaneeya kaaryon ki or dekhe, jaise dalapat vilaas, tab spasht ho jaaega ki Akbar apne hindu saamanton se kitna abhadr vyavahaar kiya karta tha.[65] Akbar ke navaratn raaja Mansingh dvaara vishvanaath mandir ke nirmaan ko Akbar ki anumati ke baad kiye jaane ke kaaran hinduon ne us mandir mein jaane ka bahishkaar kar diya. kaaran saaf tha, ki raaja Mansingh ke parivaar ke Akbar se vaivaahik sambandh the.[66] Akbar ke hindu saamant usaki anumati ke bagair mandir nirmaan tak naheen kara sakte the. Bengal mein raaja Mansingh ne ek mandir ka nirmaan bina anumati ke aarambh kiya, to Akbar ne pata chalne par use rukava diya aur 1595 mein use masjid mein badalne ke aadesh diye.[67]

    Akbar ka makabara, sikandara

    Akbar ke liye aakrosh ki had ek ghatna se pata chalti hai. hindu kisaanon ke ek neta raaja Ram ne Akbar ke makabare, sikandara, Agra ko lootane ka prayaas kiya, jise sthaaneeya faujadaar, meer abul fajal ne asafal kar diya. iske kuchh hi samay baad 1688 mein raaja Ram sikandara mein dobaara prakat hua[68] aur shaaista Khan ke aane mein vilamb ka faayda uthaate hue, usane makabare par dobaara seindh lagaai aur bahut se bahumoolya saamaan, jaise sone, chaaaindi, bahumoolya kaaleen, chiraag, ityaadi loot liye, tatha jo le ja naheen saka, unhein barbaad kar gaya. raaja Ram aur uske aadamiyon ne Akbar ki asthiyon ko khod kar nikaal liya evam jala kar bhasm kar diya, jo ki muslimon ke liye ghor apamaan ka vishay tha.[69]

    hindu dharm se lagaav

    baad ke varshon mein Akbar ko anya dharmon ke prati bhi aakarshan hua. Akbar ka hindu dharm ke prati lagaav keval mugl saamraajya ko thos banaane ke hi liye nahi tha varan usaki hindu dharm mein vyaktigat ruchi thi. hindu dharm ke alaava Akbar ko shiya islaam evam isaai dharm mein bhi ruchi thi. isaai dharm ke moolabhoot siddhaant jaanane ke liye usane ek baar ek purtagaali isaai dharm prachaarak ko goaa se bula bheja tha. Akbar ne darbaar mein ek vishesh jagah banvaai thi jise ibaadat-khaana (praarthana-sthal) kaha jaata tha, jahaaain vah vibhinn dharmaguruon evam prachaarakon se dhaarmik charchaaen kiya karta tha. usaka yeh doosare dharmon ka anveshan kuchh muslim kattarpanthi logon ke liye asahaneeya tha. unhe lagne laga tha ki Akbar apne dharm se bhatak raha hai. in baaton mein kuchh sachchaai bhi thi, Akbar ne kai baar rudhivaadi islaam se hat kar bhi kuchh faisale liye, yahaaain tak ki 1582 mein usane ek naye sanpradaaya ki hi shuruaat kar di jise deen-A-ilaahi yaani ishvar ka dharm kaha gaya.

    deen-A-ilaahi

    Akbar ke makabare ka praveshadvaar
    fatehapur seekari ka buland daravaaja
    mukhya lekh : deen A ilaahi

    deen-A-ilaahi naam se Akbar ne 1582 mein[70] ek naya dharm banaaya jismein sabhi dharmo ke mool tatvon ko daala, isame pramukhat: hindu evam islaam dharm the.[71] inke alaava paarasi, jain evam isaai dharm ke mool vichaaron ko bhi sammilit kiya. haalaanki is dharm ke prachaar ke liye usane kuchh adhik udyog naheen kiye keval apne vishvast logo ko hi isame sammilit kiya. kaha jaata hain ki Akbar ke alaava keval raaja beerabal hi mrutyu tak is ke anuyaayi the. dabestaan-A-majahab ke anusaar Akbar ke pashchaat keval 19 logo ne is dharm ko apnaaya.[72][73] kaalaantar mein Akbar ne ek nae panchaang ki rachana ki jisme ki usane ek ishvareeya samvat ko aarambh kiya jo uske hi raajyaabhishek ke din se praarambh hota tha. usane tatkaaleen sikkon ke peechhe ''Allah-O-Akbar'' likhvaaya jo anekaarthi shabd tha.[74] Akbar ka shaabdik arth hai "mahaan" aur ''Allah-O-Akbar'' shabd ke do arth ho sakte the "Allah mahaan hain " ya "Akbar hi Allah hain".[75] deen-A-ilaahi sahi maayano mein dharm na hokar ek aachaar sanhita ke samaan tha. isame bhog, ghamand, ninda karna ya dosh lagaana varjit the evam inhe paap kaha gaya. daya, vichaarasheelata aur sanyam iske aadhaar stambh the.[76]

