1857 ka pratham bhaarateeya svatantrata sangraam

1857/58 ka Bhaarat ka svaadheenata sangraam
1857 ki kraanti ki shurooaat karne vaale vidyamaan kotaval dhan Singh gurjar ki kamishnari chauk, Meerut mein pratima[1]
tithi 10 May 1857 sthaan Bhaarat (cf. 1857)[2] parinaam vidroh ka daman, East India company ke shaasan ka ant, niyantran british taaj ke haath mein. kshetreeya badlaav poorv East India company ke kshetron ko milaakar bana bhaarateeya saamraajya, in kshetron me se kuchh to sthaaneeya raajaaon ko lauta diye gaye jabki kaiyon ko british taaj dvaara jabt kar liya gaya.
yoddha
mugl saamraajya East India company sipaahi 7 bhaarateeya riyaasatein gvaaliyr dhade avadh ke apadasth raaja ke bete birjis kadr ke anuyaai svatantr raajya Jhansi ki apadasth raani, raani lakshmeebaai ki sena kuchh bhaarateeya naagrik; mukhyat: avadh ke taallukedaaron (saamanti jameendaar) aur gaajiyon (dharmayoddha) ke anuchar.	british sena East India company ke sipaahi deshi upadravi aur East India company ke british sainik Bengal preseedeinsi ke british naagrik swayamsevak 21 riyaasatein Jaipur Bikaner maaravaad Rampur kapoorathala naabha Bhopal sirohi mevaad Patiala sirmaur alavar bharatapur boondi jaavara beejaavaar ajayagadh reeva kendujhaad Hyderabad Kashmir Nepal ki raajashaahi kshetr ke anya chhote raajya
senaanaayak
bahaadur shaah dviteeya naana saaheb mirja mugl bakht Khan raani lakshmeebaai taatya tope begam hajarat mahal	pradhaan senaapati, Bhaarat: George enason (May 1857 se) sar paitrik graant kaulin kainpabail (August 1857 se) jang bahaadur[3]

1857 ke bhaarateeya svatantrata sangraam ke shaheedon ko samarpit Bhaarat ka daakatikt.

1857 ka bhaarateeya vidroh, jise pratham bhaarateeya svatantrata sangraam, gurjar vidroh, sipaahi vidroh aur bhaarateeya vidroh ke naam se bhi jaana jaata hai jiski shurooaat Meerut ke kotavaal ghanasinh gurjar ne 10 May 1857 ko ki. britaani shaasan ke viruddh ek sashastr vidroh tha. yeh vidroh do varshon tak Bhaarat ke vibhinn kshetron mein chala. is vidroh ka aarambh chhaavani kshetron mein chhoti jhadpon tatha aagajani se hua tha parantu January maas tak isne ek bada rup le liya. vidroh ka ant Bhaarat mein East India company ke shaasan ki samaapti ke saath hua aur poore Bhaarat par britaani taaj ka pratyaksh shaasan aarambh ho gaya jo agale 90 varshon tak chala.^[4]

1857-59' ke dauraan huye bhaarateeya vidroh ke pramukh kendron: Meerut, Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, jhaaainsi aur gvaaliyr ko darshaata san 1912 ka naksha

East India company ne Robert klaaiv ke netrutv mein san 1757 mein plaasi ka yuddh jeeta. yuddh ke baad hui sandhi mein angrejon ko Bengal mein kar mukt vyaapaar ka adhikaar mil gaya. san 1764 mein baksar ka yuddh jeetne ke baad angrejon ka Bengal par poori tarah se adhikaar ho gaya. in do yuddhon mein hui jeet ne angrejon ki taakat ko bahut badha diya aur unki sainya kshamata ko paramparaagat bhaarateeya sainya kshamata se shreshth siddh kar diya. company ne iske baad saare Bhaarat par apna prabhaav failaana aarambh kar diya.

1857 ke gadar ke samay ke bhaarateeya raajya.

san 1843 mein East India company ne sindh kshetr par raktaranjit ladaai ke baad adhikaar kar liya. san 1839 mein mahaaraaja ranajeet Singh ki mrutyu ke baad kamjor hue Punjab par angrejon ne apna haath badhaaya aur san 1848 mein doosra angrej-sikh yuddh hua. san 1849 mein company ka Punjab par bhi adhikaar ho gaya. san 1853 mein aakhri maraatha peshava baaji Rao ke dattak putr naana saaheb ki padavi chheen li gayi aur unka vaarshik kharcha band kar diya gaya.

san 1854 mein baraar aur san 1856 mein avadh ko company ke raajya mein mila liya gaya.

san 1857 ke vidroh ke vibhinn raajanaitik, aarthik, dhaarmik, sainik tatha saamaajik kaaran bataaye jaate hain.

vaichaarik matabhed

kai itihaasakaaron ka maanana hai ki us samay ke janamaanas mein yeh dhaarana thi ki, angrej unhein jabardasti ya dhokhe se isaai banaana chaahate the. yeh poori tarah se galat bhi naheen tha, kuchh company adhikaari dharm parivartan ke kaarya mein jute the. haalaanki company ne dharm parivartan ko sveekruti kabhi naheen di. company is baat se avagat thi ki dharm, paaramparik bhaarateeya samaaj mein vidroh ka ek kaaran ban sakta hai. isse pehle solahaveen sadi mein Bhaarat tatha Japan se purtagaaliyon ke patan ka ek kaaran yeh bhi tha ki unhonne janta par isaai dharm balaat laadne ka prayaas kiya tha.