    Akbar ke navaratn

    raaja beerabal
    mukhya lekh : Akbar ke navaratn

    nirkshar hote hui bhi Akbar ko kalaakaaron evam buddhijeeviyo se vishesh prem tha. uske isi prem ke kaaran Akbar ke darbaar mein nau (9) ati gunavaan darabaari the jinhein Akbar ke navaratn ke naam se bhi jaana jaata hai.[77][78]

    • abul fajal (1551 - 1602) ne Akbar ke kaal ko kalamabaddh kiya tha. usane akabaranaama ki bhi rachana ki thi. isne hi aain-A-akabari bhi racha tha.
    • faiji (1547 - 1595) abul fajal ka bhaai tha. vah faarasi mein kavita karta tha. raaja Akbar ne use apne bete ke ganit shikshak ke pad par niyukt kiya tha.
    • minya taanasen Akbar ke darbaar mein gaayak the. vah kavita bhi likha karte the.
    • raaja beerabal (1528 - 1583) darbaar ke vidooshak aur Akbar ke salaahakaar the. ye param buddhimaan kahe jaate hain. inke Akbar ke sang kisse aaj bhi kahe jaate hain.
    • raaja todaramal Akbar ke vitt mantri the. inhonne vishv ki pratham bhoomi lekha jokha evam maapan pranaali taiyaar ki thi.
    • raaja maan Singh aamber (Jaipur) ke kachhavaaha rajput raaja the. vah Akbar ki sena ke pradhaan senaapati the. inki buaa jodhaabaai Akbar ki pataraani thi.
    • abdul raheem Khan-ai-khaana ek kavi the aur Akbar ke sanrakshak bairam Khan ke bete the.
    • fakeer ajion-din Akbar ke salaahakaar the.
    • mullaah do piaja Akbar ke salaahakaar the.

    film evam saahitya mein

    Akbar ka vyaktitv bahucharchit raha hai. isliye bhaarateeya saahitya evam cinema ne Akbar se prerit kai paatr rache gaye hain.

    mugl samraaton ka kaalakram

    बहादुर शाह द्वितीय अकबर शाह द्वितीय अली गौहर मुही-उल-मिल्लत अज़ीज़ुद्दीन अहमद शाह बहादुर रोशन अख्तर बहादुर रफी उद-दौलत रफी उल-दर्जत फर्रुख्शियार जहांदार शाह बहादुर शाह प्रथम औरंगज़ेब शाहजहाँ जहांगीर हुमायूँ इस्लाम शाह सूरी शेर शाह सूरी हुमायूँ बाबर


    inhein bhi dekhein

    sandarbh

    1. ↑ a aa "Akbar". the south asian. http://www.the-south-asian.com/Dec2000/Akbar.htm. abhigman tithi: 2008-05-23.
    2. ↑ a aa i kanvarjn of islaamik end krishchiyn dets (dual) antaran karne vaale ke anusaar baadshah Akbar ki janm tithi humaayunnaama ke anusaar, rajjab ke chauthe din, 949 hijri, tadanusaar 14 October 1542 ko thi.
    3. ↑ a aa i E u Fazl, Abul (April 02, 2005). Akbar mahaan. manoj pablikeshan. pa॰ 100. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 3982.
    4. ↑ "timurid daayanesti". new world ensaaiklopeediya. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Timurid_Dynasty. abhigman tithi: 18 July 2009.
    5. ↑ "jalaal-ud-deen mohammad Akbar baayograafi". bukaraigs. http://www.bookrags.com/biography/jalal-ud-din-mohammed-akbar/. abhigman tithi: 23 May 2008.
    6. ↑ "ekstaint of empaayar". http://www.writespirit.net/authors/akbar.
    7. ↑ "Akbar mahaan" (hindi mein) (peeechapi). bhaarateeya saahitya sangrah. http://pustak.org/bs/home.php?bookid=3982. abhigman tithi: 2009.
    8. ↑ "the naain James of Akbar". boloji. http://www.boloji.com/history/022.htm. abhigman tithi: 2008-05-23.
    9. ↑ a aa i fjl, abul. akabaranaama, khand 2.
    10. ↑ prasaad, ishvari (1970). the laaif end times of humaayun. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ishwari%20Prasad%20life%20and%20times%20of%20humayun&hl=en&lr=&oi=scholart.
    11. ↑ "Akbar". Columbia vishvakosh. 2008. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Akbar.html. abhigman tithi: 2008-05-30.
    12. ↑ a aa Maurice S. Dimand (1953). "mugal peintig andar Akbar the great". the metropolitan myoojiym of Art buletin 12 (2): 46-51. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3257529.
    13. ↑ Habib 1997, prushth 84
    14. ↑ subrahmanyam, sanjaya (2005). mugals end frainks. oksford vishvavidyaalaya press. pa॰ 55. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 9780195668667.
    15. ↑ Habib 1997, prushth 85
    16. ↑ Hasan 2007, prushth 73
    17. ↑ fjl, abul. akabaranaama khand-3.
    18. ↑ Akbar di great. smith, vinset. pru.236
    19. ↑ kaun kehta hai – Akbar mahaan tha ! 18. agar Akbar se sabhi prem karte the, aadar ki drushti se dekhte the to is prakaar sheeghrataapoorvak bina kisi utsav ke use kyon dafnaaya gaya ?. jaagaran jankshan. shreevaastav, di.ke.
    20. ↑ hauyalaind, J.S; bainarji S.N (1996). kamentri of father maunsarret, S.J: on hij jarni too the court of Akbar, asian edyukeshanal sarvisej. published. pa॰ 57. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 8120608070.
    21. ↑ ghaag 10: barth of Akbar humaayunnaama, Columbia vishvavidyaalaya
    22. ↑ bainarji, S.ke. humaayun baadshah.
    23. ↑ fjl, abul. akabaranaama, khand 1.
    24. ↑ the ren of humaayooain. islaamik Art. (angreji)
    25. ↑ emparar humaayun. indiyaasaait.com. abhigman tithi: 26 siranbar, 2010
    26. ↑ "guradaas". Punjab sarkaar]]. http://punjabgovt.nic.in/government/gurdas1.GIF. abhigman tithi: 30 May 2008.
    27. ↑ itihaas gurudaasapur jila aadhikaarik jaalasthal.
    28. ↑ chandra 2007, prushth 226
    29. ↑ smith 2002, prushth 337
    30. ↑ a aa kaun kehta hai – Akbar mahaan tha ! Akbar – ek parichay. jaagaran jankshan. 30 June 2010. shreevaastav, di.ke
    31. ↑ shreevaastav evam aalam (2008) | shreevaastav, A.L & aalam, mujffr (2008). Bhaarat. britainniya vishvakosh
    32. ↑ kaun kehta hai – Akbar mahaan tha ! 15. agar fatehapur sikri ka nirmaan Akbar ne karaaya to is naam ka ullekh Akbar ke pehle ke itihaason mein kaise hai ?. jaagaran jankshan. shreevaastav, di.ke.
    33. ↑ a aa the ren of Akbar. islaamik Art.(angreji)
    34. ↑ sarkaar 1984, prushth 36
    35. ↑ chandra 2007, prushth 242-243
    36. ↑ naath 1982, prushth 397
    37. ↑ naath 1982, prushth 52
    38. ↑ a aa i E chandra 2007, prushth 243
    39. ↑ a aa sarkaar 1984, prushth 37