Lord dalahauji ki raajya hadapne ki naati, daaktrin auf laips ke antargat anek raajya jaise jhaaainsi, avadh, sataara, Nagpur aur sanbalapur ko angrejee raajya mein mila liya gaya aur inke uttaraadhikaari raaja se angrejee raajya se peinshan paane vaale karmachaari ban gaye. shaahi gharaane, jameendaar aur senaaon ne apne aap ko berojagaar aur adhikaaraheen paaya. ye log angrejon ke haathon apni sharmindagi aur haar ka badla lene ke liye taiyaar the. Lord dalahauji ke shaasan ke aath varshon mein das lakh vargameel kshetr ko company ke adhikaar me le liya gaya. iske atirikt East India company ki Bengal sena mein bahut se sipaahi avadh se bharti hote the, ve avadh mein hone waali ghatnaaon se achhoote nahi rah sake. Nagpur ke shaahi gharaane ke aabhooshanon ki Calcutta mein boli lagaayi gayi is ghatna ko shaahi parivaar ke prati anaadar ke rup mein dekha gaya.

bhaarateeya, company ke kathor shaasan se bhi naaraaj the jo ki teji se fail raha tha aur pashchimi sabhyta ka prasaar kar raha tha. angrejon ne hinduon aur musalamaanon ke us samay maane jaane vaale bahut se rivaajon ko gairkaanooni ghoshit kar diya jo ki angrejon dvaara asamaajik maane jaate the. ismein sati pratha par rok lagaana shaamil tha. yahaan dhyaan dene yogya baat yah hai ki sikhon ne yeh bahut pehle hi band kar diya tha aur Bengal ke prasiddh samaaj sudhaarak raaja raamamohan rai is pratha ko band karne ke paksh mein prachaar kar rahe the. in kaanoonon ne samaaj ke kuchh pakshon mukhyat: Bengal me krodh utpann kar diya. angrejon ne baal vivaah pratha ko samaapt kiya tatha kanya bhroon hatya par bhi rok lagaayi. angrejon dvaara thagi ki samaapti bhi ki gayi parantu yeh sandeh abhi bhi bana hua hai ki thag ek dhaarmik samudaaya tha ya keval saadhaaran dakaiton ka samudaaya.

britaani nyaaya vyavastha bhaarateeyon ke liye anyaayapoorn maani jaati thi. san 1853 mein Britain ke pradhaanamantri laurd abredeen ne prashaasanik seva ko bhaarateeyon ke liye khol diya parantu kuchh prabuddh bhaarateeyon ke hisaab se yeh sudhaar paryaapt nahi tha. company ke adhikaariyon ko bhaarateeyon ke viruddh nyaayaalayon mein anek apeelon ka adhikaar praapt tha. company bhaarateeyon par bhaari kar bhi lagaati thi jise na chukaane ki sthiti mein unki sampatti adhigrahit kar li jaati thi. company ke aadhunikeekaran ke prayaason ko paaramparik bhaarateeya samaaj mein sandeh ki drushti se dekha gaya. logo ne maana ki railway jo Bombay se sarvapratham chala ek daanav hai aur logo par viptti laayega.

parantu bahut se itihaasakaaron ka yeh bhi maanana hai ki in sudhaaron ko badha chadha kar bataaya gaya hai kyonki company ke paas in sudhaaron ko laagoo karne ke saadhan nahi the aur Calcutta se door unka prabhaav naganya tha^[5].

aarthik kaaran

1857 ke vidroh ka ek pramukh kaaran company dvaara bhaarateeyon ka aarthik shoshan bhi tha. company ki neetiyon ne Bhaarat ki paaramparik arthavyavastha ko poori tarah se samaapt kar diya tha. in neetiyon ke kaaran bahut se kisaan, kaareegar, shramik aur kalaakaar kangaal ho gaye. inke saath saath jameendaaron aur bade kisaanon ki sthiti bhi badatar ho gayi. san 1813 mein company ne ek tarafa mukt vyaapaar ki neeti apna li iske antargat britaani vyaapaariyon ko aayaat karne ki poori chhoot mil gayi, paramparaagat takaneek se bani hui bhaarateeya vastuen iske saamane tik naheen saki aur bhaarateeya shahari hastashilp vyaapaar ko akalpaneeya kshati hui.

rel seva ke aane ke saath graameen kshetr ke laghu udyam bhi nasht ho gaye. rel seva ne britaani vyaapaariyon ko door daraaj ke gaavon tak pahuainch de di. sabse adhik kshati kapda udyog (kapaas aur resham) ko hui. iske saath loha vyaapaar, bartan, kaanch, kaagaj, dhaatu, bandook, jahaaj aur rangareji ke udyogon ko bhi bahut kshati hui. 18 veen aur 19 veen shataabdi mein Britain aur Europe mein aayaat kar aur anek rokon ke chalte bhaarateeya niryaat samaapt ho gaya. paaramparik udyogon ke nasht hone aur saath saath aadhunik udyogon ka vikaas na hone ki kaaran yeh sthiti aur bhi visham ho gayi. saadhaaran janta ke paas kheti ke alaava koi aur saadhan nahi bacha.

kheti karne vaale kisaano ki haalat bhi kharaab thi. britaani shaasan ke praarambh mein kisaanon ko jameedaaron ki daya par chhod diya gaya, jinhone lagaan ko bahut badhaa diya aur begaar tatha anya tareekon se kisaano ka shoshan karna praarambh kar diya. company ne kheti ke sudhaar par bahut kam kharch kiya aur adhiktar lagaan company ke kharchon ko poora karne me prayog hota tha. fasal ke kharaab hone ki dasha mein kisaano ko saahookaar adhik byaaj par karja dete the aur anapadh kisaano kai tareekon se thagate the. britaani kaanoon vyavastha ke antargat bhoomi hastaantaran vaidh ho jaane ke kaaran kisaanon ko apni bhoomi se bhi haath dhona padta tha. in samasyaaon ke kaaran samaaj ke har varg mein asantosh vyaapt tha.

raajanaitik kaaran

san 1848 aur 1856 ke beech laard dalahoji ne daaktrin auf laips ke kaanoon ke antargat anek raajyon par adhikaar kar liya. is siddhaant anusaar koi raajya, kshetr ya britaani prabhaav ka kshetr company ke adheen ho jaayega, yadi kshetr ka raaja nisntaan mar jaata hai ya shaasak company ki drushti mein ayogya saabit hota hai. is siddhaant par kaarya karte hue laard dalahoji aur uske uttaraadhikaari laard kainnig ne sataara,Nagpur,jhaaainsi,avadh ko company ke shaasan mein mila liya. company dvaara todi gayi sandhiyon aur vaadon ke kaaran company ki raajanaitik vishvasaniyta par bhi prashnachinh lag chuka tha. san 1849 mein laard dalahoji ki ghoshana ke anusaar bahaadur shaah ke uttaraadhikaari ko aitihaasik laal kila chhodna padega aur shahar ke baahar jaana hoga aur san 1856 mein laard kainnig ki ghoshana ki bahaadur shaah ke uttaraadhikaari raaja naheen kahalaayeinge ne mugalon ko company ke vidroh mein khada kar diya.

sipaahiyon ki aashanka

sipaahi moolat: company ki Bengal sena me kaam karne vaale bhaarateeya mool ke sainik the. Mumbai, Madras aur Bengal preseedensi ki apni alag sena aur senaapramukh hota tha. is sena mein britaani sena se adhik sipaahi the. san 1857 mein is sena me 2,57,000 sipaahi the. Mumbai aur Madras preseedensi ki sena me alag alag kshetro ke log hone ki kaaran ye senaaen vibhinnata se poorn thi aur iname kisi ek kshetr ke logo ka prabhutv nahi tha. parantu Bengal preseedensi ki sena me bharti hone vaale sainik mukhyat: avadh aur ganga ke maidaani ilaako ke bhoomihaar braahman aur rajput the. company ke praarambhik varshon mein Bengal sena mein jaatigt visheshaadhikaaron aur reetirivaajon ko mahatva diya jaata tha parantu san 1840 ke baad Calcutta mein aadhunikta pasand sarkaar aane ke baad sipaahiyon mein apni jaati khone ki aashanka vyaapt ho gayi|^[6] sena mein sipaahiyon ko jaati aur dharm se sambandhit chinh pahanane se mana kar diya gaya. san 1856 me ek aadesh ke antargat sabhi naye bharti sipaahiyon ko videsh me kuchh samay ke liye kaam karna anivaarya kar diya gaya. sipaahi dheere-dheere sena ke jeevan ke vibhinn pahaluon se asantusht ho chuke the. sena ka vetan kam tha aur avadh aur Punjab jeetne ke baad sipaahiyon ka bhatta bhi samaapt kar diya gaya tha. enafeeld bandook ke baare mein faili afavaahon ne sipaahiyon ki aashanka ko aur badhaa diya ki company unki dharm aur jaati parivartan karna chaahati hai.

enafeeld bandook

san 1853 ki 3-baind inafild bandook

vidroh ka praarambh ek bandook ki vajah se hua. sipaahiyon ko paitaऱan 1853 enafeeld bandook di gayeen jo ki 0.577 kaileebar ki bandook thi tatha puraani aur kai dashakon se upayog me laayi ja rahi brown bais ke mukaabale me shaktishaali aur achook thi. nayi bandook me goli daagane ki aadhunik pranaali (prikshan kaip) ka prayog kiya gaya tha parantu bandook mein goli bharne ki prakriya puraani thi. nayi enafeeld bandook bharne ke liye kaaratoos ko daanton se kaat kar kholana padata tha aur usame bhare hue baarud ko bandook ki nali mein bhar kar kaaratoos ko daalna padata tha. kaaratoos ka baahari aavaran me charbi hoti thi jo ki use paani ki seelan se bachaati thi.

sipaahiyon ke beech afvaah fail chuki thi ki kaaratoos me lagi hui charbi suar aur gaaya ke maans se banaayi jaati hai. yeh hindu aur musalmaan sipaahiyon donon ki dhaarmik bhaavanaaon ke viruddh tha britaani afsaron ne ise afvaah bataaya aur sujhaav diya ki sipaahi naye kaaratoos banaaye jisme bakare ya madhumakkkhi ki charbi prayog ki jaaye. is sujhaav ne sipaahiyon ke beech faili is afvaah ko aur pukhta kar diya. doosra sujhaav yeh diya gaya ki sipaahi kaaratoos ko daanton se kaatne ki bajaay haathon se kholein. parantu sipaahiyon ne ise ye kehte hue asvikaar kar diya ki ve kabhi bhi nayi kavaayad ko bhool sakte hain aur daanton se kaaratoos ko kaat sakte hain.

tatkaaleen britaani sena pramukh (Bhaarat) George enasan ne apne afsaron ki salaah ko darakinaar hue is kavaayad aur nayi bandook se utpann hui samasya ko sulajhaane se

afvaahein

aik aur afvaah jo ki us samay faili hui thi, company ka raajya san 1757 me plaasi ka yuddh se praarambh hua tha aur san 1857 mein 100 varshon baad samaapt ho jaayega. chapaatiyaan aur kamal ke fool Bhaarat ke anek bhaagon mein vitrit hone lage. ye aane vaale vidroh ke lakshn the.