    40. ↑ aalam, mujffr; subrahmanyam, sanjaya (1998). the mugal state, 1526-1750. oksford vishvavidyaalaya press. pa॰ 177. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 9780195639056.
    41. ↑ sarkaar 1984, prushth 38-40
    42. ↑ sarkaar 1984, prushth 38
    43. ↑ aaine akabari, bhaag 3, prushth 378
    44. ↑ aaine akabari, pru-15
    45. ↑ a aa i kaun kehta hai – Akbar mahaan tha ! 10. kya aisa kaamuk evam patit baadshah Akbar mahaan hai !. jaagaran jankshan. shreevaastav, di.ke.
    46. ↑ Rajasthan ka itihaas. Colonel taud. pru.274-275
    47. ↑ habeeb 1997, prushth 256
    48. ↑ habeeb 1997, prushth 256-257
    49. ↑ habeeb 1997, prushth 259
    50. ↑ habeeb 1997, prushth 260
    51. ↑ moosavi 2008, prushth 246
    52. ↑ ottoman court krauniklars (1578). muhimme daftarleri, khand 32, pru.292 framaan 740 shaabaan 986.
    53. ↑ Khan, iktidaar aalam (1999). Akbar end hij ej. naurdarn book sentar. pa॰ 218. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 9788172111083.
    54. ↑ ottoman court krauniklars (1588). muhimme daftarleri, khand 62, pru.205 framaan 457 rabi ul avval 996.
    55. ↑ de, upendr naath (1972). the mugal gavarnmeint, A.di. 1556-1707. munsheeraam manoharalaal. pa॰ 134.
    56. ↑ daasagupta, ajeet Kumar (1993). history of Indian ikaunomik thaut. raautalej. pa॰ 45. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0415061954.
    57. ↑ hinduon par lage kar, Akbar kaal mein
    58. ↑ Khan, iktidaar aalam (1968). journal of royal eshiyaatik society 1968 san.1. pa॰ 29-36.
    59. ↑ Habib 1997, prushth 84
    60. ↑ kaundar, josiyaah (1828). the modern traivalar: A paupular diskripshan. aar H tims. pa॰ 282.
    61. ↑ deefaholts, maargaaret; deefholts, glen; aachaarya, kventaain (2006). the ve vi var: englo-indiyn kraunikls. kailkata tiljallaah rileef inka.isbn=0975463934. pa॰ 87.
    62. ↑ harabans mukhiya (2004). the mugals of indiya. Blackwell prakaashan. pa॰ 153. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 9780631185550.
    63. ↑ nijjar, bakhsheesh Singh (1968). Punjab- under the great mugals, 1526-1707. thaakar. pa॰ 128.
    64. ↑ paaleevaal, dau॰aadi L (shiksha). mahaaraana prataap smruti granth. saahitya sansthaan Rajasthan vidyaapeeth. pa॰ 182.
    65. ↑ paaleevaal, dau॰aadi L (shiksha). mahaaraana prataap smruti granth. saahitya sansthaan Rajasthan vidyaapeeth. pa॰ 183.
    66. ↑ udayakumaar, S pi (2005). prejenting the paast: enkshiys history end enkshiyant future in hindutv India. greenavud prakaashan gruh. pa॰ 99. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0275972097.
    67. ↑ forbs, jeraaldin; taumlisn, bi aar (2005). the new kaimbrij history of indiya. kaimbrij yunivrsiti press. pa॰ 73. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0521267285.
    68. ↑ mahaajan, vi di;. history of medeeviyl indiya. S chaand. pa॰ 168. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 8121903645.
    69. ↑ manusi, nikkaalaao; (1907). mogor, storiya. John marre. pa॰ 319.
    70. ↑ bhaarateeya itihaas aur vish‍aav mein mahat‍aavapoorn tithiyaaain. Bhaarat vikaas dwaar
    71. ↑ jalaal uddeen mohammad Akbar. sakses mantra. aravind shukla. 15 October
    72. ↑ deen-A-ilaahi britaanika jnyaaanakosh
    73. ↑ bhaarateeya pariprekshya mein dharmanirpekshata. krushn Kumar Yadav. 3 March 2010. port bleyar
    74. ↑ deen-A-ilaahi. braj diskavari
    75. ↑ mahaan islaamik saamraajyon ka udaya (mugl saamraajya : Akbar)
    76. ↑ Akbar mahaan. dharamapaal baariya. manoj pablikeshan. April 02, 2005.ISBN 81-8133-613-5|
    77. ↑ Akbar ke navaratn kaun the? jingagi ki paathashaala. bhaavesh. 2 fravarri, 2010
    78. ↑ Akbar ke navaratn. braj diskavari
    79. ↑ enchaintres of floreins ki sameeksha

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    janm: 15 October 1542 mrutyu: 27 October 1605
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