1857 ki kraanti ka praarambh/aarambh ”a10 May 1857“ ko ”ameratha“ me hua tha aur isko samast bhaaratavaasi 10 May ko pratyek varsh ”akraanti divsa“ ke roop mein manaate hain, kraanti ki shurooaat karne ka shreya amar shaheed kotavaal dhanasinh gurjar ko jaata hai

kotavaal dhanasinh gurjar

kotavaal ghanasinh gurjar - 1857 kraanti ke janak

10 May 1857 ke din Meerut mein dhanasinh ke netrutv me vidrohi sainikon aur police fors ne angrejon ke virooddh kraantikaari ghatnaaon ko anjaam diya. dhan Singh kotavaal janta ke sampark mein the, ghanasinh ka sandesh milte hi hajaaron ki sankhya mein gurjar kraantikaari raat mein Meerut pahunch gaye . samast pashchimi uttar pradesh,deharaadoon,Delhi,muraadaabaad, bijnaur, Agra, Jhansi,Punjab, Rajasthan se lekar Maharashtra tak ke gurjar is svatantrata sangraam mein kood pade. vidroh ki khabar milte hi aas-paas ke gaanv ke hajaaron graameen gurjar Meerut ki sadar kotavaali kshetr mein jama ho gaye. isi kotavaali mein dhan Singh Police Chief ke pad par the. 10 May 1857 ko dhan Singh ne ki yojana ke anusaar badi chaturaai se british sarkaar ke vafaadaar police karmiyon ko kotavaali ke bheetar chale jaane aur vaheen rahane ka aadesh diya. aur dhan Singh ke netrutv mein der raat 2 baje jail todkar 836 kaidiyon ko chhudaakar jail ko aag laga di chhudaae kaidi bhi kraanti mein shaamil ho gaye. usase pehle bheed ne poore sadar baajaar aur kaint kshetr mein jo kuchh bhi angrejon se sambandhit tha sab nasht kar chuki thi. raat mein hi vidrohi sainik Delhi kooch kar gaye aur vidroh Meerut ke dehaat mein fail gaya.

is kraanti ke pashchaat british sarkaar ne dhan Singh ko mukhya roop se doshi thaharaaya, aur seedhe aarop lagaate hue kaha ki dhan Singh kotavaal kyonki swayam gurjar hai isliye usane gurjaro ki bheed ko naheen roka aur unhe khula sanrakshan diya . iske baad ghanasinh ko giraftaar kar Meerut ke ek chauraahe par faaainsi par lataka diya gaya 1857 ki kraanti ki shurooaat dhan Singh kotavaal ne ki at: isliye 1857 ki kraanti ke janak kahe jaate hai . Meerut ki prushthabhoomi mein angrejon ke julm ki daastaan chhupi hui hai Meerut gajetiyr ke varnan ke anusaar 4 July, 1857 ko praat: 4 baje paanchali par ek angrej risaale ne 56 ghudsavaar, 38 paidal sipaahi aur 10 topon se hamla kiya. poore gram ko top se uda diya gaya. saikadon gurjar kisaan maare gaye, jo bach gaye unako kaid kar faansi ki saja de di gayi. aachaarya deepaankar dvaara rachit pustak "svaadheenata aandolan" aur Meerut ke anusaar paanchali ke 80 logon ko faansi ki saja di gayi thi. gram gagol ke bhi 9 logon ko dashahare ke din faaainsi ki saja di gayi aur poore gram ko nasht kar diya. aaj bhi is gram mein dashhara naheen manaaya jaata.

Meerut aur Delhi

Meerut ke shaheed smaarak parisar mein sthit ek soochana patti jis par court maarshiyl kiye gaye 85 sainikon ke naam darj hain

Meerut ek doosra bada sainik adda tha jahaan 2,357 bhaarateeya, 2,038 britaani sipaahi, 12 britaani sipaahiyon dvaara sanchaalit topein upasthit theen. Bengal sena mein asantosh ki baat sabhi log us samay bhaleebhaanti jaante the, fir bhi 24 April ko 3 Bengal laait kaivalari (ghudasavaar dasta) ke senaanaayak laiftinent-Colonel George kaarmishail smith ne apne 90 sipaahiyon ko pared karne aur golaabaari ka abhyaas karne ko kaha. paanch ko chhod kar sabhi sipaahiyon ne parade karne aur kaaratoos lene se mana kar diya. 9 May ko 85 sipaahiyon ka sainik adaalat dvaara court maarshal kar diya gaya, adhiktar sipaahiyon ko 10 varsh ke kathor kaaraavaas ka dand sunaaya gaya. 11 sipaahi jinki aayu kuchh kam thi unhein 5 varsh ka dand sunaaya haya. bandi sipaahiyon ko bediyon mein baaaindhakar aur vardi utaar kar sena ke saamane pared karaai gayi. iske liye bandi sipaahiyon ne apne saathi sainikon ko samarthan na karne ke liye bhi doshi thaharaaya. sabse jyada yogadaan kotavaal dhan sinh gurjar ka tha yahaaain kamaan unke haath mein rahi|

agala din ravivaar ka tha, is din adhiktar isaai aaraam aur pooja karte the. kuchh bhaarateeya sipaahiyon ne britaani afsaron ko, bandi sipaahiyon ko jabaran chhudaane ki yojana ka samaachaar diya, parantu bade adhikaariyon ne is par koi dhyaan nahi diya. Meerut shahar mein bhi ashaanti faili huyi thi. baajaar me kai virodh pradarshan hue the aur aagajani ki ghatanaayein huyi thi. shaam ko bahut se yooropiya adhikaari church jaane ko taiyaar ho rahe the, jabki bahut se yooropiya sainik chhutti par the aur Meerut ke baajaar ya kainteen gaye hue the. bhaarateeya sipaahiyon ne 3 Bengal laait kaivalari ke netratv mein vidroh kar diya. kanishth adhikaariyon ne vidroh ko dabaane ka prayaas kiya par ve sipaahiyon dvaara maare gaye. yooropiya adhikaareeyon aur asainikon ke gharon par bhi hamla hua aur 4 asainik, 8 mahilaayein aur 8 bachche maare gaye. chhutti par gaye sipaahiyon ne baajaar mein bheed par bhi hamla kiya. sipaahiyon ne apne 85 bandi saathiyon aur 800 anya bandiyon ko bhi chhuda liya.^[7]

kuchh sipaahiyon ne (mukhyt: 11 Bengal netiv infaintri) vidroh karne se pehle vishvasneeya adhikaariyon aur unke parivaaron ko surakshit sthaan par panhucha diya. ^[8] kuchh adhikaari aur unke parivaar Rampur bach nikle aur unhone Rampur ke navaab ke yahaan sharan li. 50 bhaarateeya asainik (adhikaariyon ke naukar jinhone apne maaliko ko bachaane ya chhupaane ka prayaas kiya) bhi vidrohiyon dvaara maare gaye.^[9] nar sanhaar ki atishyokti poorn kahaaniyon aur marne vaalon ki sankhya ne company ko asainik bhaarateeya aur vidrohiyon ke daman ka ek bahaana de diya.

varishth company adhikaari, mukhyt: major-general hevitt jo ki sena ke pramukh the aur 70 varsh ke the pratikriya mein dheemein rahe. britaani sainik (60 raaiflon aur yooropiya sainikon dvaara sanchaalit Bengal topakhaana) aage bade parantu unhein vidrohi sipaahiyon se ladane ka koi aadesh nahi mila aur ve keval apne mukhyaalaya aur topakhaane ki suraksha hi kar sake. 11 May ki subah ko jab ve ladne ko taiyaar hue tab tak vidrohi sipaahi Delhi ki or ja chuke the.

usi subah 3 Bengal laait kaivalari Delhi panhuchi. unhone bahaadur shaah jfr se unka netrutv karne ko kaha. bahaadur shaah ne us samay kuchh naheen kaha par kile mein upasthit anya logo ne vidroheeyon ka saath diya. din mein vidroh Delhi mein fail gaya. bahut se yooropiya adhikaari, unke parivaar, bhaarateeya dharmaantarit isaai aur vyaapaariyon par sipaahiyon aur dangaaiyon dvaara bhi hamle hue. lagbhag 50 logon ko bahaadur shaah ke naukaron dvaara mahal ke baahar maar daala gaya.^[10]

Delhi ke paas hi Bengal netiv infaintri ki teen battalion upasthit thi, battalion ke kuchh daste turant hi vidrohiyon ke saath mil gaye aur baakiyon ne vidrohiyo par vaar karne se mana kar diya. dopahar me nagar mein ek bhayaanak dhamaaka sunaayi pada. nagar mein bane hue shastraagaar ko bachaane mein tainaat 9 britaani adhikaariyon ne vidrohi sipaahiyon aur apni hi suraksha mein lage sipaahiyon par goleebaari ki. parantu asafl hone par unhone shastraagaar ko uda diya. 9 mein se 6 adhikaari bach gaye par us dhamaake se us sadak par rahane vaale kai logo ki mrutyu ho gayi.^[11] Delhi mein ho rahi in ghatnaaon ka samaachaar sun kar nagar ke baahar tainaat sipaahiyon ne bhi khula vidroh kar diya.

bhaag rahe yooropiya adhikaari aur asainik uttari Delhi ke nikat flaig staaf burj ke paas ekatrit hue. yahaan bahut se taar sanchaalak britaani mukhyaalaya ko ho rahi ghatnaaon ka samaachaar de rahe the. jab ye spasht ho gaya ki koi sahaayata nahi milegi to ve karanaal ki or badhe. raaste mein kuchh logo ki sahaayata graameenon ne ki aur kuchh yooropiyon ko loota aura maara bhi gaya.

agale din bahaadur shaah ne kai varshon baad apna pehla adhikaarik darbaar lagaaya. bahut se sipaahi ismein sammilit hue. bahaadur shaah in ghatnaaon se chintit the par antat: unhone sipaahiyon ko apna samarthan aur netrutv dene ki ghoshana kar di.

Delhi mein huyi ghatnaaon ka samaachaar teji se faila aur isne vibhinn jilon mein sipaahiyon ke beech asantosh ko aur faila diya. in mein bahut si ghatnaaon ka kaaran britaani adhikaariyon ka vyavahaar tha jisne avyavastha ko failaaya. Delhi par hue adhikaar ki baat taar se jaanane ke baad bahut se company adhikaari sheeghrata mein apne parivaar aur naukaron ke saath surakshit sthaanon par chale gaye. Delhi se 160 ki॰mee॰ door Agra mein lagbhag 6000 asainik kile par ikaththa ho gaye.^[12] jis sheeghrata mein asainik apna pad chhod kar bhaage usase vidrohi sainikon un kshetron ko bahut bal mila. yadyapi baaki adhikaari apne padon par tainaat the par itne kam logon ke kaaran kisi prakaar ki vyavastha banaana asambhav tha. bahut se adhikaari vidrohiyon aur aparaadhiyon dvaara maare gaye.

sainik adhikaareeyon ne bhi sanyojit tareeke se kaarya naheen kiya. kuchh adhikaareeyon ne sipaahiyon par vishvaas kiya parantu kuchh ne bhavishya ke vidroh se bachane ke liye sipaahiyon ko nishstr karna chaaha. banaaras aur Allahabad mein nishstreekaran mein gadbad hone ke kaaran vahaan bhi sthaaneeya vidroh praarambh ho gaya.^[13]

yadyapi aandolan bahut vyaapak tha parantu vidrohiyon mein ekta ka abhaav tha. jabki bahaadur shaah jfr Delhi ke takhat par bitha diye gaye the, vidrohiyon ka ek bhaag maraathon ko bhi sinhaasan par bithaana chaahata tha. avadh nivaasi bhi navaab ki riyaasat ko banaaye rakhana chaahate the.

maulaana fjl-A-hak khairaabaadi aur ahamadullaah shaah jaise muslim netaaon dvaara jihaad^[14] ka aahvaan kiya gaya. iska vishesharup se musalim kaareegaron dvaara samarthan kiya gaya. is ke kaaran adhikaareeyon ko laga ki vidroh ke mukhiya musalimon ke beech hain. avadh mein sunni musalimon ne is jihaad ka adhik samarthan naheen kiya kyonki vo ise mukhya roop se shiya aandolan ke roop mein dekhte the. kuchh muslim neta jaise aaga Khan ne is vidroh ka virodh kiya jiske liye britaani sarkaar ne unka sammaan bhi kiya. mujaffr nagar jile ke paas sthit thaana nagar mein sunniyon ne haaji imaadullaah ko apna ameer ghoshit kar diya. May 1857 mein haaji imaadullaah ki sena aur britaani sainikon ke beech shaamali ki ladaai huyi.

Punjab aur uttari-pashchimi provins (naurth-vest provins) se sikh aur pathaan sipaahiyon ne britaani shaasan ka samarthan kiya aur Delhi par adhikaar karne mein sahaayata ki.^[15][16] kai itihaasakaaron ka ye mat hai ki sikh sipaahi aath varsh pehle hui haar ka badla lena chaahate the jismein Bengal aur maraatha sipaahiyon ne britaani sainikon ki sahaayata ki thi.^[17]

1857 mein Bengal sena mein kul 86,000 sainik the, jismein 12,000 yooropiya, 16,000 punjabi aur 1,500 gurakha sainik the. jabaki Bhaarat ki teeno senaaon mein kul 3,11,000 sthaaniya sainik, 40,160 yooropiya sainik aur 5,362 afsar the. Bengal sena ki 75 mein se 54 rejiment ne vidroh kar diya.^[18] iname se kuchh ko nasht kar diya gaya aur kuchh apne sipaahiyon ke saath apne gharon ki or chali gayi. sabhi bachi huyeen rejiment ko samaapt kar diya gaya aur nishstr kar diya gaya. Bengal sena ki dason ghudsavaar rejimenton ne vidroh kar diya.

Bengal sena mein 29 aniyamit ghudsavaar rejiment aur 42 aniyamit paidal rejiment bhi theen. iname mukhya roop se avadh ke sipaahi the jinhone sanyukt roop se vidroh kar diya. doosra mukhya bhaag gvaaliyr ke sainiko ka tha jisne vidroh kiya parantu gvaaliyr ke raaja britaani shaasan ke saath the. baaki aniyamit sena vibhinn sroton se li gayi thi aur vah us samay ke samaaj ki mukhyadhaara se alag thi. mukhya roop se teen dhadon kshe ne company ka saath diya, iname teen gurakha, chh: mein se paanch sikh paidal rejimenton aur haal hi mein banaayi gayi Punjab aniyamit sena ki chh: paidal tatha chh: ghudsavaar daste shaamil the.^[19][20]

1 April 1858 ko Bengal sena mein company ke vafaadaar bhaarateeya sainikon ki sankhya 80,053 thi.^[21][22] isamein bahut sankhya mein vo sainik the jinko vidroh ke baad bhaari maatra mein Punjab aur uttari-pashchimi provins (naurth-vest provins) se sena me bharati kiya gaya tha.

Mumbai sena (baanbe army) ki 29 rejiment mein se 3 rejiment ne vidroh kiya aur Madras sena ki kisi rejiment ne vidroh nahi kiya yadyapi 52 rejiment ke kuchh sainikon ne Bengal mein kaam karne se mana kar diya.^[23] kuchh kshetron ko chhod kar adhiktar dakshin Bhaarat shaant raha. adhiktar raajyon ne is vidroh me bhaag nahi liya kyonki is kshetr ka adhiktar bhaag nijaam aur Mysore rajavaade dvaara shaasit tha aur vo britaani shaasan ke antargat naheen aate the.

kotavaal ghan Singh gurjar - 1857 kraanti ke janak

itihaas ki pustakein kehti hain ki 1857 ki kraanti ka praarambh/aarambh ”a10 May 1857“ ko ”aMeerut“ me hua tha aur isko samast bhaaratavaasi 10 May ko pratyek varsh ”akraanti divsa“ ke roop mein manaate hain, kraanti ki shurooaat karne ka shreya amar shaheed kotavaal dhanasinh gurjar ko jaata hai us din Meerut mein dhanasinh ke netrutv me vidrohi sainikon aur police fors ne angrejon ke virooddh kraantikaari ghatnaaon ko anjaam diya. dhan Singh kotavaal janta ke sampark mein the, ghanasinh ka sandesh milte hi hajaaron ki sankhya mein gurjar kraantikaari raat mein Meerut pahunch gaye . samast pashchimi uttar pradesh,deharaadoon,Delhi,muraadaabaad, bijnaur, Agra, Jhansi,Punjab, Rajasthan se lekar Maharashtra tak ke gurjar is svatantrata sangraam mein kood pade. vidroh ki khabar milte hi aas-paas ke gaanv ke hajaaron graameen gurjar Meerut ki sadar kotavaali kshetr mein jama ho gaye. isi kotavaali mein dhan Singh Police Chief ke pad par the. 10 May 1857 ko dhan Singh ne ki yojana ke anusaar badi chaturaai se british sarkaar ke vafaadaar police karmiyon ko kotavaali ke bheetar chale jaane aur vaheen rahane ka aadesh diya. aur dhan Singh ke netrutv mein der raat 2 baje jail todkar 836 kaidiyon ko chhudaakar jail ko aag laga di . chhudaae kaidi bhi kraanti mein shaamil ho gaye. usase pehle bheed ne poore sadar baajaar aur kaint kshetr mein jo kuchh bhi angrejon se sambandhit tha sab nasht kar chuki thi. raat mein hi vidrohi sainik Delhi kooch kar gaye aur vidroh Meerut ke dehaat mein fail gaya. is kraanti ke pashchaat british sarkaar ne dhan Singh ko mukhya roop se doshi thaharaaya, aur seedhe aarop lagaate hue kaha ki dhan Singh kotavaal kyonki swayam gurjar hai isliye usane gurjaro ki bheed ko naheen roka aur unhe khula sanrakshan diya . iske baad ghanasinh ko giraftaar kar Meerut ke ek chauraahe par faaainsi par lataka diya gaya 1857 ki kraanti ki shurooaat dhan Singh kotavaal ne ki at: isliye 1857 ki kraanti ke janak kahe jaate hai . Meerut ki prushthabhoomi mein angrejon ke julm ki daastaan chhupi hui hai . Meerut gajetiyr ke varnan ke anusaar 4 July, 1857 ko praat: 4 baje paanchali par ek angrej risaale ne 56 ghudsavaar, 38 paidal sipaahi aur 10 topon se hamla kiya. poore gram ko top se uda diya gaya. saikadon gurjar kisaan maare gaye, jo bach gaye unako kaid kar faansi ki saja de di gayi. aachaarya deepaankar dvaara rachit pustak "svaadheenata aandolan" aur Meerut ke anusaar paanchali ke 80 logon ko faansi ki saja di gayi thi. gram gagol ke bhi 9 logon ko dashahare ke din faaainsi ki saja di gayi aur poore gram ko nasht kar diya. aaj bhi is gram mein dashhara naheen manaaya jaata.

Delhi

captain hadasan ke dvaara Delhi ke raaja ko bandi banaaya jaana

• mugal baadshah bahaadur shaah jfar.
• bakht Khan ki mahatvapoorn bhumika.

Lucknow

30 July 1857 ko vidrihiyon ka redan baitari Lucknow par aakraman.

Meerut mein ghatnaaon ke baad bahut jald, avadh (avadh ke roop mein bhi jaana jaata hai, aadhunik din uttar pradesh mein), jo bamushkil ek saal pehle kabja kar liya tha ki raajya mein vidroh bhadak uthi. Lucknow mein british aayukt nivaasi sar henari Lawrence, rejeedeinsi parisar ke andar apni sthiti majboot karne ke liye paryaapt samay tha. company balon vafaadaar sipaahi sahit kuchh 1700 purushon, gine. 'vidrohiyon ke hamle asafal rahe the aur isliye ve parisar mein topakhaane aur bandook aag ki bauchhaar shuroo kar diya. Lawrence pehli hataahaton ki thi. vidrohiyon ne visfotakon se deevaaron ko bhang karne aur unhein bhoomigat surangon ki bhoomigat kareebi mukaabala karne ke liye netrutv ke maadhyam se baaipaas ki koshish ki. gheraabandi ke 90 dinon ke baad, company balon ki sankhya 300 vafaadaar sipaahiyon, 350 british sainikon aur 550 gair - ladaakon ke liye kam ho gayi thi.

25 September Kanpur se sar henari haivalauk ke aadesh ke tahat raahat stambh aur sar James aautaraam (jo siddhaant mein apne behtar tha) ke saath ek sankshipt abhiyaan mein jo sankhyaanusaar chhote stambh ek shrrunkhala mein vidrohi senaaon ko haraaya mein apni tarah se Lucknow lade teji se badi ladaai ki. yeh Lucknow ke pehle raahat ke roop mein jaana ban gaya hai, ke roop mein is bal ko majaboot karne ke liye gheraabandi ko todne ke liye ya khud ko mukt kar dena paryaapt naheen tha aur itna karne ke liye chauki mein shaamil hone ke liye majaboor kiya gaya tha. October mein ek aur bada hai, ke tahat sena ke nae commander in cheef, sar kaulin Campbell, ant mein chauki ko raahat dene mein saksham tha aur 18 November ko, ve shahar ke bheetar bachaav enklev khaali, mahilaaon aur bachchon ko pehle chhodne. ve to Kanpur, jahaan ve taantya tope dvaara ek prayaas Kanpur ki doosari ladaai mein shahar hata dena paraajit karne ke liye ek vyavasthit vaapasi ka aayojan kiya.

bareli

Meerut me 10mai 1857 ko -21 din pehle- kraanti ka bigul baj gaya | bareli me tab 8 na0deshi savaar, 18 aur 68 na0 ki paidal sena thi | is sena ne 31 May ko vidroh kiya |yeh ravivaar k din tha |subah das baje ek top dagi| yeh kraantik sanket tha | sena bairako se baahar nikal I| yahaaain par netrutav Khan bahaadur Khan ne kiya.

bulandashahar

umaraavasinh gurjar ki bhumika :

Rao umaraavasinh ka janm san 1832 me daadari (u.pr) ke nikat gram katehada me Rao kishnasinh gurjar ke putr ke roop me hua tha . 10 May ko Meerut se 1857 ki jan-kraanti ki shurooaat kotavaal dhanasinh gurjar dvaara ho chuki thi . raashtrueeya bhaavana se otaprot Bhaarat-putr umaraavasinh gurjar ne aaspaas ke graameeno ko prerit kar 12 May 1857 ko sikndraabaad tahaseel par dhaava bol diya . vahaaain ke khajaane ko apne adhikaar me kar liya . iski soochana milte hi bulandashahar se city magistrate sainik bal siknadraabaad aa dhamaka . 7 din tak kraantikaari saina angrej saina se tkkar leti rahi . ant me 19 May ko sashstr saina ke saamane kraantikaari veero ko hathiyaar daalne pade 46 logo ko bandi banaaya gaya . umaraavasinh gurjar bach nikle . is kraantikaari saina me gurjar samudaaya ki mukhya bhoomika hone ke kaaran unhe british satta ka kop bhojan hona pada . umaraavasinh gurjar apne dal ke saath 21 May ko bulandashahar pahuche evam jila kaaraagaar par ghaava bolakar apne sabhi raajabandiyo ko chhuda liya . bulandashahar se angreji shaasan samaapt hone ke bindu par tha lekin baahar se saina ki madad aa jaane se yeh sambhav nahi ho saka . hindan nadi ke tat par 30 va 31 May ko kraantikaari saina aur angreji saina ke beech ek aitihaasik yuddh hua . 26 sitmbar, 1857 ko kaasana-surajapur ke beech umaraavasinh ki angreji saina se bhaari takkar hui . lekin Delhi ke patan ke kaaran kraantikaari saina ka utsaah bhang ho chuka tha . bhaari jan haani ke baad kraantikaari saina ne paraajaya shveekaar karali . umaraavasinh gurjar ko giraftaar kar liya gaya . bulandashahar me kaaleaam ke chauharaahe par haathi ke pair se kuchalavaakar faaainsi par lataka diya gaya .

1857 ka vidroh karne vaale senaaniyon ko atyant kroor sajaaeain di gayeen.

• bahaadur shaah jfar ko Delhi mein hunmaayoo ke makabare se angrejo ne giraftaar kar liya.

ab saare samaachaarapatron mein bhi angrejo ke viruddh yuddh aarambh ho gaya tha. unke virodh me bahut kuchh chhaapa ja raha tha.

1857 E. ka pratham svatantrata sangraam (myootini) british shaasan ke viruddh ek mahaan ghatna thi. yeh sangraam aakasmik naheen balki poori shataabdi ke bhaarateeya asantosh ka parinaam tha. iske liye ek mahaan yojana bani aur kriyaanvit ki gayi thi.

Brian haaftan haaainjasan, rejideint Nepal, ne himaalaya mein kaulonaaijeshan ki yojana prastut ki thi ki aayaralaind aur skautalaind ke kisaanon ko Bhaarat mein basane ke liye muft jameen dekar protsaahit kiya jaaya. british satta ne bhi apne deshvaasiyon ko, visheshakar pooainjeepatiyon ko, is sambandh mein protsaahit kiya. unki sthiti ko majboot karne ke liye british sarkaar ne bhaarateeya majadooron ke liye aisa kaanoon paas kiya jisse hajaaron ki sankhya mein ve kaanooni taur par gulaam ho gaye.

gadar ke baad british neetijnyaon ki badi takaraar hui. March, 1858 E. ke 'Calcutta review' mein iska ullekh milta hai. tadanusaar ''chaaron taraf se hamein is tarah ki aavaajein sunaai de rahi theen jisse paraamarsh milte hain ki bhaarateeyon ko avashya isaai bana lena chaahiye, hindustaani jbaan ko khatm kar dena chaahiye aur usaki jagah apni maatrubhaasha angreji prachalit kar deni chaahiye.''

• 

  gaanga paar kar avadh mein

• 

  san 1857 mein Lucknow ke sikndar baag mein bheeshan yuddh hua tha.

• 

  Up to 1,000 British troops, their families and loyal sepoys were holed up in Gen Wheeler's entrenchment in Kanpur for three weeks in June 1857 where they were constantly bombarded by a local prince, Nana Sahib's army.

• 

  The hanging of two participants in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

• 

  The Mutiny Memorial in Delhi is a monument to British officers.

• prashnottar roop mein san 1857 ka svaatantrya samar
• gadar ka gumanaam naayak
• 1857 ke sangraam ka dalit paksh
• 1857 ka mithk aur viraasat : ek punarpaath - veerendr Yadav
• 1857: 19veen sadi ka sabse bada vidroh
• 1857 ka svaatantrya samar (Google pustak ; lekhak - vinaayak Damodar saavarakar)
• 1857 : itihaas, kala, saahitya (Google pustak ; lekhak - murali manohar prasaad Singh, chanchal chauhaan)
• basti mein 1857 se pehle hi sulag uthi thi aajaadi ki mashaal
• jo itihaas mein naheen hai (Google pustak ; lekhak - Rakesh Kumar Singh, bhaarateeya jnyaaanapeeth)
• national book trast, India dvaara prakaashit 1857 ka sangraam (mool maraathi lekhak- vi.s. vaanlibe, hindi anuvaad - vi.pr. kaanbale)

teeka-tippani